高一暑假初升高衔接课英语语法讲义.docx

1、高一暑假初升高衔接课英语语法讲义序言初、高英语如何衔接双商双量三必备:1.“双商”，即智商，情商智商:多种感官参与、善规划、善学习情商:共情去理解、得体地表达、意志力2.“双量”，即词汇量、阅读量。没有大量的阅读保证，肯定事学不好英语的。高一的主要任务是迅速扩充大量词汇。补充:背单词，一定在语境、语篇中进行。第一章初高十大词性回顾衔接1boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange 名词(nounn. /nan/): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。2am，is，are，have，see 动词(verbv. /vb/ ): 表示动作或状态。3good，right，whi

2、te，orange 形容词(adjectiveadj. /dktv/)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。4now，very，here，often，quietly，slowly 副词(adverbadv. /dvb/): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、 地点、方式、程度等。5one，two，three，four first，second，third，fourth 数词( numeralnum. /njmrl/ ): 表示数目【基数词】或事物的顺序【序数词】。6in，on，from，above，behind 介词(prepositionprep. /prepzn/ ): 表示它后面的名词或代词与

3、其他句子成分的关系。7a，an，the 冠词(articleart. /tkl/)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。8and，but，before 连词(conjunctionconj. /kndkn/): 用来连接词、短语或句子。9who，she，you，it 代词(pronounpron. /prnan/): 主要用来代替名词。10oh，well，hi，hello 感叹词(interjectioninterj. /ntdekn/)：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。6 种英语实词： 名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词（有实义，有词性变化，在句中可独立担任句子成分）： 4 种英语虚词： 冠词、介词、连词

4、和感叹词（起结构作用，在句中表明词和词或句子中各个部分的关系）课后习题 1. Young _(child) sat under a tree with green _(leaf) and talked about their dreams. Some _(student) dream was that they hoped they would became great _(music).2. Mr. Zhang is _(we) English teacher and he always helps_(I) learn English patiently. He taught _(he) w

5、hen he was young. I consider him a friend of _(I).3. The boys father _(pass) away two years ago, _(leave) him a great sum of money. 4. In the past few years, great changes _(take) place in our hometown.5._(unlucky), the old man was _(serious) hurt in the accident. But doctors were_ (amaze) that the

6、man recovered much _ (quickly) than expected. 6._(hundred) of guests gathered to celebrate the old mans_ (ninety-nine) birthday. Although the old man was in his _(ninety), he was in good health.7._a cold morning, a group _ policemen searched the forest _the murderer（杀人犯）. 8.They searched everywhere

7、_still couldnt find the murder _ killed the woman.9.As_ university student, I was moved by_movie My people, My country.答案第二章句子中的八大成分口诀助记八大成分:_主谓宾表，定状补同主语：动作的发出者，一般位于句首The sun rises in the east.I am an exchange student from the UK.Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big ch

8、allenge.To start my won company is my dream.That he isnt at home is not true.It is useful to learn English.The rich are not always happy.How to learn English well troubles me.二谓语：即谓语动词，表动作或状态，一般在主语后He practises speaking English everyday.He is an excellent teacher.My sister is crying over there.I wou

9、ld stay at home all day.谓语要考虑：时态、语态、主谓一致；谓语有：简单、复杂之分(1) 简单谓语： 由单个动词或动词词组组成的。(2) 复合谓语： 由“情态动词+动词原形”“助动词 + 动词原形/变形”或“系表结构”构成. 助动词(辅助动词Auxiliary Verb）协助主要动词构成谓语的词叫助动词,被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。用来构成时态和语态,也可构成疑问句和否定句，构成否定句时与否定副词not连用。最常用的助动词有：be， have/has， do/does/did ， shall， should， will， would等。 情态动词（Mo

10、dal verb）表示说话人对这一动作或状态的看法或主观设想。后接动词原形一起构成谓语，否定在情态动词后面加“not”无人称和数的变化，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气，常用： can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)。三宾语：动作的承受者,一般位于及物动词及介词后【动宾、介宾】He wrote a letter to me.I want to visit the museum.I enjoy listening to popular music.I t

