现代急诊医学课件合辑(共616页).ppt
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1、 77岁男性,因腹痛就诊于急诊科。 PE:意识模糊,皮肤湿冷且紫绀。动脉血压75/50 mmHg,心 率125 bpm。腹肌紧张且有压痛。 Case form NEJM 2015 2020/8/6 Bacterial infection Sepsis and septic shock Excessive host response Host factors lead to cellular damage Organ damage Death A clinician, armed with the sepsis bundles, attacks the three heads of severe
2、 sepsis: hypotension, hypoperfusion and organ dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2004 感染性休克 浙医一院 急诊中心 潘建 weixin:Dr-panjian Emergency Sepsis and Septic Shock Definitions Epidemiology Pathogenesis Principles of management 主要参考资料:主要参考资料: Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sev
3、ere Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012 Critical Care Medicine - Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult (Mosby, 2007) Important History 1992 SIRS 2001 EGDT 2004 guideline 2008 guideline 2012 guideline severe sepsis in change 败血症(sepsis )来自希腊语,是腐败的代名词。 2700年来基本保持不变的意义,直到20世纪以来, 随着现代医学的发展,对seps
4、is有了进一步的理 解。 休克(shock)来源于法语“choquer,意思为冲 突。 其实最初的定义已经确切的表达了疾病的特点。 HISTORY Widespread inflammatory response Two or more of the following Temp38 C90 bpm Tachypnea RR20 or hyperventilation PaCO2 12,00010% immature neutrophils. SIRS CHEST 1992 Septic shock was defined as sepsis-induced hypotension (syst
5、olic blood pressure 40 mm Hg) with signs of tissue hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. 1992 美国胸科协会定义 Definitions 2012guideline Severe sepsis is defined as sepsis plus sepsis-induced organ dysfunction or tissue hypoperfusion. Septic shock is defined as sepsis-induced hypotension persi
6、sting despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Sepsis-induced tissue hypoperfusion is defined as infection-induced hypotension, elevated lactate, or oliguria. Infection Parasite Virus Fungus Bacteria Trauma Burns Sepsis SIRS Severe Sepsis Severe SIRS Adapted from SCCM ACCP Consensus Guidelines shock BS
7、I 发病率 Severe sepsis severe chronic medical conditions; immunocompromised patients; intravascular catheters, and aging of the population. (Data from Dellinger RP: Cardiovascular management of septic shock. Crit Care Med 2003;31 Trends in mortality rates by subtypes of heart disease in the United Stat
8、es, 2000-2010J. JAMA. 2014 Nov 死亡率 Sepsis is the leading cause of death in critically ill patients and is responsible for as many deaths annually in the United States as AMI AHA心脏病和卒中统计数据(心脏病和卒中统计数据(2014版)版) Figure displays the mortality rate for severe sepsis compared with three high-profile diseas
9、es that may require critical care (stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and trauma). 法国法国 意大利意大利 美国美国 挪威挪威 澳大利亚澳大利亚 巴西巴西 英国英国 Hotchkiss et al, NEJM 2003 348:138 Immune activation and immunosuppression in sepsis Cohen, Nature: 2002 420:885 Organ dysfunction at time of severe sepsis recognition 0 10 2
10、0 30 40 50 60 70 80 Percent of Patients Shock Respiratory Renal Metabolic Coag DIC Bernard NEJM 344:699, 2001 The three components of the hemodynamic profile of septic shock Major components of the hemodynamic profile in septic shock. (From Trzeciak S, Parrillo JE: Septic shock. In Society of Critic
11、al Care Medicine 8th Adult Critical Care Refresher Course. Chicago, Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2004.) Hemodynamic Values in Sepsis Syndrome Parameter Normal Range Change in Sepsis Heart Rate 72-88 bpm Sinus tahcycardia MAP 70-105 mm Hg Hypotension 60 mm HG CVP 2-10 cm H2O Normal or abnormal
12、PCWP 8-12 mm Hg Normal or abnormal C.O. 4-8 L/min , but often not enough C.I. 2.5-4 L/min/m2 to compensate for SVR. SVR 770-1550 dyne/sec/cm5 600 if no pressors SVRI 1760-2600 dyne/sec/cm5/m2 1000 if no pressors DO2 520-720 mL/min/m2 Normal; may be due to hypoxia or shunting VO2 100-180 mL/min/m2 Ty
13、pically . Hemodynamic variables Arterial hypotension (SBP 90 mm Hg, MAP 40 mm Hg in adults or less than two sd below normal for age) MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE SEPSIS EGDT2001 :Doctor Rivers,Emergency physician In-hospital mortality was 30.5 percent in the group assigned to early goal-directed therapy, as
14、 compared with 46.5 percent in the group assigned to standard therapy (P=0.009). EMANUEL RIVERS, EARLY GOAL-DIRECTED THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE SEPSIS AND SEPTIC SHOCK. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1368-77.) EGDT EGDT design The Australasian Resuscitation in Sepsis Evaluation (ARISE) Investigators
15、and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group (Oct. 16 issue)1 report that early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) did not reduce mortality at 90 days among patients with early septic shock ARISE Investigators, ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Goaldirected resuscit
16、ation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014 2012 Guidelines Initial Resuscitation Goals during the first 6 hrs of resuscitation: a) Central venous pressure 812 mm Hg b) Mean arterial pressure (MAP) 65 mm Hg c) Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/hr d) Central venous (superior vena cava) or mixe
17、d venous oxygen saturation 70% or 65%, respectively (grade 1C). In patients with elevated lactate levels targeting resuscitation to normalize lactate (grade 2C). TO BE COMPLETED WITHIN 6 HOURS OF TIME OF PRESENTATION: 5. Apply vasopressors (for hypotension that does not respond to initial fluid resu
18、scitation) to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) 65mmHg 6. In the event of persistent hypotension after initial fluid administration (MAP 45 mins) in the start of antimicrobial(s) (grade1C). At least 2 sets of blood cultures (both aerobic and anaerobic bottles) be obtained before antimicrobial
19、therapy with at least 1 drawn percutaneously and 1 drawn through each vascular access device, unless the device was recently (48 hrs) inserted (grade 1C). 2. Use of the 1,3 beta-D-glucan assay (grade 2B), mannan and anti-mannan antibody assays (2C), if available and invasive candidiasis is in differ
20、ential diagnosis of cause of infection. 3. Imaging studies performed promptly to confirm a potential source of infection (UG). Antimicrobial Therapy 1. Administration of effective intravenous antimicrobials within the first hour of recognition of septic shock (grade 1B) 2a. Initial empiric anti-infe
21、ctive therapy of one or more drugs that have activity against all likely pathogens (bacterial and/or fungal or viral) and that penetrate in adequate concentrations into tissues presumed to be the source of sepsis (grade 1B). 2b. Antimicrobial regimen should be reassessed daily for potential deescala
22、tion (grade 1B). 3. Use of low PCT levels or similar biomarkers to assist the clinician in the discontinuation of empiric antibiotics in patients who initially appeared septic, but have no subsequent evidence of infection (grade 2C). 4a. Combination empirical therapy for neutropenic patients with se
23、vere sepsis (grade 2B) and for patients with difficult-to-treat, multidrugresistant bacterial pathogens such as Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas spp. (grade 2B). For patients with severe infections associated with respiratory failure and septic shock, combination therapy with an extended spectrum beta-
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