2021年新高考英语—高考阅读理解主旨大意题五大命题趋势解析.docx

1、2021 新高考英语新高考英语高考阅读理解主旨大意题五大命题趋势解析高考阅读理解主旨大意题五大命题趋势解析 【原题再现】【原题再现】 01 安徽六校2020届高三第二次联考-阅读B篇（议论文） The famous Spanish painter Pablo Picasso once said, “Every child is an artist. The problem he has is how to remain an artist once he grows up.” This is both encouraging and discouraging. The fact that we

2、 were all born to be artists is certainly exciting, and yet the reality has proven that remaining one is a task that many of us have failed. Fortunately, some people have seen the problem and want to solve it. Western educators have suggested that we introduce the concept of “STEAM”instead of “STEM”

3、-traditional “core majors”including science, technology, engineering, and math-since the “A, which stands for “arts”, is just as important. And on April 11, Chinas Ministry of education issued a guideline. Colleges and universities are required to provide more art-related courses and students need t

4、o earn a certain number of art credits in order to graduate. These efforts came after many scientific studies had found that art education helps students develop self-confidence and teamwork skills, as well as habits of mind such as problem solving and critical thinking, according to The Washington

5、Post. Its true that none of these skills target specific jobs. But as former US ballet dancer Damian Woetzel told The Atalntic, the purpose of art is “to give kids the tools to become adults who are creative, adaptable, and expressive-capable of having their eyes and ears and senses alive”. And we c

6、an now see how we lost track of our born “artist self” on our way to growing up : We failed to keep our capabilities to see, hear, and feel, and became blind, deaf, and insensitive adult. Hopefully, art education can help turn things around. 27. What is the best title of the passage ? A.Every child

7、is an artist B.Bringing art to life C.Learning from the artist D.Life is art 【趋势解析1】 新趋势1 议论文首段存在隐含转折. 【命题套路及解题思路揭秘】对于议论文体，传统的解题原则是看 首尾段，特别关注首段文字表达的逻辑流向，如果首段中间文字出 现转折、递进等意义流向时，则宜采取“意义就后”原则进行主旨 大意的归纳。可是本文首段并未出现but/yet/however/nevertheless等 明显表示逻辑转折的词汇，而是用了隐含转折表达“The problem he has is .”.既然“The proble

8、m he has is.”相当于实际意义上的but, 根据段落/文章主旨大意的“意义就后原则”，可知本文作者真正 要关注的是“how to remain an artist once he grows up”，并将其锁定 为本篇议论文的主旨大意（或中心论点）。接下来作者通过分析现 状提出解决方案的顺序铺开文章，提出解决方案为“Bringing art to life”，故而答案为B项。A项反馈的恰好是转折(but)前面的意思。 A是极好的干扰项，会诱使众多缺乏语篇逻辑意识的同学选择。C 项纯属于利用考生望文生义的缺陷低难度设题，本题很好的将英语 学困生和非学困生区别开来，具区分度。D.Life

9、 is art. (生活即艺术)， 命题者巧用关键词立标题，也导致不少考生误选，属于利用考生望 文生义的缺陷高难度设题。 【题评】本题创新性在于命题者结合利用了议论文主旨大意在首尾 段以及首段文本“The problem he has is.”的内在转折（相当于but） 功能，巧妙地设计了这道主旨大意题目。这一点在高考真题中都甚 为罕见，因而笔者将本小题评价为“四月份最佳命题”。 | 解答方案 对待常规议论文体的文章，考生因特别关注首段文字表达的逻辑流 向，如果首段中间文字出现转折（尤其是隐含转折）、递进等意义 流向时，则宜采取“意义就后”原则进行主旨大意的归纳 。 02 反思近三年真题，揭开

10、主旨大意题型命题新趋势及解答技巧 新闻报道类应用文 【趋势解析2】 新趋势2 议论文首段充斥着习语、词块、熟词生义等地道语用现象. 2018全国I卷-B Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role -showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. 【命

