《专业英语》课件Unit-18.pptx

1、TextQuality control in construction typically involves insuring compliance with minimum standards of material and workmanship in order to insure the performance of the facility according to the design.For the purpose of insuring compliance，random samples and statistical methods are commonly used as

2、the basis for accepting or rejecting work completed and batches of materials.Rejection of a batch is based on non-conformance or violation of the relevant design specifications.An implicit assumption in these traditional quality control practices is the notion of an acceptable quality level which is

3、 an allowable fraction of defective items.Materials obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organization is inspected and passed as acceptable if the estimated defective percentage is within the acceptable quality level.Problems with materials or goods are corrected after delivery of the pro

4、duct.In contrast to this traditional approach of quality control is the goal of total quality control.In this system，no defective items are allowed anywhere in the construction process.While the zero defects goal can never be permanently obtained，it provides a goal so that an organization is never s

5、atisfied with its quality control program even if defects are reduced by substantial amounts year after year.This concept and approach to quality control was first developed in manufacturing firms in Japan and Europe，but has since spread to many construction companies.TextThe best known formal certi

6、fication for quality improvement is the International Organization for Standardizations ISO 9000 standard.ISO 9000 emphasizes good documentation，quality goals and a series of cycles of planning，implementation and review.Total quality control is a commitment to quality expressed in all parts of an or

7、ganization and typically involves many elements.Design reviews to insure safe and effective construction procedures are a major element.Other elements include extensive training for personnel，shifting the responsibility for detecting defects from quality control inspectors to workers，and continually

8、 maintaining equipment.Worker involvement in improved quality control is often formalized in quality circles in which groups of workers meet regularly to make suggestions for quality improvement.Material suppliers are also required to insure zero defects in delivered goods.Initially，all materials fr

9、om a supplier are inspected and batches of goods with any defective items are returned.Suppliers with good records can be certified and not subject to complete inspection subsequently.The traditional microeconomic view of quality control is that there is an“optimum”proportion of defective items.Tryi

10、ng to achieve greater quality than this optimum would substantially increase costs of inspection and reduce worker productivity.TextHowever，many companies have found that commitment to total quality control has substantial economic benefits that had been unappreciated in traditional approaches.Expen

11、ses associated with inventory，rework，scrap and warranties were reduced.Workers enthusiasm and commitment improved.Customers often appreciated higher quality work and would pay a premium for good quality.As a result，improved quality control became a competitive advantage.Of course，total quality contr

12、ol is difficult to apply，particular in construction.The unique nature of each facility，the variability in the workforce，the multitude of subcontractors and the cost of making necessary investments in education and procedures make programs of total quality control in construction difficult.Neverthele

13、ss，a commitment to improved quality even without endorsing the goal of zero defects can pay real dividends to organizations.Example：Experience with Quality CirclesQuality circles represent a group of 5 to 15 workers who meet on a frequent basis to identify，discuss and solve productivity and quality

14、problems.A circle leader acts as liason between the workers in the group and upper levels of management.Appearing below are some examples of reported quality circle accomplishments in construction：Text On a highway project under construction by Taisei Corporation，it was found that the loss rate of r

15、eady-mixed concrete was too high.A quality circle composed of cement masons found out that the most important reason for this was due to an inaccurate checking method.By applying the circles recommendations，the loss rate was reduced by 11.4%.In a building project by Shimizu Construction Company，many

16、 cases of faulty reinforced concrete work were reported.The iron workers quality circle examined their work thoroughly and soon the faulty workmanship disappeared.A 10%increase in productivity was also achieved.workmanship n.手艺，技艺，做工，技巧optimum adj.最好的，最佳的；最有利的mason n.，vt.泥瓦匠；用砖瓦砌成dividend n.被除数，股息，红

17、利，额外津贴，年息recommendation n.推荐，介绍（信），劝告，建议implicit adj.暗示的，盲从的，含蓄的，绝对的microeconomic n.个体经济，微观经济certification n.证明，认证statistical method 统计方法random sample 随机抽样liason n.联络Quality Circle 质量（控制）循环、质量（管理）小组Inspection n.视察，检查Improvement n.改进，改善Organization n.组织；机构；体制；团体Commitment n.承诺，保证；委托；承担义务；献身Corporatio