11、hink that he is fit for the job.I find it hard to learn English. We should help the poor.I dont know where to go.有些动词可接双宾语：tell, teach, bring, send, return, offer, pay, award等。pass me the book=pass the book to mebuy her some flowers=buy some flowers for her双宾语即动作的对象和内容：有间接、直接之分【口诀：间直双宾是个人物】四表语：一般在系动

12、词后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态Im a freshman at senior high school.The food tastes good.The machine is under repair.My dream is to be an English teacher.My hobby is playing football.The news is exciting. I feel excited.The problem is that we dont have enough money.The war was over.系动词状态“是”be持续“继续或保持”keep,remain,st

13、ay,lie表像“看起来像”seem,appear,look感官look,feel,smell,sound,taste变化“变成.”become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run终止“证明是，结果是”prove,turnout五定语：修饰名词或代词, 相当于形容词Guilin is a beautiful city. The boy under the tree is TomThe boy crying over there is my sister.The man who visited our class yesterday is an expert.六状语：修

14、饰动词、形容词、副词、句子说明动作的方式、时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、伴随等或形容词、副词的状态特征He does his homework carefully in his study every morning.Feeling tired, he went to bed without supper.Anna had a terrible accident when she was six. The boy is very strong and runs extremely fast.七补语：包括宾补和主补最常见的是宾语补足语，对宾语进行补充说明His father n

15、amed him Goudan.The news makes him sad.We found everything in good order.It allows people to get close to nature ./ It makes us cry.We saw her entering the room.I found my money stolen.常用于三类动词:使役动词: keep, make, let, have, leave, get.感官动词: see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find, catch, look at

16、, listen to, smell.ask/tell/order/request/permit/persuade/ . sb to do sth;等。consider/elect/appoint sb (to be)八同位语：对前面名词/代词进行补充说明，语法上处于同等地位通常为名词、名词短语或同位语从句Mr. Zhang, my English teacher, is very handsome.He told me the news that our team won the game.第三章.简单句的五大基本句型重点用法 S+V主语+谓语（不及物动词）（+状语）用法：在此句型中，“主语

17、+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。不及物动词后面不能直接带宾语。但是有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、地点、时间等，可以有状语来修饰。Class begins.开始上课。 begin为不及物动词，后面不能带宾语His father has gone abroad.他父亲出国了。 状语abroad修饰动词Jim runs in the park.吉姆在公园里跑步。 in the park作地点状语We stopped to have a rest.我们停下来休息。 to have a rest作目的状语提示：一些动词既可以作不及物动词，也可以作及物动词。They are playin

18、g on the playground.他们在操场上玩。play为不及物动词Theyre playing football.他们在踢足球。 play为及物动词重点用法 S+V+O主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语用法：在此句型中，谓语动词是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整。句子的宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句或相当于名词的词、短语等来充当。She likes English.她喜欢英语。 名词作宾语He stopped writing.他停下笔。 动词-ing形式作宾语They want to go.他们想走。 不定式作宾语She knows what to do next.她

19、知道下一步做什么。 “疑问词+不定式”作宾语提示：有些不及物动词后面加上介词就相当于一个及物动词，后面就可以加宾语了。例如，在句子You must listen to me.（你必须听我的。）中，listen是不及物动词，但在加上to之后，listen to相当于一个及物动词，其后可以跟宾语me。重点用法 S+V+P主语+系动词+表语（+状语）用法：be动词和become是英语中常见的系动词，后面必须接表语，才能用来说明主语，表示“是”，“变成”等意思。表语通常由名词、副词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语及不定式等充当。He became a scientist.他成了一名科学家。 名词作表语M

20、y sister is out now.我姐姐现在出去了。 副词作表语They are honest.他们是诚实的。 形容词作表语提示：在英语中，除了be动词和become属于系动词外，还有一些行为动词，当它们表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这类动词包括：appear出现 come成为 feel摸起来get变得 go变得 grow变得keep保持 look看起来 seem看起来smell闻起来 sound听起来 taste尝起来Children grow wiser as they grow.孩子们随着年龄的增长会变聪明。The Lijiang River looks especi

