雅思写作task1课件.ppt

1、雅思图表作文雅思图表作文n考察学生观察图表，解释，说明信息的能力。n无需阐述自己的意见，做出假设或对所给的信息做出结论性评价。n字数不少于150字，最好在180字左右。写作内容n既有宏观overview又有微观detailsn语言简练明确，逻辑性强n相关处进行关系描述和对比写作时态n一般用过去时描述已经发生的客观信息。n没有时间信息的客观描述用一般现在时。n预测数据使用表将来的结构。Be projected/expected/predicted/forecasted to写作步骤n1.审题n坐标轴、图例n顶点、拐点、交点n文章的overview:图表中指最明显的特征或整体趋势，流程图中指其共含

2、几个阶段。n2.构思n分析图表的主要特征、规律、趋势。多个图表的组合题目还需分析各表之间的关系。n选择有代表性的数据进行描述。采用数据分类法、数据比较法、平铺直叙法还是显著特征描述法？3.写作n写好引言段（introduction）引言段开头必须是主题句。包括图表的类型，内容指的是什么等。命题中已有主题句的情况，转写题目。n描写图表(body)注意使用衔接词和转承短语，使文章紧凑，逻辑性强。n结尾段(ending)不需要加一段“单独”的结论，不需要发表个人观点。4.检查n拼写错误，名词单复数，单3，动词过去式。n不规则书写：大小写，缩写。n语法错误：主谓一致，时态一致。少谓语，多谓语，没有连接

3、词。n数字表达不清：抄错数字，看串行。易混淆的数字表达：是几倍？多几倍？Task1 功能语料功能语料n如何引入 The chart/table/graph/diagram shows/describes/illustrates/reveals/presents that转写题目：去掉below 改成show information:data,details 时间：between.and from.to 抽象具体转化n如何写overview(线、柱、饼、表)As an overall trend,(流程)This process diagram covers/includes stages/ph

4、rases.n如何表方向1.上升nIncrease/rise/grow/boom/top/climb/go up/an upward trendnin 2003 were 23%up of those of 2001nRoughly doubled/tripled/quadrupled2.下降ndecrease/descend/dive/plunge/decline/drop/reductionnexperienced/saw/witnessed a 7%dropn修饰词 dramatically,significantly,steeply,enormously,markedly,slight

5、ly,moderately,steadily,constantlyn平稳remained steady/stable/constantrose and fell within a narrow rangewas flat at 12%remained around that figure/number/percentagen大概 About,around,some,approximately,roughly,more or less,in the neighborhood of,fewer than,less than,under,below,within,more than,over,abo

6、ven波动FluctuateThere were strong/slight fluctuationsn峰值reached its peak/plateau/bottom/lowest pointpeaked at 1000n比例A constitute/accounts for/makes up/takes up nearly 10%of BB is composed of 50%.,40%.,and 10%.线图线图(line chart)n1.单根曲线图n特点：只有一根曲线，但是曲线的变化比较复杂。n思路：重点是对关键点的把握。可以把曲线分成若干阶段，对不同阶段的特征分别进行描述。一般采

7、用平铺直叙法或突出特征描述法。例1.The line chart below show the growth of households with personal computers in the US.Write a short report for a university lecture describing the changes.The line chart illustrates trend of households with personal computers in America from 1980 to 1988.As can be seen from the grap

8、h,there is a steadily increasing tendency of personal computers in households in the US.In 1980,only two families in every one thousand families in the US possessed a personal computer.However,in 1981,there were forty families in every one thousand families in the US which possessed a computer.The f

9、igure is twenty times of that in 1980.From then on,the line continued to go up until 1987 when two hundred families in every one thousand families in the US had a personal computer;this is one hundred times of that in 1980s.In 1988,the rate of family computer reached as high as two hundred and ten i

10、n every one thousand families.例2.The line charts below show the growth of defense spending and its percent of GNP in USA.Write a short report for a university lecture describing the changes between 1956 and 1975.The two graphs depict the same thing seen in two different ways.Both show the spending o

11、n defense by the US government between 1956 and 1975.The first diagram simply records the amount of money spent,in billions of dollars,during this period.The trend is almost uniformly upward from about$37 billion in 1956 to around$85 billion in 1975.The graph rises more steeply between 1965 and 1970

12、.The second graph throws a new light on the situation.This line expresses defense spending as a percentage of GNP,thus relating one factor in the economy to the progress of the economy as a whole.It reveals that with the exception of the 1965-1969 period the rise in the amount of money spent on defe

13、nse was matches by a fall in its value proportionate to the GNP.It declined from a figure of 9.6%in 1956 to under 6%in 1975.n2.多根曲线图n特点：存在多根曲线，且各个曲线之间的变化差别很大，而单就某根曲线来说变化并不复杂。n思路：在对单根曲线进行描述之后，要对曲线之间的差异进行对比。在body 部分可以根据曲线的根数分段。在分别描述之后，可以加上一段文字，对这些曲线的总体变化进行比较。例：the diagram below shows changes in the po