18、n n.公司；法人（团体）；社团Inaccurate adj.错误的New Words and PhrasesNotes（1）An implicit assumption in these traditional quality control practices is the notion of an acceptable quality level which is an allowable fraction of defective items.在这些传统的质量控制实践中有一个隐含的假设（概念）可接受的质量水平，它是指缺陷项的允许比例。本句中有一个定语从句，其中which is an a

19、llowable fraction of defective items是an acceptable quality level的定语，来解释说明“可接受的质量水平”的范围。（2）While the zero defects goal can never be permanently obtained，it provides a goal so that an organization is never satisfied with its quality control program even if defects are reduced by substantial amounts ye

20、ar after year.尽管零缺陷目标是永远不可能达到的，但却为组织提供了一个目标，即使缺陷项目逐年都有显著的减少，组织对其质量控制计划也从不满足。本句中While.是一个让步状语从句，其中it指的是the zero defects goal。Notes（3）Initially，all materials from a supplier are inspected and batches of goods with any defective items are returned.Suppliers with good records can be certified and not su

21、bject to complete inspection subsequently.（工程建设）初期，来自某一个供应商的所有材料都要被检验，有任何缺陷的批次都会被退回。随后，有良好记录的供应商可以经核准免去全项检验。本句中not subject to为“无须承担”之意，此处可译为“免去”。（4）The unique nature of each facility，the variability in the workforce，the multitude of subcontractors and the cost of making necessary investments in educ

22、ation and procedures make programs of total quality control in construction difficult.每一项建筑设施独一无二的特征，劳动力的不稳定性，分包商的多样性以及员工教育与施工程序上的必要支出都使得在建筑施工中开展全面质量控制计划显得异常困难。本句中有多重主语，要注意谓语动词make的时态及make.difficult句型的用法，即make+something+adj.（形容词）。Notes（5）Quality circles represent a group of 5 to 15 workers who meet

23、on a frequent basis to identify，discuss and solve productivity and quality problems.质量控制循环即为5至15个操作工人组成的小组，他们经常碰面以确定、讨论和解决生产力及质量问题。Who.是定语从句，修饰workers。1.项目经理对于质量和安全控制的重要性给予了越来越多的关注。建筑设施的缺陷和失效可能会让人付出惨重的代价。即使是一些微小的缺陷也需要返工，设施的功能也会受到影响。2.如同成本控制那样，有关整个设施质量的最重要决策是在设计和计划阶段，而不是在施工阶段作出的3.建筑业中的质量控制通常是通过保证材料和工

24、艺达到最低标准，从而确保建筑设施依照设计标准进行工作。4.全面质量控制是对一个组织结构所有部分的质量承诺，通常它涉及到许多要素。5.工程建设是一个相对来说比较危险的行业。事实上，由于伤病较多，建筑业中的病假和缺勤要比任何其他产业多得多。6.If process design and quality control engineering are not capable of sufficiently reducing deviation by process adjustments,then inspection may be an economically useful alternativ

25、e.7.Ideally,an integrated system of overall quality control,in which all activities interact to produce products with minimum deviations from target values,will minimize quality costs and make the most economic use of human and other company resources.Exercises（Translate the following Chinese into E

26、nglish,or English into Chinese）8.The broad purpose of the overall quality system is to produce a product that is robust with respect to all noise factors.Robustness implies that the products functional characteristics are not sensitive to variation caused by noise factors.9.Quality control activitie

27、s at the product planning,design,and production engineering phases will be referred to as off-line quality control or quality engineering,whereas the quality control activities during actual production will be referred to as on-line quality control.10.From the standpoint of value received,product qu

28、ality is determined by the economic losses imposed upon society from the time a product is released for shipment.A typical example is loss caused by functional variation:the deviation of one of a products principal functional characteristics from the specified“nominal(target)value”of the product design specification.Exercises（Translate the following Chinese into English,or English into Chinese）