高考英语非谓语动词的基本形式及基本功能.doc

1、第 1 页 共 7 页 高考英语非谓语动词的基本形式及基本功能高考英语非谓语动词的基本形式及基本功能 名称 形式 特点 功能 不定式 To do 具有名词、形容词、副词、动词 的一些特征 在句中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、 状语、补足语，有形式变化 动名词 Doing（v+ing） 具有名词、形容词、动词的一些 特征 在句中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语， 有形式变化 分 词 Doing（v+ing） Done（v+ed 具有形容词、副词的一些特征 在句中可做表语、定语、状语、补足语， 现在分词有形式变化 不定式不定式 I不定式的时态及语态不定式的时态及语态 一般式 to do to be don

2、e 与谓语动作同时或 进行式 to be doing 表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行 完成式 to have done to have been done 先于谓语动作的发生 II. 不定式的否定结构不定式的否定结构:not to do/for sb not to do III.不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能 1.主语主语 To see is to believe. It is not easy to learn a language well.(不定式作主语时往往用 it 做形式主语) 动词不定式做主语的常用句型动词不定式做主语的常用句型 It is +adj/n +to do

3、 sth It is +adj +of/for sb to do sth It takes sb sometime to do Kind, clever, wise, nice 形容词既表示人物特征， Foolish, stupid, honest, 又表示说话人对不定式 Right, correct, wrong, +of sb 动作的评价；形容词与 Rude, cruel, careless, 介词宾语成主谓关系 Lazy, selfish, horrible 如：Its kind of you to help me。=You are kind to help me。 Easy, hard

4、, difficult Possible, necessary, 形容词说明不定式行为的 Important, essential, +for sb 性质,与介词宾语不具有 Interesting, unusual,. 主谓关系 Interesting, natural 如: Its easy for me to learn English.=To learn English is easy for me. 2.表语表语 My job is to attend the children. (不定式作表语时,如在它前出现了 do, did, does 时,不定式符号 to 可省掉,例: what

5、 you have to do this afternoon is (to) look after the sick child.) 3.定语定语 第 2 页 共 7 页 I have a lot of work to do. /She has no place to go. 4.宾语宾语 I hope to go to Dalian again. I find it interesting to play the violin.(不定式作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往用 it 作形 式宾语,而把真正的宾语放到后面) 5.宾补宾补 The teacher told us to clean

6、the windows. I noticed the boy go into the shop. 注: feel, listen to, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, make, let ,have 等使役动词后宾语补 足语时,不定式符号 to 要省略,但这些句子变为被动语态时,就必须带 to 符号. 例: I often hear him sing this song. He is often heard to sing this song. 6.状语状语 表示目的: I got up early to(in order to/ so

7、 as to) catch the early bus. To/In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.(so as to 不能用于句首) 表示原因: We were excited to hear the news. I am sorry to have hurt you. 表示结果: I hurried home to find Mary waiting for me.(不定式作结果状语时,常表示未预料之 中的事,可在不定式前加 only) 表示条件: To look at him, you would like him. 修饰全句(独立成分)

8、To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me. To be honest, I know nothing about it. 不定式做状语的常用句型不定式做状语的常用句型 类别 句 型 原因 Be happy/glad/pleased/ delighted/sorry.+to do She seemed surprised to meet us. He looked happy to hear the news. Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 目的 In order to do So as to

9、do Go/ come and do sth Ive written it down in order not to forget. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. If he should return, come and find me 结果 So as to do Such as to do Enough to do Too to do Would you be so kind as to land me your bike? Im not such a foolish man/so foolish man as to do that.

10、 Her illness is not such as to cause anxiety. The ice is thick enough to walk on. It was too late for there to be any taxis. 注:1) too + pleased/kind/ willing/ glad/eager/anxious +to do 的结构即不表示结果,也无否定 含义. I shall be only too pleased to get home(=I shall be very pleased to get home,) Its too kind of y

11、ou to have told me that(=You are very kind to have told me that.) 使用不定式时要注意以下几点使用不定式时要注意以下几点: 1.在作 tell, show, understand, explain, teach, advise, discuss 等词的宾语时, 前面常带疑问词 (how, when ,where,what , who) 2.不定式在介词 but 后面时,如 but 前有 do 的各种形式,那么 but 后的 to 要省略,否则就要带 第 3 页 共 7 页 to.另外在 cannot but, cant choos