14、pularity of cinema and television(1957-1974).Write a report on this topic.The line chart describes the changes in the popularity of cinema and television between 1957 and 1974.According to the graph,over the period from 1957 to 1974 the trend as towards a decrease in the popularity of the cinema.The

15、re was a dramatic fall in the number of cinema admission from 1957,when about 900 million people went to cinema,to 1960,when the attendance figure was roughly 500 million.From 1960 to 1963 the rate of decline slowed down,the figure for the latter year being about 400 million.From this year on,there

16、was a more gradual reduction in the popularity of the cinema,reaching a figure of about 90 million in 1974.In contrast,there was an upward trend in the number of TV licenses issued in this period.In 1957 about 390 million licenses were issued,and this figure rose steadily reaching 700 million in 196

17、6,to a peak of 950 million in 1974.练习：Write a composition about the following graph representing birth and death rates in a developing country.As can be seen from the graph,the two curves show the fluctuation of birth and death rates in the first seventy years of last century in a developing country

18、.Over the period from 1900 to 1910 the death rate remains constant.In 1910,however,it rose rapidly and reached the peak of 60 per thousand in 1920.From 1920 to 1940 the death rate fell down steeply.There was a sight increase between 1940 and 1950.Since 1950 it began to decline again.On the other han

19、d,before 1920 birth rate almost remained level.Then in 1920 it dropped until it recorded 30 per thousand in 1930.from 1930 to 1940 there was a significant rise,which,since 1940,has been followed by a steady fall.From the chart,it can be seen that the death rates and birth rates had different trends.

20、From 1900 to 1910,both rates leveled off,and since then,death rates were higher than birth rates;however,after 1930,death rates were surpassed by birth rates.柱状图(bar/column graph)n特点：通常提供的信息量较大，数字之间的对比非常明显，往往反映了不同类型事物之间的巨大差别。n思路：必须对不同类型的数字进行分析、归类，从中总结出规律。差别较大的数字之间尤其需要进行对比。在对图形进行描述的时候，一般分类进行。例1：the d

21、iagram below shows changes of educational backgrounds of the employees of a company in 1991,1996 and 2000.write a report for the companys general manager describing the information shown in the diagram.The column graph shows the changes of educational levels of staff members in a company in the year

22、 of 1991,1996 and 2000.Employees,according to the amount of education they received,are grouped into four categories.Those who completed secondary education fall into the first category.The number of staff members in this group has been falling noticeably in the last ten years,from 60 in 1991 to 19

23、in 2000.The second group is those with a bachelors degree only.Their number increased during the fist half of the decade from 20 to 43 and then the trend reversed.Those who have a masters degree belong to group three.Their number grew all the way in the ten-year period and it can be clearly seen tha

24、t the speed of increase accelerated in the second half of the decade,which led to a number of 25.people with Ph.D degrees are the last group,although at the beginning of the ten-year period,there was no one in the company who had a doctorate degree,now there are five.In conclusion,workers with highe

25、r educational levels are increasing whereas those who hold lower educational degrees are decreasing.例2：This is a bar graph of the average age at first marriage of both men and women in the U.S.Write a report for a university lecturer conveying the information in the graph.The graph shows that women

26、generally got married at an earlier age than men in the 87 years from 1900 to 1987.The lowest age at first marriage for women occurred between 1950 and 1960,which was slightly over 20 years old.At the same time,that for men dropped to the lowest point,just above 23 years old.There were two stages of

27、 changes in the average age at first marriage for both men and women:from 1900 to 1940 and from 1950 to 1987.During the first 40 years,there was a slow but steady downward tendency of first marriage age for men,dropping from nearly 26 to slightly below 25.Womens age at first marriage also descended

28、from 1900 to 1920,slightly upward from just below 22 in 1920 to just over 22 in 1940.From 1950 to 1987,there appeared a steady delaying trend in first marriage with men reaching almost 26 in 1987,while womens age at first marriage rose from 22 in 1980 to nearly 24 in 1987,the eldest age for women in

29、 the 87 years.练习：The diagram below shows the average hours of unpaid work per week done by people in different categories.(Unpaid work refers to such categories as childcare in the home,housework and gardening)describe the information presented below,comparing results for men and women in the catego

30、ries shown.The bar chart shows how the hours of voluntary work per week are distributed between women and men in different categories on a weekly basis.In households where there are no children,women are reported to work some 30 hours per week in such tasks as childcare,housework and gardening.Mens

31、contribution to these unpaid jobs averages a considerably lower 18 hours.When children enter the household,however,the inequality becomes even more pronounced.In families of 1-2 children,men maintain approximately the same number of hours of unpaid work as in childless households,but the hours for w

32、hich women work in the home rise to 52 per week.Interestingly,when there are three or more children in the household,men are found to work even fewer hours around the house than before the appearance of the third child.Whereas womens unpaid hours increase to approximately 56 per week,the correspondi

