新概念初中英语语法精粹解析.pdf

1、1 新概念语法精粹 Guide to New Concept English Grammar 第章 英语动词时态 (Tenses) 英语时态是英语语法中的第道难关， 攻下此难关是作、 阅读、 语之关键。 汉语不同词表达相应时态， 英语同词的不同变化形式表达时态。 英语各种时态构成表：以play 为例： 般时态进时态完成时态完成进时态 现在play plays is am playing are has have played has have been playing 过去playedwas were playing had playedhad been playing 将来shall wil

2、l play shall will be playing shall will have played shall will have been playing 过去 将来 should would play should would be playing should would have played should would have been playing 、般现在时： 1构成：使动词原形，第三称单数须有变化。 （1）直接加“s”，works，takes （2）以辅加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es” carry carries （3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾

3、的动词加“es” goesdresseswatchesbrushes 2功能： （1）表现在的事实、状态或动作： eg:. Birds fly. . She loves music. . Marys parents get up very early. （2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，seldom，occasionally， frequently 等时间副词连。 eg:. I always take a walk after supper. . She writes to me very often. . Tom

4、 and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally. （3）表客观真理，格警句或事实： . The earth moves round the sun. . The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 2 . Two and two makes four. . No man but errs. 圣贤，熟能过。 （4）表将来： A在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，un

5、til，unless， so long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中般现在时表将来发的动作。 （重点，所有考试都不放过它！ ） 例如： . Ill tell her when shecomes tomorrow. . Even ifit rains this afternoon, Ill meet you. . Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.（不错的句型，背下！ ！ ） . Ill be right here waiting for you wherever you go.（很感的句型！

6、） B按时间表示将要发的动作或事件，般现在时表达将来时概念。 . The play begins at 6:30this evening. . When does the plane take off? . He leaves for that city next week. .According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. （按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列早上 7 点出发。 ） 测试精编 1. The Browns _ a nice car and Browns b

7、rother _ a nice jeep. A. have / haveB. has / hasC. have / hasD. has / have 2. If their house _ not like ours, what _ it look like? A. is / isB. is / doesC. does / doesD. does / is 3. - _ you think he will come? - If it _ tomorrow, he will not come. A. Do / rainsB.Are / rainsC. Do / will rainD.Are /

8、will rain 4. The little child _ not even know that the moon _ around the earth. A. do / moveB. do / movesC. does / movesD. did / moved 5. Many a student _ fond of films, but a good student seldom _ to the cinema A. are / goesB. is / goesC. are / goD. is / go 现在进时：is / am/ are + 现在分词 1表示现在正在进的动作。如 .

9、The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea? . Dont you think you eat too much?Youre putting on weight（体重增加） 。 . The workers are building a new bridge across the river. 2表现阶段正进的动作。 . He is taking physics this semester（本学期） 。 . Weare preparing for our final examination this week. 3go, come, leave, arrive

10、, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 于进时态时表示即将开始的动作。 . Look! The bus is coming.看！来了！ . The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying. .Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother. 4与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连，表示说话带有感情彩：赞赏或厌恶。 . He is always thinking of others.（他总是想着别。 ）

11、. The boy is continually making noises.（这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。 ） 3 . The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late.（师直在批评她迟到。 ） 5下表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可于进时。 （此条戒律请背10遍！ ！ ！ ） believe（相信） ，doubt（怀疑） ，see（看） ，hear（听） ，know（知道） ，understand （理解） ，belong（属 于） ，think（认为） ，consider（认为） ，feel（觉得） ，l

12、ook（看起来） ， seem（看上去） ，show（显示） ，mind（介意） ， have（有） ，sound（听起来） ，taste（尝起来） ， require（要求） ，possess（拥有） ，care（关） ，like（喜欢） ，hate （讨厌） ，love（喜爱） ， detest（憎恨） ，desire（意欲） 【简单记忆】 ： 永远不要说Im believing.或He is seeing a house. 再简单点说，这些动词后不要随意加-ing. 可怕的是：我们在写作及语中常犯此类错！ 注意：have a party / think about 可以进时，因为这hav

13、e 意为“举”；think 意为“考虑”。 测试精编： 1. How can you _ If you are not _ ? A. listening / hearingB. hear / listening C. be listening / heardD. be hearing / listening to 2.The girl even wont have her lunch before she _ her homework. A. will finishB. is finishing C. had finishedD. finishes 3. Those who have appl

14、ied for the post（职位）_ in the office.（此题超前） A. are being interviewedB. are interviewing C. interviewingD. to be interviewing 4. The old scientist _ to do more for the country. A. is wishingB. has been wishing C. wishesD. has been wished 5. If he _, dont wake him up. A. still sleepsB. is still sleepin

15、g C. still has been sleepingD. will be sleeping still 三般过去时。定义动词的过去式： 1表示过去某个特定时间或某段时间发的动作或情况。 . We visited the school last spring. . I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. . China was founded in 1949. 2在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。 （参） . She told me that she would not go with us if it rain

