专八语言学讲座课件.ppt

1、TEM8TEM8语言学讲座语言学讲座 语言学部分出题特点语言学部分出题特点1.强调基础知识和基本概念2.语言实例与语言学概念的联系3.著名的语言学家及其著名理论TEM8 英语语言学讲座基础知识和基本概念题基础知识和基本概念题(1)(1)1._ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.(2005)A.Phonology B.Morphology C.Semantics D.SociolinguisticsKey:B2.Syntax is the study of

2、.(2007)A.language functions.B.sentence structures.C.textual organization.D.word formation.Key:B3.Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?(2007)A.Arbitrariness B.Productivity.C.Cultural transmission D.Finiteness.Key:DTEM8 英语语言学讲座4.Which of the following is not a design f

3、eature of human language?(2008)A.Arbitrariness B.Displacement C.Duality D.DiachronicityKey:D5.When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking,such as asking someone to open the window,he is performing .(2009)A.an illocutionary actB.a perlocutionary actC.a locutionary actD.none of the aboveKey:A6.

4、_ refers to the learning and development of a language.(2010)A.Language acquisitionB.Language comprehension C.Language production D.Language instructionKey:A基础知识和基本概念题基础知识和基本概念题(2)TEM8 英语语言学讲座1.The word tail once referred to“the tail of a horse”,but now it is used to mean“the tail of any animal.”Thi

5、s is an example of _.（2005）A.widening of meaning B.narrowing of meaning C.meaning shift D.loss of meaningKey:A2.The words kid,child,offspring are examples of .(2006)A.dialectal synonymsB.stylistic synonymsC.emotive synonyms D.collocational synonymsKey:B3.What type of sentence is“Mark likes fiction,b

6、ut Tim is interested in poetry”?(2008)A.a simple sentence B.A coordinate sentence C.a complex sentence D.none of the aboveKey:B语言学实例与语言学概念相联系语言学实例与语言学概念相联系(1)(1)TEM8 英语语言学讲座4.The word Motel comes from motor+hotel.This is an example of _ in morphology.(2010)A.backformation B.conversion C.blending D.a

7、cronymKey:C5.Language is a tool of communication.The symbol Highway Closed on a highway serves _.(2010)A.an expressive functionB.an informative functionC.a performative functionD.a persuasive function.key:B语言学实例与语言学概念相联系语言学实例与语言学概念相联系(2)(2)TEM8 英语语言学讲座1.The distinction between parole and langue was

8、made by .(2006)A.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.SaussureKey:D2.The speech act theory was first put forward by .(2007)A.John Searle B.John Austin C.Noam Chomsky D.M.A.K.Halliday.Key:B著名的语言学家及其著名理论著名的语言学家及其著名理论TEM8 英语语言学讲座Arbitrariness-illogical between symbol and meaningProductivity-variety of senten

9、cesDuality-structure of sounds&meaning(central feature)Displacement-not in the specific placeCulture Transmission-among generationsTEM8 英语语言学讲座Theoretical linguisticsPhonetics 语音学Phonology 音位学Morphology 形态学Syntax 句法学Semantics 语义学pragmatics 语用学Use of linguisticsApplied linguistics 应用语言学Sociolinguisti

10、cs 社会语言学Psycholinguistics 心理语言学Neurolinguistics 神经语言学.TEM8 英语语言学讲座Scopes and Branches of Linguistics Phonetics(语音学):study of human sound making(organs),the description(transcription)and classification of sounds,etc.e.g.vowels vs.consonantsphone(音素)-a phonetic unit including all speech sounds we hear

11、 and produce.Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning.leap:l/peel:l,stopt topt(h)Phonology(音位学):study of the patterning of speech sounds,that is,the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.phonemes(音位):a phonological unit of distinctive value,e.g.fat,rat(minimal

12、 pair);/f/,/r/e.g.ping,bing(phonemes in Chinese),spin,sp(h)in(allophones in English),therefore,phonology is language specific.(特定语言的语音系统)TEM8 英语语言学讲座Distinction Phonetics is of general nature;it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages;it aims to answer questions like:how t