12、e but, cant help but 后面的 to 也省略. We could do nothing but wait We had nothing to do but wait. We had no choice but to wait. 3.作定语的不定式是不及物动词时,不定式后须有相应的介词,但如果所修饰的名词是 time, place, way 时,不定式后的介词习惯上省略. We have to find a room to live in. Please give me a knife to cut with. He had no money and no place to l

13、ive. We found a way to solve the problems. 4. something is easy to do 类似句型中不定式不用被动形式. There is something to do/There is something to be done0 5.what, when. Where, how. who+to do 可在句中做主语宾语表语. 动名词动名词 I.形式形式:V+ing 一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生 完成式 Having done having been done 在谓语动作之前 否定结构 Not doing/ n

14、ot having done II.动名词的句法功能动名词的句法功能 1.主语主语: (表示一般或抽象的多次性动作) Smoking is a bad habit. It is no use arguing with him. 2.表语表语(说明主语的具体内容) Her job is building houses. 3.宾语宾语 He is fond of playing football./Would you mind my closing the door? 4.定语定语(说明被修饰词的用途) reading materials, swimming pool, waiting room

15、5.同位语同位语 His job, building a house, is almost done. 使用动名词时要注意的几点使用动名词时要注意的几点 1.下列句型常用动名词下列句型常用动名词 no use/ good It is/was not any use/good + doing of little/good useless 2.下列动词或动词词组后用动名词下列动词或动词词组后用动名词 allow, advise, admit, appreciate, avoid, cant help, consider, delay,dislike, deny, enjoy, escape, ex

16、cuse, finish, fancy, favour, imagine, keep, mind, miss, postphone, practise, risk, suggest, be used to, cant help ,give up, go on , give ones life to ,feel like, keep on, insist on, object to, turn to, lead to, look forward to, stick to , devote to, get down to 3.既可后跟不定式既可后跟不定式,又可跟动名词做宾语的动词又可跟动名词做宾语

17、的动词 do 记住去做 remember doing 记得做过 第 4 页 共 7 页 to do 忘了去做 forget doing 忘了做过 to do 对尚未做的事感到遗憾 regret doing/ to have done 对做过的事感到遗憾,后悔 to do 打算去做 mean doing 意味着 to do 努力做 try doing 试着做 to do 学会 learn doing 学做 doing 泛指 love/like/hate/prefer to do 特指具体的动作 to do 停下来开始去做某事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 (to) do 不能帮助做 ca

18、nt help doing 情不自禁的做 to do 接着做 go on doing 继续不断地做,继续做同一件事 to be done need/require/ want/ deserve 结构不同,意思一样 doing sth 4.start/begin doing/to do 基本可互换基本可互换 但下但下列情况用不定式列情况用不定式 1) 主语指物时 2) 后面跟表示感情思想和意念的动词时 3) begin/start 本身是进行时态时 It started to rain. She is beginning to cook dinner. She began to realize

19、his mistakes. 5.动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构 my, your, our me, you, us. +doing my father, tom. My fathers, Toms 第 5 页 共 7 页 动名词的复合结构作主语时,动名词的复合结构只能用 ones +doing Would you mind me/ my/ LI Ming/ Li Mings opening the window? Marys crying made her mother angry. His losing the game made us very disappointed. 分分 词词 分

20、词分现在分词和过去分词其否定结构为 not+ 分词,分词在句中意义同形容词和副词, 可以承担形容词和副词在句中所承担的句子成分. I.分词的时态和语态分词的时态和语态 一般式 doing being done 现在分词 分词 完成式 having done having been done 过去分词 done 2.分词的句法功能分词的句法功能 1)定语定语(单个分词作定语时放在所修饰词的前面,分词短语作定语时放在所修饰词的后面) This is an amusing story. The excited people rushed into the building. The boy stan

21、ding at the door is my cousin. The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him. 2)表语表语 The news was inspiring. The glass is broken. We were excited at the news. 3)宾补宾补 I heard a girl crying next door. I am sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I found my key lost. 4)状语状语 Being a student, I mus

22、t study hard. 原因 While crossing the street, be careful. 时间 Given a chance, I can surprise the world.(条件) Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.让步 The teacher entered the lab, followed by the students. 伴随状语 His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 时间(分词作状语表示结果时常表示意料中的事) 注:分词