21、ally beautiful in the early morning.清晨，漓江看起来格外美丽。Dinner smells good.饭菜闻起来很香啊。His voice sounded strange on the phone.他的声音在电话里听着挺怪的。I like this kind of cake.It tastes delicious very much.我喜欢这种蛋糕，它尝起来十分美味。重点用法 S+V+IO+DO主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语用法：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语，二者合称双宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象；间接宾语是及物动

22、词的动作所涉及的人或物，也就是说，间接宾语是指动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的，所以只能是名词或宾格代词担当间接宾语。I bought John a birthday present.我给约翰买了生日礼物。名词John是间接宾语，a birthday present是直接宾语Please tell me your telephone number.请告诉我你的电话号码。宾格代词me是间接宾语，your telephone number是直接宾语提示：间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，构成句型“主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语”。在此句型中，间接宾语有时也可以改成一个由to或for引起的短语，

23、放在直接宾语之后，构成“主语+谓语（及物动词）+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语”句型。当直接宾语是人称代词，间接宾语是名词时，或者两个宾语都是人称代词时，需用此句型。I sent a postcard to my best friend.我给我最好的朋友发了一张明信片。I passed it to my mother.我把它递给了我妈妈。She threw them to me.她把它们扔给我。I found a spare ticket for him.我为他找到了一张多余的票。Shall I order a taxi for you?要我给你叫辆出租车吗？注意：须在间接宾语前加to的常见动词有：

24、bring带来 post邮给 show给看sell卖 send寄 take拿，取throw扔 write给写信须在间接宾语前加for的常见动词有：book为预定 buy买 call为叫choose选择 cook做饭 find为找到get得到 leave留下 make生产order为订购 pick捡起 save为节约有些动词后接双宾语时，既不能用to引起间接宾语，也不能用介词for引出间接宾语。ask请求 cause导致 charge收费cost花费，使丧失 forgive原谅 refuse拒绝He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea.他一杯茶向我要

25、了5美元。This heroic deed cost him his life.他为这一英雄壮举付出了生命。重点用法 S+V+O+OC主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语（+状语）用法：在某些及物动词的后面，需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词和介词短语等都可以作宾语补足语。I will make you captain.我将让你当船长。The manager asked Amanda to leave.经理要阿曼达离开。Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Ameri

26、cans.昨天我和两个美国人一起照了相。His speech left the President in a very difficult position.他的话使总统处于艰难境地。提示：感官动词see，hear，watch，feel，notice；使役动词make，have，let等后接不定式作宾语补足语时，省去to。但变为被动语态时，to要还原。He saw the boy play by the river.他看到这个男孩在河边玩耍。The boy was seen to play by the river.这个男孩被看到在河边玩耍。注意：上述感官动词等后既可以接不带to的不定式作宾补

27、，也可用动词-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已经结束，后者表示动作正在发生，一定要注意二者的区别。He saw a girl in red get on the bus.他看见一个穿红色衣服的女孩上车了。上车的动作已经结束He saw a girl in red getting on the bus.他看见一个穿红色衣服的女孩正在上车。上车的动作正在进行重点用法6 S+V+主语+谓语（不及物动词）（+状语）主语+谓语(不及物动词)+状语有时为了表示发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、地点或时间等，可以有状语来修饰， 例如: (1) The baby slept peacefully.(2) His

28、father has gone abroad.(3) She swims like a fish.重点用法7 S+V+O主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语（+状语）主语+谓语+宾语+状语例如: I had my first maths class at senior high school.重点用法8 There be句型表示“有”，用于表达“人或事物的存在”或某地有某物”，该句型的构成形式一般为“There is / are + 某物/人+某地/时”，表示某地/时有某物/人，e9: Theres a lot to explore at senior high.一根据每个词的词性、位置及与其它词之间

