系解全套课程教学课件(二）.ppt

1、The Male Reproductive System 男性生殖系男性生殖系 2 The Reproductive System The male reproductive organs The female reproductive organs 3 MALE FEMALE Internal genital organs 内生殖器 Gonads 生殖腺 Testis 睾丸 Ovary 卵巢 Transport ducts 输送管道 Epididymis 附睾 Ductus deferens 输精管 Ejaculatory duct 射精管 Male urethra 男性尿道 Uterine

2、 tube 输卵管 Uterus 子宫 Vagina 阴道 Accessory glands 附属腺 Seminal vesicle 精囊腺 Prostate 前列腺 Bulbourethral gland 尿道球腺 Greater vestibular gland 前庭大腺 External genital organs 外生殖器 Scrotum 阴囊 Penis 阴茎 Vulva 女阴 Structures of the reproductive systems 4 The male reproductive organs Internal genital organs: gonad- t

3、estis (睾丸）睾丸）, ducts - epididymis （附睾）（附睾）, ductus deferens （输精管）（输精管） ejaculatory ducts （射精管）（射精管） urethra （尿道）（尿道） accessory glands- seminal vesicle (精囊腺精囊腺) prostate (前列腺前列腺) bulbourethral glands (尿道球腺尿道球腺) External genital organs: scrotum (阴囊阴囊), penis (阴茎阴茎) 5 6 7 . The testis 睾丸睾丸: The feature

4、s of testes- Paired oval-shaped organs They are in the scrotum (crypart) 2 extremities, 2 surfaces, 2 borders: Posterior border (mesorchial border) connected with the epididymis Anterior border- 8 The structure of testes: 9 Position: in the scrotum, attached to the posterior borderof the testis Exte

5、rnal feature: 3 parts- head, body, tail Structure: . The Epididymis 附睾附睾: 10 . The ductus deferens: 输精管输精管 输精管的分部： 睾丸部 testicular part, 精索部 spermatic part, 腹股沟部 inguinal part, 盆部 pelvic part: 最长 输精管末端膨大称之为： 输精管壶腹输精管壶腹ampulla ductus deferentis 11 The ductus deferens Testicular part Funicular part Ing

6、uinal part Pelvic part 12 Spermatic cord 精索精索: - 位于睾丸上端与腹股沟管内口之间。 - 内含的结构有: 输精管 ductus deferense, 睾丸动脉 testicular artery 蔓状静脉丛 pampiniform plexus of vein 神经丛 nervous plexus 淋巴管 lymphatic vessels - 三层被膜: 精索外筋膜 external spermatic fascia 提睾肌 cremaster muscle 精索内筋膜 internal spermatic fascia 13 14 Descen

7、ding testis 15 Formation: Its formed by the union of the end portion of the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle duct. Position: It penetrated the base of the prostate, and opened into the prostatic portion of urethra. .The Ejaculatory duct 射精管射精管: 16 17 分三部分 前列腺部 prostatic portion 膜部 membranous

8、portion 海绵体部 cavernous portion 三个狭窄的位置 内口 internal orifice 膜部 membranous portion 外口 external orifice 三个扩大的位置 前列腺部 prostatic portion 尿道球部 bulbar portion of urethra 舟状窝 navicular fossa 两个弯曲 耻骨下弯 subpubic curvature 耻骨前弯 prepubic curvature . The male urethra 男性尿道男性尿道: 18 19 Location in the lesser pelvic

9、. Between the urinary bladder and the urogenital diaphragm; in front of the rectum and posterior to the pubic symphysis Features- Chestnut-shaped apex, base, anterior surface, posterior surface (a prostatic sulcus) the urethra passed it Structure: 5 lobes . The prostate 前列腺前列腺 20 21 22 23 24 . The s

10、eminal vesicles 精囊腺精囊腺: oval sacculated organs posterior to the fundus of urinary bladder open to the ejaculatory duct . The bulbourethral gland 尿道球腺尿道球腺 in the urogenital diaphragm open to the bulbar portion of urethra 25 26 External genital organs 外生殖器外生殖器 Scrotum 阴囊阴囊 Penis 阴茎阴茎 27 .The Scrotum 阴

11、囊阴囊: 层次：皮肤 skin, 肉膜 dartos (septum) 内容: 睾丸 testis, 附睾 epididymis, 精索 spermatic cord 28 . Penis 阴茎阴茎 外形分为三部外形分为三部: 头头 head (glans) 体体 body 根根 root 构造和层次构造和层次: - 三条海绵体 cavernous : 两条阴茎海绵体 cavernous bodys of penis 一条尿道海绵体 cavernous body of urethra - 白膜 albuginea - 阴茎深筋膜 deep fascia of penis - 浅筋膜 super