11、题套路及解题思路揭秘】本篇文章属于应用文体中的新闻报道。 根据新闻体裁特点，中心思想在首段，但令老师和考生感到意外的 是，首段充满着grilling guests（盘问嘉宾）、cooking up a storm（卖 力的做大餐）、on a tight budget（预支紧张的情况下）等熟词生义、 习语、词块等语言现象。 |解答方案 1.学生在平时模块学习和真题集训中，做好专项笔记积累；教师做 好完形填空和阅读理解中遇到的高难度短语或词块。（可以参照本 公众号2019年12月份的短语小词典及2020年2月份的短语汇编） 2.通过对文章主体部分和结尾部分的文本细节实施精读，反向归纳 首段含义，最

12、终确定文章主旨大意。 【趋势解析3】 新趋势3 新闻报道首段仅仅抛出话题范围，话题范围的的确定或子 话题的比例的划分与认定纯粹依靠下文。新闻首段即体现文章主旨 大意的功能大为削弱. 2017全国I卷-C Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural O

13、rganization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of Jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying (联合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with you

14、nger generations. Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tell

15、s National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan. “What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. Its actually color, and its actually digital.” Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the enterta

16、inment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran. Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party, “Just to kin

17、d of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, its the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Pa

18、rker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.” 31Which of the following can be the best title for the text? AExploring th

19、e Future of Jazz BThe Rise and Fall of Jazz CThe Story of a Jazz Musician. DCelebrating the Jazz Day. 【命题套路及解题思路揭秘】本文属于新闻报道。按常规特点，中 心思想在首段应该得到淋漓尽致地展现，但令老师和考生感到意外 的是，本文首段仅仅提供话题范围：时间、地点、人物、大体事件。 故而给考生能否精准到位的确定主旨大意带来麻烦。 A. Exploring the Future of Jazz. 该子话题为正确选项。 通读全文可知，本文头两段段主要讲联合国教科文组织为提高人们 对爵士乐的重视设立

20、国际爵士音乐节，但实际收效甚微；三、四两 段主要讲Jason Moran为组织爵士乐下滑颓势所做的努力；五、六两 段主要分析了爵士乐因不能与时俱进而衰退的原因及破解办法。归 纳整合全文，我们才能感觉A项，“探索爵士乐的未来”这一子话 题，比较符合中心思想。 B.The Rise and Fall of Jazz. 该子话题字面意思为“爵士乐的崛起和衰 落”，进一步理解为为“爵士乐的历史”。从该子话题在文章中的 占比来看，仅在第2段和第5段略有提到，目的也是通过昔日与今日 对比，反衬出衰落景象，反思出爵士乐的出路。作为读者我们不能 因为文章略有提及，就信其为主旨大意。 |解答方案 考生遇到这样首

21、段仅提供大体话题范围、通过开头段尚不能确定精 准答案的新闻报道，决不能草率地做出想当然地判断，而是要耐心 地读完全文，认真做好如下两项工作。 1. 对四个选项进行比较，找出它们之间的真正差异； 2. 对文章主体部分进行扫读（scan）和略读（skim）; 对几个子话题 之间的文本占有比例进行归纳复核，占比较多的子话题锁定为文章 主旨大意。 议论文 传统解题原则 看首尾段，特别关注首段文字表达的逻辑流向，作 者在首段往往会直抒胸臆，提出中心论点。 【趋势解析4】 新趋势4 议论文第一段以个人案例、小故事、寓言新闻事件、文学 片段等为引子，抛砖引玉、引出话题；这类议论文的中心论点（主 旨大意）往往

22、会借他人之口置于文章主体段落的字里行间或归纳在 末尾段落. 2019全国I卷-D During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by

23、 being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status see

24、kers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior

25、. Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are most likely to engage （从事）in dangerous and risky behavior. In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined th

26、e two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（调查研究）. We found that the least well- liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly

27、 showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us. Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and c

28、onnect with others. In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that he

29、lp somebody gain an advantage, he said. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. Be NiceYou Wont Finish Last B. The Higher the Status, the Better C. Be the BestYou Can Make It D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness 【命题套路及解题思路揭秘】以抛砖引玉的方式开头的议论文， 更 容易作为主旨大意题型的命题对象，其中心论点具有一定隐蔽性， 需要读者对每一段的段落大意进行归纳、