13、hey are produced,how they differ from each other,what phonetic features they have,how they can be classified,etc.Phonology is language-specific.It aims to discover how speech sounds in a specific language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.TEM8

14、英语语言学讲座Some phonological rules1.Sequential Rule:a./s/;b./p/,/t/,/k/;c./l/,/r/,/w/2.Assimilation Rule:impossible,immortal bean,green,team:/i:/的鼻化 Cf:tea,flee:/i:/未鼻化3.Deletion Rule:sign,signature;resign,resignation The rule:g出现在位于词尾的鼻辅音前，其发音省略。Suprasegmental Features超切分特征超切分特征Stress:import-importTone

15、:马，麻Intonation：rising tone and falling tone mean differently.形态学形态学,构构词法词法Morphology:the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Morphology is divided into two fields:Inflections：grammatical(e.g.s,ed,ing,s)Word-formation：new meaning&grammatical class compound

16、:daybreak derivation:un-conscious,nation+al+ize Morpheme(词素词素):the smallest unit of language.e.g.dogs(2),undesirability(4)roots+affix（free morpheme自由+bound morpheme粘着）Syntax:study of the rules governing the ways words combined to make sentences.1.Structuralist Approach:IC Analysis(Immediate Constitu

17、tent Analysis直接成分分析法):structual linguists view sentence as the largest independent grammatical unit which is composed of a sequence of smaller linguistic forms.Bloomfield,a famous American structual linguist.e.g.John|left|yesterday.The cat ran up the clock.sentenceTEM8 英语语言学讲座2.Transformational-Gene

18、rative Grammar(TG Grammar 转换生成语法转换生成语法)Norm.Chomsky,the most influential linguist in 20th centuryChomsky proposed that the grammars of all human languages share a common framework(Universal Grammar).By Chomskys Standard Theory,the syntactical component in TG consists of:Phrase Structure Rules(PS rul

19、es)Transformational Rules(T-rules)Deep structure Surface structureTEM8 英语语言学讲座Semantics:study of meaning in language.Sense:meaning.Sense relations include:Synonymy(dialectal/stylistic/emotive/collocational/near synonyms)同义 accuse.of,charge.with/govern:control,direct,determine Antonymy(gradable:hot;c

20、old/complementary:dead;alive/relational antonyms:buy;sell)反义 Polysemy 一词多义(mouth:organ;entrance of cave)Homonymy(homographs lead:lead/homophone rain:reign/complete homonymsball,fast/)同音异义现象 Hyponymy（superordinate/hyponym/co-hyponym）下义现象 animal:horse,dogTEM8 英语语言学讲座Componential Analysis(成分分析法):is a w

21、ay to analyze word meaning.The meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,called semantic features.man+HUMAN+ADULT+MALEwoman+HUMAN+ADULT-MALEboy +HUMAN-ADULT+MALEgirl+HUMAN-ADULT-MALETEM8 英语语言学讲座Predication analysis(述谓分析法):-Sentential meaning analysis,the abstraction of the meaning o

22、f a sentence.-by British linguist G.LeechThis applies to all forms of sentence.A predication consists of argument(s)论元论元(nominal element(s)in a sentence)and predicate谓词谓词(something that is said about an argument or the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence).For example:His car is next

23、 to my car.(Two-place predication)He is singing(One-place predication)It is raining.(No-place predicationTEM8 英语语言学讲座Pragmatics:study of language in use(context)sentence meaning&utterance meaning Speech Act Theory(言语行为理论言语行为理论)J.Austin:language is used to“do”things,e.g.assert,direct,declare,etc.thre

24、e acts of a speech:The locutionary act(言内行为)The illocutionary act(言外行为)The perlocutionary act(言后行为)Classification of speech acts(言语行为分类言语行为分类)：J.Searlerepresentatives阐述类阐述类 I have never seen him before.directives指示类指示类 Open the door!commissives承诺类承诺类 I promise to come.expressives表达类表达类 Im sorry for

