2024届高三英语二轮复习复习说明文（学生版）.docx

1、高三英语复习说明文阅读文体概述：说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理, 给人以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说, 或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释, 使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解, 或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识。说明顺序：时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(如因果、现象与本质)说明方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似等大体结构： (1)总体叙述 +细节或过程说明 +概括评述(2)现象 +细节

2、/ 原因 +后果/ 启示/ 措施(3)研究发现/ 调查结果 +研究/ 调查过程语言特点：高考英语阅读理解中的说明文多为科普知识方面的题材, 文中常包含有结构复杂、句意深奥的长句难句。因学术性强、抽象度高, 解题的难度相对较大。说明文阅读解题方法指导科普类说明文这种题材的文章大部分是介绍科技前沿、科学动态、新的发明创造、科研方法，或是对某一个问题的来龙去脉和解决方法等加以介绍。作者的目的就是让读者获得知识、信息，对说明对象有所了解，并获得某些方面的启示。其特点如下:1.文章中会牵涉到实验、研究者、研究方法、在某项主题上的不同意见和争鸣，有时会出现读者还不熟悉的前沿性的科学题材，但作者一般持客观的

3、态度，不显示自己的豪贬之意；2.此类文章为了做到通俗易懂，在语言上尽量避免使用专业性词汇，对于动词，做到这一点较轻易，但是有些专有名词则无法避免，不过，作者通常会对较难的专有名词进行解释，甚至举例说明，这往往也是出题的地方；3.在语法上，此类文章长句使用较多，主从复合句、同位语、插入语、非谓语动词形式和被动语态使用率较4.此类文章语篇模式一般比较固定、整洁，主题句通常位于段首，多使用平行结构。【做题技巧】针对科普文章的这些特点，首先我们平时要多关注科学題材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识：其次，在阅读时要注重实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论;对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分析；最后，

4、要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解題目。Key points of an research-based exposition: BackgroundObjectDesignProcessResultsConclusionWays of illustrating:Making comparison Giving examplesListing statisticsGiving definitionClassificationMaking assumption Illustration阅读训练1：Robert FKennedy once said that a countrys GD

5、P measures “everything except what makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union，and GDP already predicted to slow as a result，it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a centur

6、y. Many argue that it is a mistaken concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures，the UKs GDP has been the envy of the Western world，with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well，then why did over 17 million

7、people vote for Brexit（英国脱欧），despite the warnings about what it could do to their countrys economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into wellbeing throws some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured，the UK is one of the poorest perfo

8、rmers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP，over 40 different sets of criteria from health，education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more allround assessment of how countries are perform

9、ing.While all of these countries face their own challenges，there are a number of common themes. Yes，there has been an economic recovery since the 2008 global crash，but in key indicators in areas such as health and education，major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isnt the case with all c

10、ountries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society，income equality and environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the only measure of a countrys success，the world looks very differen

11、t.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations，as a measure，it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomesall things that contribute to a persons s

12、ense of wellbeing.28Robert FKennedy is cited because he _()Apraised the UK for its GDPBidentified GDP with happinessCmisinterpreted the role of GDPDhad a low opinion of GDP29It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that _()Athe UK is unwilling to reshape its economic patternBmany people in the UK dont th

13、ink much of GDP as the measure of successCthe UK will contribute less to the world economyDpolicymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP30Which of the following is true about the recent annual study？()AIts results are inspiring. BIt is sponsored by 163 countries.CIts criteria are questiona

14、ble. DIt removes GDP as an indicator.31What is the authors attitude towards GDP as the most common measure of a countrys success？()AFavorable. BIndifferent. CCritical. DDefensive.词汇翻译1、measures n. 2、economic prospects/ recovery 3、a allround assessment 4、this isnt the case with 5、different sets of cr

15、iteria 6、contribute to 7、a persons sense of wellbeing 8、a mistaken concept 长难句翻译1. If everything was going so well，then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit，despite the warnings about what it could do to their countrys economic prospects?2. Rather than just focusing on GDP，over 40 differen

16、t sets of criteria from health，education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more allround assessment of how countries are performing.阅读训练2：An out-of-body experience? Its just your brain playing tricks on you.Some report feeling as if they are floating above their own bodies, wh

