初升高衔接英语语法讲义（实用！）.docx

1、初升高衔接英语语法讲义一、高一核心考点语法：1定语从句考点难点 （历年英语高考的必考核心题,也是英语学习的重中之重）高中英语语法考点精讲：（一）定义 1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用. 2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词antecedent 1) The man(先行词)who(关系代词) lives next to us is a policeman. (定语从句)2) You must do everything(先行词) that(关系代词) I do(定语从句) (二)：关系代词的作用; 1.连接主句和从句

2、。 2.代表被修饰的先行词。 3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。 eg. This is the room which I lived in last year. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句 考点 1 (三)：定语从句中有关系词 (历年高考的必考之处)关系代词whichthat , whowhom, as关系副词where, when, why（=for which） 介词which(在非正式口语中that 可以替代关系副关系形容词whose of + which 考点 1（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词 关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定

3、语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。 关系词 先行词充当成分关系代词 who 人主、宾、表Whom人宾语Which物主、宾、表That人&物主、宾、表As物主、宾关系形容词 Whose=of whomof which人&物的定语关系副词When=atinonduring which 时间时间状语Where=atinto which地点地点状语Why=for which 原因原因状语that 在口语中可以代替关系副词 以上三种状语 eg. This is the place where we work.（vi.） (关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的) This is the place w

4、hich we visited. (vt. )关系副词：when , where , why 等。在定语从句，关系副词 = 介词 + which 。也就是说，每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词：when = 在什么时候，where = 在什么地方，why = 为什么原因，等。至于在英文中用哪个具体的介词，就得依具体情况而定了。when 代替表示时间的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语,例如：People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland

5、 .人们会永远记住香港和澳门回归祖国的那一时刻。He came at a time when we needed help . 他在我们需要人帮忙的时候来了。We dont know the exact time when the English Evening will be held . 我们不知道英语晚会举行的确切时间。where 代替表示地点的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。例如：The place where were to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.我们举行演讲比赛的地点还未定下来

6、。He is living in a newly-built house where there used to be a pond . 他现在居住的新房是原先一个池塘的旧址。That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams .那是一座我曾经在那儿有过许多梦想的美丽的校园。why 代替表示原因的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。例如：He didnt tell her the reason why he was so happy .他没有告诉她为什么他那么高兴的原因。The reason why she was

7、 late is not so acceptable .她迟到的原因不那么令人接受。They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before .他们向我们解释为什么他们以前误解了我们的原因。介词+关系代词在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人的意义，就只能用whom ；关系代词若是表示事物的意义，就只能用which 。而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题，因为这个问题的解决取决于多种因素：A）动词与介词的搭配B）名词与介词的搭配C）形容词与介词的搭配，等等。总之，要依从句的具体需要而定。例如：A）动词与介词的搭配H

8、e has found a good job for which he is qualified .（ qualify + 名词+ for 使具有资格 ）他找到了一份他能胜任的工作。The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow. （ talk to + 名词 与某人谈话 ） 你刚才与他谈话的那个人明天主持那个会议。He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents .名词+ rent

9、at + 表示价格的词 某物以某价格出租 ）他在与房东就那套公寓出租的月租金进行磋商。B）名词与介词的搭配They are still living in the little house in which theyve been lived for 15 years . （ in the house 在屋子里 ）他们现在还住在他们已住了15年的那个小房子里。Weve worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large scale.( by a method通过某种方法)我们已研制出了一个能大规模提高生产的方

10、法。She didnt realize the extent to which she had been distracted .（ to extend 到某种程度 ） 她没有意识到她心烦意乱的程度。C）形容词与介词的搭配The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficiency . (happy with 对表示满意)老板对其不满意的那个秘书将由于她没有工作效率而被解雇。Ive found the job for which Ive been eager for a long time.（

