阅读理解必考题专项梳理 （ppt课件） 2025届高考英语一轮复习.rar

题型专项之阅读理解（一）阅读6大必考点必考点1.理解文中具体信息必考点2.推断隐含意义必考点3.把握主旨要义必考点4.突破词汇障碍必考点5.理解观点和态度必考点6.判断写作意图考点概览考点详解必考点1.理解文中信息考向1直接理解细节信息考察直接信息理解的题目。在原文中可直接找到答案，不需要考生对信息进行分析概括或者推理判断，考察考生识别事实性信息的能力正确选项和原文在语言表述上没有太大的差别。典例2023新课标卷节选 Photography workshops （June 19&July 10）Enhance your photography skills-join Yellowstones park photographer for a hands-on program to inspire new and creative ways of enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone.6/19Waterfalls&Wide Angles:meet at Artist Point.7/10Wildflowers&White Balance:meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.23.Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop?A.Artist Point.B.Washburn Trailhead.C.Canyon Village Store.D.Visitor Education Center.典例2023新课标1卷节选 In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates?Did they follow those least willing to change their minds?This happened some of the time,but it wasnt the dominant response.Most frequently,the groups reported that they shared arguments and reasoned together.34.What did the follow-up study focus on?A.The size of the groups.B.The dominant members.C.The discussion process.D.The individual estimates.提分干货题干定位快解直接信息题第一步 阅读题干，找到关键词，明确答题方向；第二步 运用查读技巧（先读题，带着问题快速阅读）找到相关信息词或信息句；第三步 比较选项和原文信息，锁定正确答案。考点详解必考点1.理解文中信息考向2归纳概括细节信息归纳概括细节题对考生的语言知识、语言技能和思维品质提出了更高的要求，要求考生在原文中找到相关信息，这些具体信息可能会被命题人加以修饰或掩盖，需要考生综合理解。常见的考查方式有：综合细节题、数字计算题综合细节题为了增加试题的难度，命题人有时会利用同义词、近义词或者是反义词替换的方式来增加题干或者选项的干扰性，这就要求考生能够仔细观察、分析，利用语言知识辨别出正确答案：命题人有时候会采用较为概括的方式来进行命题，即一道试题中涉及一段或者几段的某些内容，各个细节信息都能在文章中找到，但考生需要概括和归纳信息后才能得出答案典例2023新课标卷节选Turning soil,pulling weeds,and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills,environmental awareness,and healthy lifestyles.24.What do we know about Abby Jaramillo?A.She used to be a health worker.B.She grew up in a low-income family.C.She owns a fast food restaurant.D.She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.同义异构典例2023全国乙卷节选Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography.I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph.I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.25.What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author?A.Proper time management.B.Good shooting techniques.C.Adventurous spirit.D.Distinctive styles.同义表达归纳概括数字计算题此类试题主要考查对具体细节信息的定位和识别，涉及简单的计算。PricesHand Brake,Three GearsFoot Brake,No Gears1 hour7.50 5.003 hours11.00 7.501 day(24 hours)14.75 9.75Each additional day8.00 6.0022.How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days?A.15.75.B.19.50.C.22.75.D.29.50.考点详解必考点2.推断隐含意义考察直接信息理解的题目。在原文中可直接找到答案，不需要考生对信息进行分析概括或者推理判断，考察考生识别事实性信息的能力正确选项和原文在语言表述上没有太大的差别。以what设问，且题干中常包含infer,indicate,imply,suggest,conclude,assume,learn,know 等动词或conclusion,assumption，indication,suggestion等名词。常见的设问形式有：What can we infer/learn about.from the last/first/.paragraph?What does the author indicate/want to say/want to show by.?题干设置干干扰项扰项特征：特征：(1)文章中直接用于表达细节的信息，而不是推断的结论；(2)文章中无关紧要或推出的片面结论(3)与文章内容完全相反的结论或是不合常理、颠倒逻辑的结论。正确正确项项特征：特征：(1)是根据原文推断出的内容，不是原文直接呈现的内容，多为表层含义的延伸；(2)一般不含有表示绝对概念的字眼，而通常含有usually，may，some，probably,be likely to,about,can,possibly,probably等词语。