17、ile others find themselves drawn towards a blinding light. But out-of-body experiences are nothing more thana trick of the mind, scientists claim.They say that common spooky scenarios, such as floating above a hospital bed or walking towards the light at the end of a tunnel, can be explained by the

18、brain trying to make sense of the process of death.Scientists from the universities ofEdinburghandCambridgereviewed studies into changes in the brain that cause certainstrong feelingsassociated with near-death experiences.Researcher Caroline Watt said one common vision that of people seeing a bright

19、 light which seems to be drawing them into the afterlife is probably produced by the death of the cells we use to process the light picked up by our eyes and turn it into pictures.“It is simply your brain trying to make sense of the unusual experiences you are having,” Dr Watt said.Feelings of being

20、 out of the body can also be explained by the brains behavior, the journal Trends in Cognitive Science reports.“If you put on a virtual (虚拟的) reality headset (耳机) showing an image of yourself three feet in front, you can trick your brain into thinking that is you over there, and get the sense you ar

21、e outside your body,” Dr Watt added.The scientific evidence suggests that all aspects of the near-death experience have a biological basis.In another example,the hormone noradrenalin, which is released when we suffer from stress and injuries, could be behind the feelings of love and peace that many

22、experience when they seem to be approaching death.However, other scientists say we should not be so quick to dismiss (stop considering) peoples accounts (descriptions).Sam Parnia, of theUniversityofSouthampton, stressed that being able to trace something back to the brain does not mean it is not rea

23、l.Dr Parnia, who is close to completing a three-year study of hospital patients recollections of their near-death experiences, said, “Every experience, whether near-death or otherwise such as depression, happiness and love is mediated (调节) by the brain.”47.How did scientists study the cause of out-o

24、f-body experience?A.By studying chemical materials in dying peoples brains.B.By studying changes in the brain that cause such experience.C.By listening to peoples descriptions of out-of-body experience.D.By monitoring (监控) patients behavior on a screen.48.The “hormone noradrenalin” (in Paragraph 10)

25、 is probably_.A.a chemical material released by human bodiesB.a medicine to help people with stress and injuriesC.a medicine which helps people feel love and peaceD.a chemical material to cause the death of people49.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A.Sam Parnia doe

26、snt think that peoples near-death experiences are real.B.Sam Parnia hasnt finished the study of peoples near-death experiences.C.The causes of near-death experiences and other feelings are different.D.Its impossible to know the causes of peoples near-death experiences.50.This passage is probably tak

27、en from _.A. a science fiction B. a scientific reference bookC. a book of fairy tales D. a popular science magazine词汇翻译1、are nothing more than 2、make sense of the process of death 3、release 4、dismiss peoples accounts 5、trace something back 6、stress 7、is close to completing 8、depression 长难句翻译In anoth

28、er example, the hormone noradrenalin, which is released when we suffer from stress and injuries, could be behind the feelings of love and peace many experience when they seem to be approaching death.阅读训练3：New South Wales, Australia, is setting up cameras as part of an effort to reduce the number of

29、people preoccupied with wireless devices while they drive. It will be the first area in the world to use the technology to punish drivers distracted (分心) with telephone calls, social media or text messages.Road Safety experts are concerned about the growing number of accidents involving drivers usin

30、g smart phones on the states roads. They say drivers who use phones while driving greatly increase their chances of being involved in an accident.The New South Wales government plans to place 45 Mobile Phone Detection Cameras across the state by December. Each phone detection unit contains two camer

31、as. One camera takes pictures of a vehicles registration plate (牌照). A second camera looks through the front windrow of a car or truck to see what drivers are doing with their hands.总共有两个摄像头，各有各的作用The units use artificial intelligence to set aside drivers who are not touching their phones. Human bei

32、ngs then confirm if the pictures show illegal behavior before notice is sent to the vehicles registered owner. A violation (违反) carries fine of $232. Some cameras will be permanently set up on roadsides. Others will be moved, from time to time, around the state.Two fixed cameras took photographs of

33、8.5 million vehicles as part of a six-month test earlier this year. The cameras took photos of more than 100,000 drivers with their hands on phones. One driver was using a phone and another electronic device, an Apple iPad, at the same time. Another driver had a passenger guide the vehicle while the