11、eager for 渴望得到 ） 我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作。He is a learned man with whom we are familiar .(familiar with 熟悉)他是一位我们熟悉的有学识的人。考点2: 关系代词that 和which的区别 that 和which在一般情况都可以用于代替表示事物意义的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。在下列情况下一般只用that而不用which ：（1）先行词本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代词时，例如：Anything that can burn is

12、a source of heat energy .任何能够燃烧的东西都是热能源。There must be something that happened to you .你一定出了什么事。They had nothing that could cure of his disease .他们没有一点能治愈他疾病的东西了。（2）先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或the last, the only等作定语时，例如：This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 这是以前从未上演过的最有

13、感染力的电视剧。That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。We have to consider the first thing that starts our work .我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。 （3）先行词是人和物：They talked of the persons and things that they remembered.然而，在下列情况下却只用which而不用that：(1)当先行词表示事物意义，并且在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用which 。当然，如果在口语或非正式文体中，介

14、词没有提前，也就没有这点要求了。例如：The world in which we live is made of matter .我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow . 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。The world that we live in is made of matter.（正确。因为关系代词虽然在从句中作介词的宾语，但是介词没有提前，所以没有这点要求。）我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。The world in that we live

15、is made of matter.（错误。因为关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而且介词已经提前，所以必须遵从这点要求。）(2)在非限定性定语从句中，当关系词表示事物意义时, 只能用which 。这是语法所规定的，没有任何解释。例如：The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily li

16、fe .最重要的能源形式是电能，它广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之中。(3) as可以作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句。例如：限定性定语从句 （常用于such as和the same as 等句式中）Such points as youve mentioned are really important in solving the problem .你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要。People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays .你描述的这种人现在很少见了。This computer has the same f

17、unctions as that one has .这台计算机有着和那台计算机一样的功能。非限定性定语从句 （as可以作为关系代词引导非限定性定语从句时，as是指全句：也就是说，将整个主句看成一件事或是一个事实；并对其进行补充、说明。这种非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。） As I know , she hasnt got married . 如我所知，她还未结婚。They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以预料，他们在比赛中得了第一。Professor Li is extremely pop

18、ular among students , as is known to all of us . 如我们大家所知，李教授极受学生们的欢迎。考点3：非限制性定语从句的五个“不能” （1） 非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。如： 1. I like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。 2. I like the book which / that was bought yesterday. 我喜欢昨天买的那本书。 （2） 非限制性定语从句不能用why引导。要用for which代替why。如：1. I had told t

19、hem the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。 2. I had told them the reason why I didnt attend the meeting. 我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。(限制性定语从句“the reason why.”是常见搭配。) （3） 非限制性定语从句置于句首时，不能用which引导。关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放主句前，也可以放主句后。如： 1. As I expected, he didnt believe me. 正如我所预

20、料的，他不相信我。 2. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。 （4）非限制性定语从句由“介词+关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词不能用as。如： 1. He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was angry. 他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气。 . I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat

21、 some time reading the newspaper. 我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐着看了一会儿报纸。 （5） 在非限制性定语从句中，指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格whom; 不能用who替换，也不能省略。如： 1. Do you know Tom, whom we talked about? 你认识汤姆吗? 我们谈到过他。 2. This book, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need. 这本书会给你提供所有你需要的资料，它在任何一家书店都能买到。(非限制性

22、定语从句中引导词在从句中作宾语，无论指人还是指物都不能省略。)高中英语语法考点精练：1.The reason, _ he gave us, is unbelievable. A. that B.which C.why D. as 2. The way they talked _ the problem seemed impossible. A. about settling B. to settle C. of settling D. about to settle 3. Delias going to join us, _ was agreed the day before yesterda

23、y. A.that B. what C. which D. it 4. Is there a restaurant around _ I can have something to eat? A.that B. what C. which D. where 5. The school _ I studied ten years ago is _ we visited yesterday. A.where,that B. that , which C. where, the one D. which, that 6. Edison made a lot of inventions, _ of g