16、ed the next day. . They would not leave until she came back. . My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision. 3般过去时，现在时和过去时的组差异：（别以为这很简单，下的差异你不定明。 ） Her brother was a chemist.（已去世） Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在） Thats all I had to say.（话已说完） Thats all I have to say.（之未尽） 4 It was s

17、o nice to see you.（离别时） It is so nice to see you.（时） Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是当天下午或晚上） Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午） 本句现在完成时，此乃后话！ 测试精编 I： （所给动词的正确进态填空） 。 1.Yesterday I _ (think) that you were not in Beijing. 2.Alice usually _ (sit) in the front of the classroom, but

18、she _ (sit) at the back this morning. 3. He _ (tell) the news to us three days ago. 4. He_ (begin) to teach Chinese in 1990. 5. she would not telephone me if she _ (have) no time. 测试精编 II： 1. They _ the trip until the rain stopped. A. continuedB. didnt continue C. hadnt continuedD. would continue 2.

19、 The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they _ of hunger and cold.（without 在这表条件，你知道吗？） A. would dieB. will dieC. would be deadD. would have died 3. It was not until then that I came to know that the earth _ around the sun. A. movedB. has movedC. will moveD. moves 4. Whe

20、n all those present（到场者）_ he began his lecture.（重点题） A. sitB. setC. seatedD. were seated 5. If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact I _ not. A. haveB. would haveC. hadD. had had 四过去进时：were / was + 现在分词。 1表示过去某时刻或阶段正在发的动作。 . I was playing chess at 8yesterday evening. . When I arri

21、ved, they were watching TV. . They were doing housework this time last week. 2于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进的动作。 . She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping. . I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast. 3过去某时将发的事。可参考2（4） . They told me that they were leaving for NewYork. . He was

22、 going out when I arrived. 测试精编： 1. My brother _ while he _ his bicycle and hurt himself. A. fell / was ridingB. feel / were riding C. had fallen / rodeD. had fallen / was riding 2. He _ his leg as he _ in a football match. A. broke / playedB. was breaking / was playing 5 C. broke / was playingD. wa

23、s breaking / played 3. -Myfather will be here tomorrow. -I thought that he _ today. A. was corningB. is coming C. will comeD. comes 4. Jack was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who _ in. A. comeB. was comingC. had been comingD. had come 5. Michike couldnt come to the telephon

24、e when Mr. Smith called her because she _ in the lab. A. had been workingB. has been working C. was workingD. worked 五现在完成时：have / has + 过去分词 1 表示过去所发的动作对现在的影响或产的结果。 常与yet， just， before， recently， lately（最近） ， ever， never 等表时间的副词搭配使。 He hasnt seen her lately. I havent finished the book yet. 2 表示个从过去

25、某个时间开始， 延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作， 常与表示段时间的时间状语连。 如： so far（迄今为） ， up till now（直到现在） ， since, for a long time（很时间） ， up to present（直到现在） ， in the past / in the last few years（在过去的年） ，these days（前） . He has worked here for 15years. . I have studied English since I came here. . The foreigner has been away fromC

26、hina for a long time. . So far, I havent received a single letter from my brother. 3某些延续性动词（即：动作开始便终的动词） ，在现在完成时中不能与表示段时间状语搭配。 要点： I常的延续动词：die, arrive（到达） ，join（加） ，leave（离开） ，go, refuse（拒 绝） ，fail（失败） ， finish，buy，marry，divorce（离婚） ，awake（醒） ，buy，borrow，lend .（背三遍！ ） II这类动词并不能现在完成时，是不能接常由for 引导的时间状

27、语。 III但若是在否定句中，延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示段时间的状语连。 She has gone away for a month.（误 She has been away for a month （正） The man has died for two years.（误） The man has been dead for two years.（正） How long have youbought the book?（误） How long have you got the book.（正） 4注意 since 的法： . They havent had any troublesinc

28、e they came here. . It has been ten years since we met last time. . He has been heresince 1980. . He has been heresince ten years ago. 5组对： He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 6 He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。 She has gone. 她已了。 She is gone. 她缺席了。 （or 她死了。 ） The door has been closed. 关上了。 （动作） The door

29、 is closed. 是关着的。 （状态） 测试精编： 1. The prices _ going up all the time in the past few years. A. keepB. keptC. have keptD. are keeping 2. For the whole period of two months, there _ no rain in this area. A. isB. will be C. has beenD. have been 3. Today is Janes wedding day. She _ John. A. have just marr

30、ied withB. was just married to C. has just been married toD. just has been married to 4. No wonder the flower have withered, they _ any water for ages. A. hadntB. haventC. havent hadD. hadnt had 5. Nowadays computer _ a wide application with the development of production and science. A. foundB. has

31、foundC. finds D. had found 六现在完成进时：have / has + been + 现在分词 1表示从过去某时开始发，直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作。（最好将此定义读5遍） . Ive been waiting for an hour but she hasnt come. . He has been running after her for 8years.（run after: 追求） 2表某种感情彩。 . Ive been wanting to see you for so many years. . Whos been telling you such no