典例 2023新课标卷，节选 Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated.From a 21st-century point of view,the printed book is certainly ancient,but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered-reader.To serve its function,a book must be activated by a user:the cover opened,the pages parted,the contents reviewed,perhaps notes written down or words underlined.And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked,a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private,off-line activity.31.What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?A.The printed book is not totally out of date.B.Technology has changed the way we read.C.Our lives in the 21st century are networked.D.People now rarely have the patience to read.典例2023新课标甲卷节选 Obviously,if precautions(预防)arent taken,grizzlies can become troublesome,sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites,grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.Our hope is to have a clean,attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,says James Jonkel,longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.35.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A.Food should be provided for grizzlies.B.People can live in harmony with grizzlies.C.A special path should be built for grizzlies.D.Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.提分干货三步推断隐含意义Step 1 依据题干精准定位将题干中about/from/by mentioning等后面的后面的内容作内容作为为定位定位词词，精确定位原文信息句/段。Step 2 依据原文合理推断根据原文信息句/段进行合理适度的推断，忌主观臆断、片面思考、答非所问或过度推断。Step 3 对比选项锁定答案认真比对，选择与合理、适度推断相一致的表述。考点详解必考点3.把握主旨要义主旨要义即作者在文章或段落中想要表达的主要内容，是文章或段落的核心思想，也是作者通过行文逻辑和各种细节信息阐明的核心内容。把握主旨要义是英语阅读理解的一项关键能力，对正确理解全文有重要意义。考生在解题时应通过略读捕捉文中的关键词句，把提篇章和段落结构，梳理篇章和段落的行文脉络，从而弄清作者的写作思路，最终归纳出主旨要义。高考阅读理解中，对该关键能力的考查主要有以下三种：归纳段落大意、理解全文主旨和选定最佳标题。考向1 归纳段落大意段落大意题主要考查考生对段落核心信息的理解，要求考生在理解段落内容的基础上提炼出核心信息，然后对比选项，选出最契合段落主要内容的选项。归纳段落大意题常见设问形式：What is the first/second/.paragraph mainly about?What does Paragraph.mainly talk about?What does the writer try to express in Paragraph.?典例2023新课标乙卷节选 If you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts,while most of the world.for most of the time,has not.Writing is one of humanitys later achievements,and until fairly recently even many literate（有文字的）societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.How past events should be presented.B.What humanity is concerned about.C.Whether facts speak louder than words.D.Why written language is reliable.提分干货利用段落组织形式归纳段落大意段落的组织形式一般有以下四种，据此可以快速找出段落主题句，归纳段落大意：1.分总式：细节表述在前，归纳概括在后主题句常在段尾2.总分式：先提观点，后举例子主题句常出现在段首3.叙述提出观点支撑性细节主题句常在段中4.没有明显的主题句需要根据关键词和段落内容概括出段落大意考向2 理解全文主旨理解全文主旨类题目主要考查考生对一篇文章的整体理解，要求考生具备在速读中准确掌握全文主旨的能力。考生需要在理解全文内容的基础上，通过归纳概括、推理判断等逻辑思维活动，概括出全文主旨。理解全文主旨题常见设问形式：What is the text mainly about?Whats the main idea of the text?What is mainly talked about in the text?典例 The dietin diet drinks may be a false promise for some soda lovers.True,they deliver the taste of a soda experience,without the calories.Yet,new research shows they can also leave people with increased appetite.A study published recently in JAMA Network Open adds to the evidence that drinks made with sucralose,an artificial sweetener（甜味剂）,may increase the appetite among some people.One theory is that its not the artificial sweetener itself that has a direct effect on the body.The idea is that artificial sweeteners may confuse the body by tricking it into in processing thinking sugar is coming.,which may lead to the body s less efficiency sugar thats consumed later.Swithers lab has also documented that when animals with a history of consuming artificial sweeteners get real sugar,their blood sugar levels rise higher than those of animals not fed artificial sweeteners.If this is happening in some people who consume diet soda,it could add to the risk of Type 2 diabetes（糖尿病），研究发现：低糖饮料中甜味剂使人胃口大增介绍另一个研究为上一段研究增加佐证甜味剂会使人胃口大增分析饮用低糖饮料可能造成的后果35.