25、the mess I have made.declarations宣告类宣告类 I fire you.TEM8 英语语言学讲座英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂(Paul Grice)人们谈话总是相关的，如果某方面的合作缺失，恰恰是因为某人们谈话总是相关的，如果某方面的合作缺失，恰恰是因为某种原因造成了会话含意种原因造成了会话含意Conversational Implicaturemake your contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or di

26、rection of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.a.the Maxim of Quantity:-When is the party?-Sometime next week.b.the Maxim of Quality:-Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?-Im afraid I have got a class that day.c.the Maxim of Relation:-How did the math exam go today?-We had a bas

27、ketball match and we won.d.the Maxim of Manner:-Shall we get something for the kids?-Yes,but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.TEM8 英语语言学讲座英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Coinage:Kodak,Xerox,FordClipped words:gym,burger,fridgeBlending:motel,brunch,comsat,videophoneAcronyms:CAD,IT,WTOBack-formation:editor edit,baby-sit

28、ter baby-sit Functional shift:change in part of speech,to knee,to cool,a reject,the richBorrowing:ranch,guitar,barbecue,balcony,opera,beer,waltz,freight,buoy,tea,kowtow,sputnik,vodka,zero,algebraTEM8 英语语言学讲座英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂Language Change(2)Semantic ChangeWidening of meaning:holiday,tailNarr

29、owing of meaning:hound,girl(M+f),cornMeaning shift:elevated meaning:inn,nice degraded meaning:lust,silly(happy)TEM8 英语语言学讲座Language and Society(Scope of Sociolinguistics)Language Varieties Dialect:方言(regional dialect,social dialect,idiolect,ethnic dialect,etc.)Pidgin:洋泾浜语(speech variety,simplified)C

30、reole:克里奥语(mother tongue)起源于殖民化初期。它的词汇主要是法语，但是用的却是非洲语言的句法。经过几个世纪的演变，克里奥尔语变成了一种完全独立的语言。register:语域 the change of language according to the social context1.field of discourse:话语场,theme:biological2.tenor of discourse:话语意旨,formality:teacher-student3.mode of discourse:话语方式,spoken TEM8 英语语言学讲座Language and

31、 Culture-closely related,part-whole relationship-Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(on relation between Language and Thought)Strong version believes that the language patterns determine peoples thinking and behavior;Weak version holds that the former influence the latter.“If Aristotle had spoken Chinese,his log

32、ic would have been different.”TEM8 英语语言学讲座Language Acquisition-the childs acquisition of his mother tongue,i.e.how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.A behaviorist view of language acquisition(Skinners)Imitation Recognition ReinforcementAn innatist view of language

33、 acquisition(Chomsky)An interactionist view of language acquisition Cognitive factors in child language development-Second Language Acquisition:one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.TEM8 英语语言学讲座Descriptive vs Prescriptive:describe and analyze facts observe vs.lay do

34、wn rules for correct behaviors.Modern linguistics are most descriptive.Synchronic vs.Diachronic:language at one point of time vs.the changes through time priority of synchronic descriptions.Traditional grammar vs.Modern linguistics-prescriptive,written,Latin-based framework vs.descriptive,spoken,not

35、 necessarily Latin-based framework TEM8 英语语言学讲座(cont.)Langue vs.Parole:abstract linguistic system shared by all members or specific to personal and situational constraints.Linguists have to abstract langue from instances of parole,to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole.(Sauss

36、ure)Competence vs.Performance:the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language vs.the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.A speakers competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors.(Chomsky)TEM8 英语语言学讲座F de Saussure(Swiss现代语言学之父),Langue&Parole Bloomfield:Structuralism,Stimulus-Response Hypothesis,IC Analysis Noam Chomsky:TG Grammar,competence&performanceJ.Austin:Speech Act TheoryJ.Searle:Classification of Speech ActsPaul Grice:Cooperative PrincipleM.A.K.Halliday:Functional GrammarTEM8 英语语言学讲座TEM8 英语语言学讲座