12、ficial fascia - 皮肤 skin *阴茎包皮 Prepuce *包皮系带 Frenulum Prepuce 29 30 31 32 思考题思考题 试述男性生殖系统的组成 试述输精管的分部及精索的组成 试述男性尿道的分部及狭窄部位 试述前列腺的分部及其与尿道的关系 试述精子的产生与排出途径 The Urinary System 泌尿系统泌尿系统 泌尿系组成：泌尿系组成： Kidney 肾肾form urine Ureter 输尿管输尿管conduct urine from kidneys to bladder Bladder 膀胱膀胱receives and stores urin

13、e Urethra 尿道尿道conducts urine from bladder to exterior of body (discharged) Kidney 肾肾 1.General features Bean shaped, reddish- brown organs Superior extremitybroad and thin Inferior extremity narrow and thick Anterior surfaceconvex Posterior surfaceflat Lateral borderconvex Medial borderconcave Renal

14、 hilum 肾门肾门a vertical slit on the medial border of kidney, the structures which enter and leave the renal hilum is called renal pedicle 肾蒂肾蒂, including the renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis, lymphatic vessels and nerves Order of structures in the renal pedicle from anterior to posteriorV. A. P.

15、; from superior to inferiorA. V. P. Renal sinus 肾窦肾窦 which is the renal hilum leads into a space within the kidney, the rental sinus is occupied by the： renal vessels 肾血管肾血管 minor renal calices 肾小盏肾小盏 major renal calices 肾大盏肾大盏 renal pelvis 肾盂肾盂 lymphatic vessels 淋巴管淋巴管 nerves 神经神经 adipose tissue 脂肪

16、组织脂肪组织 2.Structure of the kidney 肾的构造肾的构造 Renal cortex 肾皮质肾皮质 Renal columns 肾柱肾柱 Renal medulla 肾髓质肾髓质 Renal pyramids 肾锥体肾锥体: 1520 Renal papilla 肾乳头肾乳头 Papillary foramina 乳头孔乳头孔 Minor renal calices 肾小盏肾小盏 (78) Major real calices 肾大盏肾大盏 (23) Renal pelvis 肾盂肾盂 3.Coverings 被膜被膜 （1）Fibrous capsule 纤维囊纤维囊

17、 a strong fibrous capsule which strips easily from a normal kidney surface but adheres firmly to an organ that has been inflamed （2）Fatty renal capsule 肾脂肪囊肾脂肪囊 a thick adipose connective tissue capsule, surrounds the fibrous capsule. It acts as a shock absorber to protect the kidney from jolting an

18、d jarring （3）Renal fascia 肾筋膜肾筋膜 on outside, surrounds both the kidney and suprarenal gland, holding these organs in place 4. Position 位置位置 Lie behind peritoneum one on each side of the vertebral column high up on the post abdominal wall, upper pole nearer to media plan than lower pole Left kidney l

19、ies at the level from T11 to L2; the 12th rib is behind its middle part of the post surface Right kidney lies at the level from T12 to L3; the 12th rib is behind its upper part of the post surface Renal hilum at the level of L1, is about 5cm from the posterior median line Renal region 肾区肾区the area b

20、etween 12th rib and the lateral margin of erector spinae Superiorlysuperarenal gland Posteriorly Three muscles Diaphragm (pleural cavity), Psoas major Quadratus lumborum Three nerves Subcostal n. Iliohypogastric n. Ilioinguinal n. Medial Left kidneyabdominal aorta Right kidneyinferior ceva vana 5.Re

21、lationships 毗邻（作为了解内容）毗邻（作为了解内容） Anteriorly Left kidney Stomach (superior), Pancreas (middle), Loops of intestine and left colic flexure (inferiorly) Right kidney Right lobe of liver (superior) Right colic flexure (inferior) Descending part of duodenum (medially) 6.Renal segments 肾段肾段 The kidney is

22、divided into five vascular segments and each is supplied by a branch of the renal artery; between the segments there is no anastomosis. 肾可以分为肾可以分为5段：段： Superior segment 上段上段 Superior anterior segment 上前段上前段 Inferior anterior segment 下前段下前段 Inferior segment 下段下段 Posterior segment 后段后段 肾的管道铸型肾的管道铸型 Ur

23、eters 输尿管输尿管 输尿管分为三部分：输尿管分为三部分： 腹部腹部 Abdominal partdescend on the psoas major behind the peritoneum 盆部盆部 Pelvic partin females, passes 2cm lateral to the neck of uterus and lies below the uterine artery 壁内部壁内部 Intramural partpasses obliquely through the bladder wall for 2cm long 三个狭窄（三个狭窄（constricti