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.The potential of artificially-sweetened drinks.B.The wisdom of choosing healthy sweet drinks.C.The underlying link between diet drinks and health.D.The differences among artificially-sweetened drinks.提分干货巧借体裁定主旨如The study shows/indicates that.;Researchers have found that.等考向3 选定最佳标题标题是文章中心思想的精练表达。此类题目主要考查考生把握文章主旨、理解文章中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。选择标题的四大准则如下：精语言要精练；准观点表达要准确；统统领全文；新新颖，对读者有吸引力。选定最佳标题题常见设问形式：Which is the most suitable title for the text?What can be a suitable title for the text?Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage?典例2023 新课标卷（1）Turning soil,pulling weeds,and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills,environmental awareness,and healthy lifestyles.（2）Jaramillos students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,she says.They come to us thinking vegetables are awful.dirt is awful,insects are awful.Though some are initiallyscared of the insects and turned offby the dirt,most are eager to try something new.（3）Urban Sprouts classes,at two middle schools and two high schools,include hands-on experiments such as soil testing,flower-and-seed dissection,tastings of fresh or dried produce,and work in the garden.Several times a year,students cook the vegetables they grow,and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.Para.1 Abby Jaramillo发起Urban Sprouts项目及项目的目的Para.2 项目发起的背景和孩子们最初的态度Para.3 孩子们参与项目的具体活动介绍 (4)Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now theyre eating differently,Jaramillo says.(5)She adds that the programs benefits go beyondnutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides,working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillos special education students,many of whom have emotional control issues.They get outside,she says,and they feel successful.27.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Rescuing School Gardens B.Experiencing Country LifeC.Growing Vegetable Lovers D.Changing Local Landscape典例Para.4-5 项目带来的影响孩子们爱上种菜并种植自己的菜园文章介绍了学校园艺项目的发起以及参与该项目的孩子们带来积极的影响爱上种菜并种植自己的菜园提分干货选最佳标题三大法1.综合段落大意定标题 先归纳概括每段的段落大意，然后据此确定全文的主题思想，从而选出契合的文章标题。2.逆向法定标题 根据四个选项，可以分别按照命题作文的思路将题目展开，思考提纲和主要内容，然后分别与原文对照，最相似者为最佳选项。3.利用标题特征定答案 文章标题应具备概括性、针对性的特点，要避免以偏概全、扩大范围或偷换概念等的选项。考点详解必考点4.突破词汇障碍猜测画线词/短语/句子的意思是高考阅读理解的必考题型，这类题目要求考生判断文章中某个单词、短语甚至句子的（隐藏）含义以及代词的指代对象。该题型常见的设问形式有：What does the underlined word/phrase/sentence.mean/refer to?What is closest in meaning to.in paragraph 1?Which of the following best explains.underlined in paragraph 2?Which expression can best replace the underlined word/phrase.?考生可以利用上下文语境、语法关系、逻辑关系、文化背景和生活常识以及构词法来猜测。Tits(山雀),then,do seem to be on trend,when it comes to nest-building materials.Why that should happen remains obscure.Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin suspect the fashion leaders are older birds,and that evolution favours younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a tit.Williamss original work,though,suggests such initial choices are at random a bit like those of the leaders of human fashions.Q:What does the underlined word obscure in Paragraph 5 mean?A.Hidden.B.Evident.C.Complicated.D.Shallow.