23、作状语可表示时间,原因,结果,行为方式伴随状语等,分词作状语时前后主语必须一 致,如以上各句.如前后主语不一致必须用独立主格结构即: 名词或代词+分词(doing/done)/ 不定式/介词/短语/形容词/副词 Weather permitting, well go sightseeing.条件 It being Sunday, we went climbing.原因 Work finished, the boy went out to play.时间 He lay on his back, his eyes looking up at he sky.伴随 The exam to be hel

24、d tomorrow, I cant go to the cinema tonight.原因 School over, We went home.时间 第 6 页 共 7 页 He came, his hands red with cold.伴随 另外 with 的复合结构也是一种独立主格结构. 非谓语动词间的比较非谓语动词间的比较 1.非谓语动词在句子中的作用非谓语动词在句子中的作用 作用 类别 主 语 宾语 表 语 定 语 补 语 状 语 相 当 词 性 Vt. prep 时 间 原 因 条 件 伴 随 目 的 结 果 不定式 n./a./ adv. 动名词 N 分 词 A/adv 2.不

25、定式、动名词作主语的区别不定式、动名词作主语的区别 动作特点 时间概念 不定式 具体的，特定的行为，强调动作 多表示将来或已完成 动名词 抽象的，一般性的行为，强调事情本身 多无时间性 3.非谓语动词做主语非谓语动词做主语表语的区别表语的区别 一般可以互换,但如详细地加以区分的话,动名词表示普遍的习惯性的或抽象的动作,不定 式则表示某一次具体的动作. I like swimming, but I dont like too swim this afternoon. Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her

26、job is to teach the children how to dance. 注:现在分词表示”令人”多修饰物,过去分词表示”感到”,多修饰人. We were interested in an interesting story. 4.非谓语动词做定语的区别非谓语动词做定语的区别 和中心词的位置关系 与中心词的逻辑关系 时间概念 不定式 总是位于其后 多动宾关系 多表示将来 动名词 多位于其前 表示其性能,作用 无时间(常发生) 现在分词 单个分词在前 分词短语在后 多主谓关系(主动) 表示正在进行 过去分词 有动宾关系(被动) 表已完成 只表示完成(主动) 注:现在分词的被动式(b

27、eing done) 做定语时 现在 不定式的被动式(to be done) 表示的被动 将来 及物动词的过去分词(done 动作发生在 过去 being used in our school now. This is the book to be used in our school next year. used in our school last year 5.不定式不定式,分词做宾语补语时的区别分词做宾语补语时的区别 现在分词表示动作正在进行,不定式表示动作的整个过程或动作的反复多次.注:感官动词 feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, observe,

28、 notice, look at 和使动词 make, let have 后跟不带 to 的不定 式作宾语,get 例外. I heard him singing in the next room just now. I saw him enter the door.(He was seen to enter the door) 另外.have/ get sth done 可表示有意或意外. 第 7 页 共 7 页 When did you have /get your leg broken? When did you have/get your hair cut? 6. 分词和不定式做结果状

29、语的区别 doing sth (表示逻辑上的结果) (only)+ to do sth(表示非逻辑上的结果) It passes right through their bodies, only getting a little thicker and sweeter. He raised himself completely, obliging me to rise too. He smokes a great deal, only making his health worse. I was late for class again, making him more angry. He w

30、oke up, only to find his wallet gone. He came here, only to know that she had been tired. He finally arrived, only to get the news that his old friend had already passed away. He was late again, only to find another fellow had taken his place. 7.非谓语动词的复合结构非谓语动词的复合结构 1)不定式: for sb to do 2)动名词:形容词性物主代

31、词或名词所有格+ doing sth 3)分词:分词做状语, 它的逻辑主语往往是句子的主语,如果不是,就的带上自己的逻辑主语, 构成独立主格结构,此结构有时也可有 with 引导. Night falling, we hurried home. The question having been settled, they went home. It being very cold, he made a fire. With winter coming, its time to buy warm clothes. 8.不定式与疑问代词或疑问副词连用不定式与疑问代词或疑问副词连用,作主语作主语,宾

32、语宾语,表语表语 When to start the work hasnt been decided yet. Please tell me what to do next. The problem is where to find a doctor at once. 分词作状语可直接与连词 if,though, even though, unless, until, when, while, as, as if, once, that 等连用. He will not come unless invited. While studying, try not to stop at the surface of facts.