32、nsense. 释惑要点：现在完成时与现在完成进时的对： 现在完成时强调“结果”，完成进时强调“动作的延续”。 . I have thought of it.（我已想到了这点。 ） . I have been thinking of it.（我直在想这点。 ） . Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将油漆过了。 ） . Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆直在油漆。 ） 测试精编： 1. They _ us since five oclock this morning. A. are helpingB. have been helping

33、 C. have been helpedD. have helped 2. I _ the book the whole day, yet I havent finished it. A. have been readingB. have read C. am readingD. had been reading 3. Please come in. We _ about your paper. A. talkB. had been talking C. have been talkingD. would have talked 7 4. Such natural resources as c

34、oal and petroleum _. A. gradually are exhaustedB. are being gradually exhausted C. have gradually exhaustingD. have been exhausting gradually 5. It _ almost every day so far this month. A. is rainingB. rainedC. rainsD. has been raining 所给动词正确时态填空。 1.You should go to bed.You _ (watch) TVfor 5hours. 2

35、. I _ (write) letters since breakfast. 3. I _ (write) 3letters since breakfast. 4. Sorry, but Mr. Smith _ (leave) for Beijing. 5. I _ (look) for him everywhere, where can he be? 七过去完成时：had + 过去分词 1表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发、完成的动作。 “过去的过去”。 They had got everything ready before I came. The play had begunbef

36、ore I got to the theater with my boyfriend. 2过去完成时常于 hardly / scarcely . when, no sooner . than 等固定句型结构中。 （此乃超级重点句型， 意 为： “就”） She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang. No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents. （注意 no sooner 在句时句型倒装。 ） 3intend（打算） ，mean

37、（意味） ，hope（希望） ，want（想要） ，plan（计划）等动词的过去完成时来表示本 打算做没有做的事。 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave. （原想昨天去看你） They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because the bad weather. （原计划上周举场球赛） 测试精编： 1. -Lets hu

38、rry! The president is coming. -Oh, I was afraid that we _. A. already miss himB. had already missed him C. will miss him alreadyD. have already missed him 2.Your letter came just as I _ my office. A. was leavingB. would leave C. had leftD. left 3. I _ my keys, I cant remember where I last sawthem. A

39、. was losingB. lostC. had lostD. have lost 4. Nobody knew where the teacher _. A. has goneB. would have gone C. had goneD. would be gone 5. The sportsmen _ training for 3hours when the coach told them to break off for rest. A. have beenB. are C. had beenD. were 8 般将来时：shall / will + 动词原形 1表示将要发的动作或存

40、在的状态。 He will graduate from the college next year. We shall finish our work as quickly as possible. 2将来时的其它结构：（务必背下！ ） I. be going to do something. 打算做某事。（美国语中常读作be gonna） Im going to buy a new coat this fall. be going to 与will 的对：下列情况须will Ill be sixteen years old next year. It will be the 20th ofA

41、ugust tomorrow. When he comes, I will give him your message. I. be + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或来征求意。 Am I to take over his work? We are to meet at the gate. III. be about to do sth. 即将做某事。 The talk is about to begin. 3重点补充： be on the point of doing sth.正要做某事 set out to do sth.着做某事 set about doing sth.开始做某

42、事 测试精编： 1. - The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7oclock. - But _ a delay. A. it will beB. thered be C. there will beD. there is 2. Hell leave for Paris before you _ next week. A. will come backB. will be back C. come backD. came back 3. Our next meeting _ on 1st December. A. has been heldB. will h

43、old C. is to be heldD. is holding 4. Where _ a will, there is a way. A. there will haveB. has been there C. there isD. there has been 5. It _ be Wednesday tomorrow. A. is going toB. willC. is about toD. is to 九过去将来时：should / would + 动词原形 1表示从过去某个时刻看将要发的动作或状态。 He said that they would meet me at the s

44、tation. 2此法常于间接引语中。 9 测试精编： 1. On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader _ on Saturday. A. is arrivingB. will arrive C. would be arrivedD. would arrive 2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we_ ready. A. will beB. would be C. wereD. are 3. My aunt _ to see us,

45、she would be here soon. A. is corningB. was coming C. cameD. had came 4. They would be given a new house if more _ the next year. A. will be builtB. would be built C. are builtD. were built 过去完成进时：had been + 现在分词 表示过去某个时间之前直在进的动作。 She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in. 较： . The

46、girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy. . The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside. 测试精编： 1. It _ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy. A. was rainingB. would be rainingC. had been rainingD. has rained 2. He told us that he _ there since 1982. A.

47、 has been livingB. had been living C. would have livedD. was living 3. He had been learning English for 3years before he came here and _ now. A. is still learningB. had been learning C. was still learningD. has been learning 4. By the end of last week, he _ in the company for 10years. A. had workedB

48、. had been working C. will have workedD. would have worked 5. Not until then did people know that he _ important military information to the enemy for a long time. A. soldB. would sellC. had soldD. had been selling 将来进时：shall / will be + 现在分词 1表示将来某个时刻正在进的动作： . What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 较： . Tom wont cut the grass because he is afraid of being tire