29、的联系，判断它所充当的句子成分，并加以说明。1. I am a Chinese student named Li Hua,2.As a student who has learned Chinese painting 。3.Looking forward to your early reply.4.The local art gallery will hold an exhibition of Chinese paintings5.My fluent spoken English and rich knowledge about Chinese paintings will help visi

30、tors understand the meaning behind each painting deeply.6. Wewill play against the team from HongXing High School.参考答案1.IamaChinesestudentnamedLi Hua, 主 系 定 表 定2.As a studentwho has learned Chinese painting. 状语 定语从句3Looking forward to yourearlyreply.现在分词作状语 定语 定语 介词宾语4.The localart gallerywill holda

31、nexhibition of Chinese paintings限定词 定语定语 主语 谓语名词词组作宾语5.MyfluentspokenEnglishandrichknowledgeabout Chinese painting定语定语定语 主语并列连词主语介词短语作后置定语willhelpvisitorsunderstand the meaningbehind each paintingdeepy.谓语”宾语不带to的不定式作宾补介词短语作后置定语状语6.Wewill playagainst the team from HongXing High School. 主语 谓语 介词短语作状语

32、介词短语作后置定语二分析句子:阅读下列短文,判断其中粗体字所作的成分。一Im a freshman at senior high school. I had to think 1.very carefully about which courses I wanted to take. The school adviser helped me 2.choose the suitable ones: maths, English, chemistry, world history, and Chinese. I know that Chinese is a very difficult langu

33、age, but I hope to be fluent 3.when I graduate. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for 4.advanced literature because I like English and Im good at it.答案1. 状语2. (宾语)补语3. 状语4. 定语二1.Some of the first poems a young child learns in English are nursery rhymes. They are usually 2.the traditional

34、poems or folk songs. The language of these rhymes, like 3.Poem A, is to the point but has a storyline. Many children enjoy nursery rhymes 4.because they rhyme, have a strong rhythm, and often repeat the same words. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn

35、and recite. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.答案1. 主语2. 表语3. 宾语4. 状语三Continued greenhouse gas emissions 1.will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need

36、 to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures 2.to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by 3.restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility 4.to seize every opportunity to educa

37、te everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.答案1. 谓语2. 状语3. 宾语4. 主语四One day, Claire mentioned 1.that she didnt think she was clever. The robot called Tony said that she must feel very unhappy to say tha

38、t. Claire thought it was ridiculous 2.that she was being offered sympathy by a robot, but she gradually admired his wisdom and integrity and began to trust him. He always treated her with dignity. She told him how she was unhappy that her home wasnt elegant enough for Larry, 3.who wanted to improve

39、his social position with a bigger salary. She wasnt like Gladys Claffern, 4.one of the richest and most powerful women around.答案1. 宾语2. 主语3. 定语4. 同位语一Foreign visitors to the UK might be disappointed when they learn that not everyone there speaks like Harry Potter and his friends.Usually,theres an as

40、sumption by many non-Brits that everyone in Britain speaks with whats known as a Received Pronunciation (RP,标准发音) accent,also called “the Queens English”.However,while many people do talk this way,most Britons speak in their own regional accents.Scouse,Glaswegian and the Black Countryfrom Liverpool,

41、Glasgow and the West Midlandsare just three of the countless non-RP accents that British people speak with.There are even differences in accents between towns or cities just 30 kilometers apart.What is even more disappointing is that not speaking in a RP accent may mean a British person is judged an

42、d even treated differently in their everyday life.In a 2015 study by the University of New South Wales,videos of people reading a passage in three different UK accents were shown to a second group of people.The group then rated how intelligent they thought the readers sounded.The lowest-rated accent

43、 was the Brummie accent,native to people from Birmingham,a city whose accent is considered the working class.However,there is no need to be disappointed though you are not speaking in a RP accent.In fact,doing the opposite may even give you advantages.Kong Seong-jae,25,is an Internet celebrity from Seoul.After studying in the UK,he picked up several regional accents.Hes now famous for his online videos,where he shows off the various accents hes learned.“British people usually get really excited when I use some of their local dialect words,and they become much f