初高中英语衔接课程讲义：第三章 重要词性了解.doc

1、第三章 重要词性了解 一、名词 名词 分类 普通名词 个体名词 表示人或物的个体，如： teacher, pen, hand 集体名词 表示个体组成的集合体，如： family, team, police 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的固体、液体、气体等实物，如： ice, water, gas 抽象名词 表示抽象概念的，如性质、状态、情感等的名词，如：sadness, happiness, work 专有名词 人名、地名、机构、事物、组织、概念、节日等。 名词复数构成规律 规则变化 一般直接在名词后加 -s 以字母 -s,-sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词后加 -es 以字母 -f或 -fe结

2、尾的名词，把 -f/-fe改为 -v，再加 -es 以 -0结尾的名词的复数多数加 -es 以辅音字母 +y结尾的名词，要把 y改为 i，再加 -es 不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 单复数形式相同，如： sheep, deer, fish, means 表示某国人的名词的复数形式因习惯不同而各异 a.单复数形式相同（多以 ese结尾），如： Chinese, , Swiss b.词尾加 -s（多以 -an结 尾），如： Americans, Koreans, Indians c.将 man变成 men，将 woman变成 women，如： Englishman-Englishmen 其

3、他形式，如： mousemice, child- children 名词所有格 加 -s/-s 名词单数形式 ,用 -s,表示 ,如 : the girls books 复数形式 ,用 s表示 ,如 Teachers books 注：所有格后所接名词表示地点时候，地点名词可省略。如： the doctors 复合名词在最后的名词后加 s，如 brother-in-laws books 表示时间、距离、重量、国家、城市，地点无生命的名词也可用 s形式来表示其所有关系，如： three days walk 借助介词 of 无生命的物体的名词所有格常用 of 表示。如： the cover of t

4、he book 双重所有格 由 s所有格和 of所有格组合修饰名词，如： an old friend of Toms 二、代词 种类 人称 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 第一人称 I, we, me, us my, our, mine, ours myself, ourselves 第二人称 you your, yours yourself,yourselves 第三人称 we, he, she, it his, her, its, hers, theirs himself, herself, itself, themselves 指示代词 this, that, these, those,

5、such, the same 不定代词 all, both, neither, none, either, each, many, few, little,another, much, one, ones, some, any以及 no-/some-/any-/every-+body/one/thing 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 相互代词 each, other, one, another, each others, one anothers Exercises: 1. Here is the that his younger brother lov

6、es best. A. coffee cup B. coffees cup C. cup of coffee D. coffee of cup 2. Mr. Tony always has to tell his students at the beginning of his lectures. A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news C. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news 3. As a businessman, Mr. Li gained his b

7、y selling famous of English and American writers. A. wealth; work B. wealth; works C. wealths ; works D. wealths ; work 4. He is a kind-hearted man. People can get on well with him. A. Few B. A little C. Quite a few D. Little 5. The post office isnt far from here. Its only bicycle ride. A. half an h

8、ours B. an hour and a half C. half an hour D. half an hours 6. The population of Shanghai very big and most of its population native people. A. are ; is B. is ; is C. are; are D. is; are 7. Would you like to have ,Tom? No, thanks, l have had enough. A. any more orange and apples B. some more oranges

9、 and apples C. any more oranges and apples D. some more oranges and apple 8. Which do you prefer to drink, or coffee? , please. A. teas; Two tea B. tea; Two tea C. tea; Two teas D. teas; Two teas 9. lt was really to get a present from him on her birthday party that she couldnt believe it, looking at

10、 him in . A. such big surprise; a surprise B. such a big surprise; surprise C. so big surprise; a surprise D. such big surprise; surprise 10. These are bikes. The twin brothers like them very much. A. Jacks and Jerrys B. Jacks and Jerry C. Jacks and Jerry B. Jack and Jerrys 11. How much water is the

11、re in the bottle? .Youd better come to fetch another bottle. A. A little B. Nothing C. No one D. None 12. Bill works harder than in his class. He is the most excellent student l have met. A. the other boys B. other boys C. any boy D. another boy 三、形容词 一、成分 成 分 例 句 定 语 One of the most common language