24、ons） At the pelvoureteric junction Where it crosses the pelvic inlet and iliac vessels Where it pierces the bladder wall obliquely (at intramural part) Stone in ureter 输尿管结石输尿管结石 Bladder 膀胱膀胱 1.外形外形 尖尖 Apex, 底底 Fundus 体体 Body of bladder 颈颈 Neck 尖尖 体体 底底 颈颈 2.膀胱的内面膀胱的内面 Mucous membrane folded, except

25、 for trigone of bladder Trigone of bladder 膀胱三角膀胱三角 formed by internal urethral orifice 尿道内口尿道内口anteriorly and two ureteric orifices 输尿管口输尿管口 Interureteric fold 输尿管间襞输尿管间襞 muscular elevation, between ureteric orifices.2. 3.Location 位置位置 In the adult, it lies in the lesser pelvis, behind the pubic sy

26、mphysis 耻骨耻骨 联合联合, in front of seminal vesicle精囊精囊, ampulla ductus deferentis 输精管输精管 and rectum in the male, and in front of uterus and vagina in the female. In the young child the empty bladder projects above the pelvic inlet 骨骨 盆入口盆入口. Urethra 尿道尿道 1.女性尿道女性尿道 特点：粗、短（特点：粗、短（5cm)、直。、直。 开口部位：阴道前庭开口部位

27、：阴道前庭 分分3部部 prostatic portion 前列腺部前列腺部 membranous portion 膜部膜部 cavernous portion 海绵体部海绵体部 3个狭窄（个狭窄（constrictions） internal orifice 内口内口 membranous portion 膜部膜部 external orifice 外口外口 3个扩张（个扩张（dilations） prostatic portion 前列腺部前列腺部 bulbar portion of urethra 尿道球部尿道球部 navicular fossa 舟状窝舟状窝 2个弯曲（个弯曲（curv

28、atures） subpubic curvature 耻骨下弯耻骨下弯 prepubic curvature 耻骨前湾耻骨前湾 2.男性尿道男性尿道 Retroperitoneal space 腹膜后间隙腹膜后间隙 Positionit lies between the parietal peritoneum and transvers fascia of the posterior abdominal wall, from diaphragm to promontory of sacrum, continuation with extraperitoneal fascia. Contents

29、kidney, suprarenal gland, ureter, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, nervers and lymphatics, loose connective tissue Suprarenal gland 肾上腺肾上腺 Position Located retroperitoneally, superomedial to superior poles of each kidney, enclose with the kidney by the renal fascia Shape Right： pyramidal Left：se

30、milunar Arteries Superior suprarenal a. Middle suprarenal a. Inferior suprarenal a. Venous drainge Right suprarenal v. drains into inferior vena cava Left suprarenal v. joins left renal v. Blood supply of Suprarenal gland 思考题思考题 试述泌尿系统的组成，思考尿液产生和排出的 途径。 试述肾的形态、结构、被膜、位置与毗邻 试述输尿管的行程及狭窄部位 名词解释：肾门、肾窦、肾盂

31、、肾锥体、肾柱、 膀胱三角 Introduction of the nervous system 神经系统总论神经系统总论 Contents Organization of Nervous System Elements of Nervous system Reflex and reflex Arcs Functions of Nervous System Teminology Organization of Nervous System Central nervous system 中枢神经系统中枢神经系统 1. Brain 脑脑 2. Spinal cord 脊髓脊髓 Peripheral

32、 nervous system 周围神经系统周围神经系统 1. Cranial n. 脑神经（脑神经（12 pairs) 2. Spinal n. 脊神经脊神经 (31 pairs) 3. Visceral n. 内脏神经内脏神经 Elements of Nervous system Neurons 神经元神经元 Basic functioning units of the nervous system Neuroglia 神经胶质神经胶质 Supporting cells Neuron 神经元 Cell body：perikaryon (核周体） Dendrites：receive mess

33、ages from other neurons and send them to the cell body Axons：carry messages away from the cell body Silver Stain Nissl Stain Types of nerve cells (1) according to number of their processes Bipolar neuron 双级神经元 Pseudounipolar neuron 假单级神经元 Multipolar neuron 多级神经元 Types of nerve cells (2) sensory neur

34、one 感觉神经元 relay neurone 中间神经元 motor neurone 运动神经元 according to their functions Sensory neurons Receive information Send impulses to the brain or spinal cord Relay neuron (Interneurons) Carries impulses from sensory nerves to motor nerves. Motor neuron Conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord t

35、o muscles or glands throughout your body Transmission of signals- Synapse Synapse Small space across which an impulse moves from an axon to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron. Types of synapse Chemical synapse Electric synapse Axodendritic Dendrodendritic Axosomatic Somatosomatic Axoplasmi