30、做笔记。 A. Be NiceYou Wont Finish Last.是正确选项，译为“做善良的 人，你便不会落在最后”。解题思路梳理为： 第一段：作者上小学时，是个受欢迎的孩子。 第二段：受欢迎的孩子被分为两类。 第三段：地位高和不受欢迎的孩子，未来更可能表现出危险的行为。 第四段：研究发现，受欢迎的孩子适应能力更强，而地位高的孩子 缺乏适应能力。 第五段：受欢迎有助于人际交往。 第六段：借专家的话下结论、亮主旨-受人欢迎会对人们产生积极 影响。 B. The Higher the Status, the Better 地位越高越好. 与作者的论点相悖。 C. Be the BestYou

31、 Can Make It 成为最好的自己，你能成功. 本文倡 导读者做受欢迎的人，而非最好的自己。该命题不精准不到位。 D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness 多一点自控，少一些好斗. 属于范围过窄。自控与内敛也许适用处于极端的孩子，但本文是站 在客观的角度，分析受欢迎度和受关注度对孩子社交的影响，文本 涵盖了受欢迎的孩子、不受欢迎的孩子、地位高的孩子三类人群的 探讨，而并没有局限于某一类孩子。 |解答方案 对于这种抛砖引玉式议论文，考生无法在首段获取主旨大意，需要 耐心地读完全文，认真做好如下两项工作。 1. 对文章的结构进行复核和梳理，就语篇的论

32、点-分论点-论据框 架做简要笔记； 2. 特别关注文本中专家或受访人物对某事件或社会现象的评论以及 该评论与作者观点的融合度。 【趋势解析5】 新趋势5 文章有中心论点（主旨大意），但考查主旨大意题目中的 四个供选项没有一项可以与中心论点完全匹配，逼迫读者在四个不 满意项中选一个较为满意的（或靠近主旨大意）. 2019北京-C The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they dont know. By next year, half

33、 of the calls we receive will be scams（欺诈）. We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, its too little, too late. By the time these solutions（解决方案）become w

34、idely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, its not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice youre hearing is actually real. Thats because there are a number of powerful voice manipu

35、lation ( 处 理 ) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use. At this years I/O Conference, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human-sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation with

36、out detection. These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches（数据侵入） of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your

37、 mothers name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, theyre able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank tellers, t

38、ricking you into confirming your address, mother s name, and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.

39、 We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by, or aban

40、doning phone calls altogether and moving towards data- based communications using apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity. Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out. 41. Which of the following would be the be

41、st title for the passage? A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology 【命题套路及解题思路揭秘】议论文第一段提出问题，却不提供中 心论点；文章脉络按提出问题分析问题解决问题展开；结尾段 的归纳却不是答案。 核心方案：文章框架分

42、析： 第一段：提出问题-在未来，电话欺诈将更加恶劣。 第二段：分析问题-剖析电话欺诈将更加恶劣的原因。 第三段：电话欺诈更加恶劣的具体表现。 第四段：解决问题-通信公司与电话用户携手找到电话欺诈的破解 办法。 第五段：深化小结-重拾诚信，从现在做起。 结论：综合文章结构，标题可以立为The Problems Of Robocalls Are Getting More and More Serious. 选项解析： A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted 电话欺诈问题的根源 扫读文本可知，文章仅在最后一段的第一句话应该回答了这个问题。 根源在于人来

43、信任的缺失。文本占比太小。 B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls 电话欺诈，该怪责谁？ 反审文章提纲，本文压根就没有谈及谁来担责。 D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology 电话欺诈是如 何影响技术领域的.该项属于望文生义。 C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous 电话欺诈缘何愈加 危险？ 该项说法中的Why其实也并不能跟本文中心完全匹配，但从文本占 比来看，文章第1、2、3段都在议论电话欺诈愈演愈烈的事，后面 两段也是为这一现象提出解决问题的办法,从话题范围来讲，是符合 的。也即，C项虽然并不能完全概括主旨大意，但与A、B、D项进 行比较后，我们发觉，C项最接近主旨大意。 |解答方案 议论文按常规方式铺开：提出问题分析问题解决问题，可是高 考命题专家不会给出一个直截了当、与中心论点完全匹配的选项， 此时考生应遵循“弹性最佳”原则，综合运用排除法、文章提纲反 审、文本占比等因素，选出一个相对正确、靠近文章主旨的选项作 为较佳选项。