12、s used for creating web pages is called HTML. Who is the greatest woman writer alive in the world? 表 语 After getting her hair cut, she looked even more beautiful 宾语补足语 With the window open, many things in the shop were stolen at night. 状 语 The bird fell onto the ground, dead. 二、比较级 此外，初中还安排了形容词比较级、最

13、高级的语法点学习。其变化规则如下表： 规 则 原 级 比较级 最高级 单音节形容词在词尾加 -er； -est high few higher fewer highest fewest 以字母 e结尾的形容词在词尾加 -r； -st large wide larger wider largest widest 以重读闭音节结尾的形容词，末尾只有一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾，应先双写该辅音字母，然后加 -er；-est thin big hot thinner bigger hotter thinnest biggest hottest 以辅音字母加 y结尾的形容词，须先将 y变成i，然后加

14、-er； -est happy funny happier funnier happiest funniest 多音节形容词前加more变比较级；加 the beautiful interesting more beautiful more interesting the most beautiful the most interesting most变最高级 部分不规则的形容词变化如下表： 原级 比较级 最高级 good better best bad/ill worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/furt

15、her farthest/furthest old older/elder oldest/eldest 三 、具体用法 1、只能修饰形容词原级的词 very, quite, so, too. 例如： He is too tired to walk on. 他太累了以至不能再继续走了。 My brother runs so fast that I cant follow him. 我弟弟跑得那么快以至我跟不上他。 2、含有 as? as（与 ? 一样）的原级表达句式。例如： Tom is as old as Kate. 汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。 Tom is twice as old as Kat

16、e. 汤姆的年龄是凯特的两倍 。 Tom runs as fast as Mike. 汤姆和迈克跑得一样快。 【注意】 1、 否定形式 not as? as 也可以用成 not so? as“ 不如 ? 不及 ? 。 ” 例如： He doesnt walk as slowly as you. 他走路不像你那样慢。 This room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。 2、可以修饰比较级的词 much, a lot, a great deal, far, by far(?得多 )， a little, a bit(?一点儿 )， even(甚至

17、)， still(仍然 )， any(用于否定、疑问句中 )。例如： Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一课比第二课容易得多。 Tom looks even younger than before. 汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。 This train runs much faster than that one. 这辆火车比那辆跑得快。 She drives still more carefully than her husband. 她 开车仍然比她丈夫还认真。 【典型例题】 1、 The experiment was easier than w

18、e had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much 答案 C。 much可修饰比较级， easier本身已是比较级，不能再用 more. 2、 最高级表示三者及三者以上事物间的比较，常与 of? ， in? 连用。例如： The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 长江是 中国最长的河流。 The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China. 长江比中国其他任何一条河都长。 Of all the planets,

19、the Mercury is the nearest to the sun. 在 所有的行星中，水星离太阳最近。 3、“ 比较级 +and+比较级 ” 表示 “ 越来越 ?” 。例如： He is getting taller and taller. 他长得越来越高了 . The flowers are more and more beautiful. 花儿越来越漂亮。 4、“ the + 比较级 the+比较级 ”表示 “ 越 ? ，就越 ?” 。例如： The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes youll make. 你越认真，犯的错误就越少

20、。 【典型例题】 children there are in a family, their life will be. A. The less, the better B. The fewer, the better C. Fewer, richer D. More, poorer 答案 B。由句意得知 “ 家里孩子越少，生活会越好。 ”children 是可数名词，应用 few 来修饰。 四、形容词与不定代词的搭配连用 当形容词和不定代词 something, anything, noting, everything连用时，这些代词应放在前面，形容词在后面。例如： Do you have anything interesting to tell us all today? 今天有啥有趣的事情跟我们大家说说吗？ Take it easy. There is nothing serious with your disease, which is just a cold. 别紧张，你的病无大碍，只是感冒而已。 【典型例题 】 I have to do today. A. anything important B. something important C. important nothing D. important something 答案 B。 形容词