24、reat importance. A. which I think are B. which I think they are C. which I think they D. I think which are 7. It might be I , who_ caused the accident, who_ to answer for it. A.has, areB. have, are C. have, is D. have, am 8. Last week our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem _ none

25、of us worked out. A. thatB. whichC. as D. so that 9. Ill talk about a newly-opened market_ you may get all _ you need. A.in which, which B. where, that C. where, whatD. which, that 10. Chinese is written in characters, _ seems rather difficult to many westerners. A.that B. if C. which D. what 11. Th

26、e Greens will move into the new house next Monday, _ it will be completely finished. A. by the time B. by which time C. by that time D. by this time 12. _ is mentioned above , the number of the students in senior high school is increasing. A. Which B. As C. That D. In 13. We had to delay the party t

27、ill next week, _ we would have nothing important to do. A. when B. which C. at which D. in that14. We traveled together as far as Chicago, _ we said goodbye to each other. A. which B. when C .why D. where 15. Ill never forget the years_ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect o

28、n my life. A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who 16. She may have missed her train, in _ case she wont arrive in another hour. A.what B. that C. which D. this 17. Ill remember the time _ we spent together in the country. A.that B. when C. during which D. at which 18. Will you ple

29、ase show me the way to the only tall building _ stands near the post office? A. /B. in which C. that D. where 19. Alice has a large collection of photos, _ were taken in London. A. none of them B. no one of which C. all of which D. neither of which 20. Next winter_ youll in Harbin, Im sure, will be

30、another exciting holiday. A.which B. when C. in which D. where 21. With the fast development of agriculture , the people _ village I taught before have a happy life. A.who B. whose C. in whose D. in which There is a mountain _ the top is always covered with snow. A.whose B. of which C. its D. that I

31、 hope youll find the valley a beautiful place_ you may spend your weekend. A. which B. thatC. whenD. where 24. He has had the same life _ his father lived. A. where B. as C. thatD. when 25. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that faraway village . A. that B. untilC.

32、when D. where26. Can you see a man and his horse_ are crossing the bridge? A. whichB. who C. that D. they 27. He has strange ways _ he can make his classes lively and interesting. A.in whichB. which C. in that D. as 28. The house _ windows face the south, was used as a prison some years ago. A.thatB

33、. which C. whos D. whose 29. I will tell you _ he told me lat week. A. all which B. all whatC. that all D. all 30. Is this factory _ you visited last years. A. that B .whereC. the oneD. one 31. Which of the two sheep _ you keep produces more milk? A. thatB. which C. what D. they 32. Who is the perso

34、n _ is standing there? A. whoB. which C. thatD. whom 33. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _ , of course, made the others unhappy.A. who B. which C. this D. what 34. _ is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B .As C. That D. What 35. I

35、n the dark street there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A.that B .who C. from which D. to whom 36. After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B.whereC .that D .when 37. The young film star receives hundreds of letters a day

36、, _ her parents both pleasure and worry. A. which brings B. that bring C. which bring D. that have brought 38. There were two small rooms in the house, _ served as a kitchen. A.the smaller of which B. the small of which C. the smaller of them D. the smaller one 39. He lives in a flat, _ he can see _

37、 is happening in the street.A. there , what B. from the window of which, which C. where, something D. from whose window , all that 40. Children under sixteen are not permitted to see such films _ bad for their mental development. A. as B. that areC. as areD. as they are 2高中英语语法主谓一致 （一）定义 在英语句子里，谓语受主

38、语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、意义一致和临近一致原则。 （一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 考点1：1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The childr

39、en were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and L

40、ily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意： 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单

41、数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it. 考点2：3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, h

42、as come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意： 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可

43、用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America. 5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working

44、 hard.6一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时, 谓语通常用复数形式：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主语用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名词构成时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk（二）意义一致原则：即主语意义上的单复数语谓语的单复数形式上一致。1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如： Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活