36、c Flow 轴浆流轴浆流 IN CNS： oligodendrocyte 少突胶质细胞：形成髓鞘少突胶质细胞：形成髓鞘 astrocyto 星型胶质细胞星型胶质细胞 ：参与血脑屏障：参与血脑屏障 microglia 小胶质细胞小胶质细胞 ：吞噬防御：吞噬防御 epndymocyte 室管膜细胞：构成脑室壁室管膜细胞：构成脑室壁 IN PNS： schwann cell 雪旺氏细胞雪旺氏细胞 ：形成髓鞘：形成髓鞘 capsular cell 被囊细胞被囊细胞 Types of Neuroglia oligodendrocyte microglia Neuron astrocyto epndym

37、ocyte Neuroglia 神经胶质神经胶质 1.Oligodendrocytes Produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS 4 types of glia in the CNS: 2.Astrocytes Star-shaped, abundant, and versatile Guide the migration of developing neurons Involved in the formation of the blood

38、 brain barrier Function in nutrient transfer 3.Microglia Specialized immune cells that act as the macrophages of the CNS Why is it important for the CNS to have its own army of immune cells? 4.Ependymal Cells Low columnar epithelial-esque cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central c

39、anal of the spinal cord Some are ciliated which facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid 2 types of glia in the PNS Schwann cells Form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS. Vital to neuronal regeneration Satellite cells Surround clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

40、Unknown function Reflex and Reflex Arcs Reflexes are subconscious stimulus-response mechanism. Functions of Nervous System 1. Sensation 感觉感觉 Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the body. Such changes are known as stimuli and the cells that monitor them are receptors. 2. Integration 整合整合

41、 The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine the appropriate response 3. Reaction Motor output. The activation of muscles or glands (typically via the release of neurotransmitters ) 中枢部中枢部 神经元胞体集聚神经元胞体集聚 灰质灰质 皮质皮质 神经核神经核 神经纤维集聚神经纤维集聚 白质白质 髓质髓质 纤维束纤维束 神经元胞体集聚神经元胞体集聚

42、神经节神经节 神经纤维集聚神经纤维集聚神经神经 周围部周围部 网状结构网状结构 The Teminology Spinal ganglions 脊神经节脊神经节 Nerve 神经神经 1. 试述神经系统的分部及各部的主要功能 2. 神经元和神经胶质细胞是如何分类的？ 3. 试述反射和反射弧的概念。 4. 试述神经系统有哪些基本术语。 思考题思考题 Vestibulocochlear Organ 前庭蜗器前庭蜗器 传递声波 External ear 外耳 Middle ear 中耳 The vestibulocochlear organ is divided into three parts:

43、含有位置觉和听觉感受器。 Internal ear 内耳 External ear 外耳 组成： 1.Auricle 耳廓, 2.External acoustic meatus 外耳道 3.Tympanic membrane 鼓膜. 1. Auricle 耳廓 2. External acoustic meatus 外耳道: bony part 骨部：medial 2/3 cartilaginous part 软骨部：lateral 1/3 3. Tympanic membrane 鼓膜: Flaccid part 松弛部: upper 1/4 Tense part 紧张部: lower 3

44、/4 Umbo of tympanic embrance 鼓膜脐 Cone of light 光锥 Consists of three parts 1.Tympanic cavity 鼓室 2.Auditory tube 咽鼓管 3.Mastoid antrum 乳突窦and mastoid cells 乳突小房 Middle ear 中耳 Position: 位于颞骨内的含气小腔，介于骨膜与内耳之间。其中有三块听小骨， 并通过咽鼓管与鼻咽部相通。 1. Tympanic cavity 鼓室 Boundaries: a)roof or tegmental wall 鼓室盖 b)inferior

45、 wall or jugular wall 颈静脉壁 c)Anterior wall or carotid wall 颈动脉壁 : Upper opening for tensor tympani m. 鼓膜张肌管开口 lower opening for auditory tube 咽鼓管鼓室口 d)Posterior wall or mastoid wall 乳突壁: Aditus of mastoid antrum: 乳突窦的入口； Pyramidal eminence 锥隆起： 内藏镫骨肌. e)lateral wall or membranous wall 鼓膜壁 : epitympanic recess 鼓室上隐窝 f)Medial wall or labyrinthine wall 内侧壁（或迷路壁）: promontory 岬 fenestra vestibuli 前庭窗 fenestra cochleae 蜗窗：被第二鼓膜 封闭。 . prominence of facial canal 面神经管凸 : Contents of tympanic cavity a)auditory ossicles 听小骨 m