33、ng figure for men,16,actually represents a decrease.饼状图（pie chart）n饼状图本身所提供的信息量较少，通常与其他图形混合出现。n特点：题目中给出的多半是一些比例数。数字的分布往往有一定规律，具有一定的代表性。n思路：对数字进行归纳整理，总结出规律。一般采用特征描述法，对于多个饼图组合可采用比较描述法。例1：The pie chart below shows the average way in which foreign students learning English in London spend their money ov

34、er the course of a week.Write a short report for a university lecture describing the information.The pie chart reveals typical spending patterns for foreign students taking English language courses in schools in London.The average spend can be divided very roughly into thirds-the first third being s

35、pent on rent and food,the second on school fees and the last divided between entertainment,travel,clothes and study materials.The total weekly spend for international students is showed to be 300 per week.From the information described in the chart,it can be seen that rent and food accounts for exac

36、tly a third of the total amount spent by students,amounting to 100 per week.This is the biggest single expense for students in London.The second greatest expense is school fees,the average being 90 per week.Entertainment makes up a fifth of the total spend for students in London,and the remaining mo

37、ney(50)is used to travel on the underground and buy clothes and study materials.练习：The pie charts below describe the electric energy production,a major source of energy in the US.Write a short report for a university lecture describing the information in the charts.The energy sources of the United S

38、tates electric production made up different percentages in 1980 from those in 1970.Among the five major sources of energy are nuclear,coal,natural gas,hydro and oil,some increased whereas others decreased.Nuclear energy increased greatly during these ten years:rising from only 1.4 percent in 1970 to

39、 11.1 percent in 1980.As the biggest source of energy in the United States,coal provided 46.2 percent of the whole in 1970,and in 1980 it amounted to 51.1 percent,an increase by 4.9 percent.On the other hand,the percentage of the sources of natural gas,hydro and oil decreased.Natural gas fell down f

40、rom 24.3 percent in 1970 to 15.1 percent in 1980.Of the three sources that reduced,oil dropped the least,from 11.9 percent in 1970 to 10.7 percent in 1980,a slight decline by 1.2 percent only.表格题(Table)n特点：数字较多，但是规律性较强。n思路：在写表格作文时尤其要强调归类和突出重点。不能采用过于复杂的数字叙述，但是也不能漏掉主要信息。一般情况下，要指出最高或者最低类型的数字。如果表格不复杂，那么

41、也可以详细指出中间类型的数字；如果较复杂，那么至少也应该对中间类型的数字进行粗略交代。应该达到这样的效果：考官不用看题目就基本能把表格勾勒出来。例：The table below is the income statement of a company.Write a report for the companys board of directors describing the information shown in the table.The table is the income statement of the ABC company for the period of 1996

42、to 2000.It displays figures of the net sales,costs and expenses,gross income,income taxes and net income.Costs and expenses are further divided into cost of sales,selling expense,administrative expense and engineering expense.It can be seen from the table that net sales grew steadily in the five-yea

43、r period,from$63,386,000 to$100,943,000.The net income,however,fluctuated.It went up three years in a row till 1998,which was the most profitable year,with a dramatic rise from$1,571,000 in 1996 to$2,463,000 in 1998.This is a sharp increase of 56 percent.Then the net income declined in the following

44、 years.The biggest drop of net income occurred in 2000,which saw a decrease of 31 percent,from$2,382,000 in 1999 to$1630,000 in 2000.Attention should be drawn to the continuing rise of selling and administrative expense during this period.Though the net sales in 2000 went up by$37,557 compared with

45、the figure of 1996($63,386),increases of expenses on sales and administration were disproportionately large.练习：The table below shows the information about the average length of stay and spend of overseas visitors to Australia.Write a short report for university lecturer describing the changes.The ta

46、ble reveals information about how long foreign visitors stayed in Australia.It also provides details on the amount of money those visitors spent.The table covers each of the three years from 1994 to 1996.The most obvious trend shown by the table is that overseas visitors have spent more money each y

47、ear during their visits as a whole.The figures for spend per visit rose more than A$100,from A$487 to A$630 over the period.However,the spend per day figures show some fluctuation,falling slightly in 1995(by A$0.6)and then rising dramatically in 1996.The final figure(A$70)represented an increase of

48、approximately 40%on the 1995 spend.The other details shown on the table indicate that the length of stay of visitors to Australia varied only slightly over the period,rising from 9.2 days in1994 to 10 days in 1995 before falling back to 9.0 days in1996.流程图(flow chart/process diagram)特点特点：1.偶尔会在考试中出现

49、。2.有时候以时间先后关系排列，有时候以空间关系组合。3.不出现很多数据，以示意图形式出现。思路思路：如果是按时间关系排列的话，就按照各个步骤的先后顺序写作；如果是按空间关系组合的话，就按照空间的上下内外进行比较。例：the diagram below shows the method of obtaining water outdoors.The chart describes how water is obtained outdoors.According to the figure,the first step of obtaining water outdoors is to find

50、 a hole with green plants on bottom.Next,remove the green plants on the middle of the bottom and put a container there.Then,cover the hole with a plastic sheet and place two stones on both ends of it to secure its position.A third stone is laid on the middle of the plastic sheet so that the middle p