34、y both held phones, the state government said.8What is the real purpose to set up cameras in New South Wale?DATo keep records of the accidents.BTo promote the latest technology.CTo find illegal behavior of the drivers.DTo force drivers to focus more on driving.9What can we infer from the road safety

35、 experts?CASmart-phones are main killers on the road.BAll accidents result from drivers using cell-phones.CMeasures are badly needed to ban using phones while driving.DCarrying a smart-phone while driving will cause an accident.10How does the phone detection unit function effectively?DAIt corrects t

36、he drivers wrong behavior.BIt has two cameras to record the plates.CIt sends a notice to the legal driver autonomously.DIt combines artificial intelligence with humans efforts.11What did a six-month test show?CAElectronic devices could help drivers indeed.BMary passenger helped operate the vehicles.

37、CMany drivers used electronic devices while driving.DIt was common to be busy with two wireless devices.词汇翻译：artificial intelligence人工智能 set aside放一边preoccupied（be preoccupied with sth）全神贯注的distracted 注意力分散的text messages 短信 be involved in 包括.中detection 方向registration 登记violate-violation 违反 permanent

38、ly永久长难句翻译：1、 New South Wales, Australia, is setting up cameras as part of an effort to reduce the number of people preoccupied with wireless devices while they drive.澳大利澳大利亚新南威尔士州正在设置摄像头，以减少开车时全神贯注于无线设备的人数。亚州正在安装摄像头，这是为了减少开车时全神贯注于无线设备的人数。2、They say drivers who use phones while driving greatly increa

39、se their chances of being involved in an accident. 他们说开车时打电话的司机，会大大增加他们遭遇车祸的机会。他们说，司机在开车时使用手机，大大增加了发生事故的可能性。阅读训练4：BEIJING/SAO PAULO-Chinese traditions like cockfighting, like-flying and fireworks have been quite common in Brazil for many years.下定义Despite the thousands of kilometers between them, Chi

40、nas historical and artistic mark on Brazil has existed for about 300 years, said Brazilian sinologist (汉学家) Jose Roberto Teixeira Leite in his book China in Brazil. “Influences from China can date from the colonial period, even up to the time after after Brazils independence.” The commercial relatio

41、nship between the two countries has existed for a long time, he noted, adding that incoming ships would fill up Brazilian cities like Salvador, Rio de Janeiro and Recife with Chinese products like porcelain (瓷器), silk and fans He also found Chinese influence not only in the arts and architecture of

42、Brazil but also in the most diverse areas of Brazilian society, like the economy, medicine and popular culture. “At the end of the 19th century, in Pernambuco, (a state in northeastern Brazil), there was a custom that children slept with clothes decorated with Chinese dragons.” Teixeira added.The bo

43、ok took him about 15 years to finish. “The impact of the book surprised me, though it was published by a university publisher and it had a print run of just 1,000 copies,” he said. “Some have said that the book represents a turning point in Chinese studies in Brazil.”Besides, the sinologist did rese

44、arch on the mark and presence of China in the architecture and arts of Brazil. “It was through art that China awoke in me, first, curiosity, after that, interest, and finally, passion,” Teixeira said.In 1992, the sinologist visited Macao to do research for his doctoral thesis about the marks and pre

45、sence of China in Brazil, and that trip impressed him a lot. In 2013, Teixeira had a chance to visit the Chinese cities of Bejing, Shenzhen and Shanghai, and got to know “the past and present of the great country culturally, as well as its incredible material development.”12What does the underlined

46、sentence imply?DABrazilian childrens love for dragons as Chinese children.BThe development of China-Brazil frequent trade cooperation.CA further understanding of the cultures of the two countries.DChinas influence on most diverse areas of Brazilian society.13What marks a new stage of Chinese studies

47、 for Brazilian?BAChildrens clothes.BThe sinologists traveling.CThe sinologists book.DChinas porcelain.14What fired the sinologists passion for Chinese studies?AAChinese art.BChinese customs.CThe history of China.DChinas development.15What is the best title for this passage?BAThe Impression of China on Sinologist.BChina and Brazil in Eyes of SinologistCAn Introduction to Sinologists New BookDThe Future of China-Brazil Trade Relations一、词汇翻译： date from 追溯于colonial period 殖民时期 turning poin