典例 根据上下文语境猜词分析：画线词所在句中的that指代上句提到的山雀(Tits)在筑巢选材上很时尚一事。由下文中的suspectsuggests可知，下文主要介绍了两种不同的观点：两位博士怀疑引领潮流的是较为年长的鸟类，幼小的鸟类倾向于模仿它们的长辈。因为这些长辈显然是命运捉弄下的幸存者。然而，Williams最初的研究表明，鸟类一开始的选择是随机的。由此可推断出该现象的原因并不清楚，故A项意思最为接近。hidden 隐藏的，隐秘的：evident显而易见的；complicated复杂的；shallow浅的，肤浅的。典例 根据语法关系猜词Human beings have always had an ability to attend to several things at once.Nor is electronic multitasking entirely new!Weve been driving while listening to car radios since they became popular in the 1930s.But there is no doubt that multitasking has reached a kind of warp speed in the era of Web-enabled computers,when it has become routine to conduct several IM（即时通信)conversations,watch TV and use the computer all at once.Q:The expression warp speed in the first paragraph is closest in meaning toA.low speed B.high speedC.steady speed D.too much time alone分析：画线部分所在句含有一个由when引导的定语从句，修饰前面的the era of Web-enabled computers，点明在网络电脑时代同时进行即时通信会话、看电视和使用电脑已成为日常，即同时进行多项任务已成为生活日常；再结合前文说的从20世纪30年代以来，人们已经开始同时进行多项任务，因此可以推断，在网络电脑时代，人们同时处理多项任务的速度很快，故画线部分意为高速。提分干货利用利用语语法关系巧猜法关系巧猜词义词义定语从句、代词指代、下定义、同位语和标点符号是文章中常见的一些语法结构或行文方式，这些都可以帮助我们猜测词义。1.定语从句：定语从句修饰限定了先行词的内容和范畴，考生可根据画线词后面的定语从句猜词2.代词的语法指代：一般代词指代的都是前文出现过的内容，考生可据此解答代词指代题3.下定义：mean、refer to is that is、namely be considered 等词语往往表示下文会对前面的内容进行注解性说明4.同位语（从句）：同位语（从句）对其前的内容进行解释说明5.标点符号：冒号、破折号和括号等标点符号也有解释说明的作用典例 根据逻辑关系猜词 Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis（光合作用）,the process of absorbing energy from light to create their own food from carbon dioxide and water.Thats why plants grow and thrive in the warmer months when there is more daylight and are dormant in the colder months.What does the underlined word dormant in Paragraph 1 most probably mean?A.Fresh.B.Resting.C.Healthy.D.Normal.分析：画线词所在句描述的是在较温暖的月份和较寒冷的月份植物的生长规律，句中warmer months和colder months暗示前后为对比关系，对比在这两种月份下植物的不同生长状态。因此画线词与前半句中的grow and thrive形成对比，故推出dormant的意思应与茁壮生长相反，与resting休眠的”在意义上最为接近。提分干货逻辑逻辑关系猜关系猜词词四法四法猜测词义可以借助的逻辑关系有以下几种：1.转转折关系：折关系：常见的表示转折的词语有but,though/although,while,however等,当需要猜测的词语位于这些词语附近时,可以根据转折关系猜测词语的意思2.对对比关系：比关系：当语境中出现意思相近或意思相反的事物时，可以根据对比关系猜测词语的意思表示同同义义对比的词语有also,as.as,similarly,and,or,just as,likewise,alike等；表示反反义义对比的词语有incontrast(to),on the contrary,unlike,while等3.例例证证关系：关系：常见的表示举例的词语有for example/instance，such as等4.因果关系：因果关系：英语中表示因果关系的词语有because,since,for,as,thus,therefore,consequently,hence,due to,owing to,thanks to,on account of,result in/from,so,as a result of,for this reason,accordingly等，当需要猜测的词语位于这些词语附近时，可以根据因果关系猜测词语的意思；此外，有的文章上下文语义存在因果关系，但并无逻辑关系词，需分析上下文语义来猜词典例 根据文化背景和生活常识猜词The modern handshake as a form of greeting is harder to trace.As a Dutch sociologist Herman Roodenburgthe chief authority for the history of handshakingwrote in a chapter of an anthology called A Cultural History of Gesture,More than in any other field,that of the study of gesture is one in which the historian has to make the most of only a few clues.Which of the following is similar in meaning to anthology in Para.4?A.the science of mental abilityB.a collection of selected literary passagesC.a daily written record of experiencesD.all the living things of a particular region分析：由画线词后的书名A Cultural History of Gesture 可知，这是一本对手势文化史研究的著作，基于常识判断此书应偏向历史性文学选集，而与心理科学、生活经历、地域物种无关；结合选项可排除A、C、D项。典例 根据构词法猜词With cutting-edge technology increasinglyposing potential risks