高考语法专题一名词代词冠词课件.pptx

1、高考英语强化语法之路1.为什么要学习英语语法？为了作对选择题？2.为了能够看懂句式结构复杂的段落文字，理解其真正的意思在写作和口语的时候，尽量不要犯语法错误，造成词不达意对自己要求高一点就是写作的提高，用词和用句结构多变一些，做到简洁明了。3.听力20%阅读20%七选五6%完型20%语篇语法10%改错7%作文17%高考英语总分1504.学习语法重要吗？那还用说吗？5.The adobe dwelling(土坯房)61 (build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 62 most modern

2、 of architects and engineers.In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63 (able)to“air condition”a house without 64 (use)electric equipment.Wall made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat 65 (slow)during cool nights,thus

3、warming the house.When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough 66 (cool)the house during the hot day:67 the same time,they warm up again for the night.This cycle 68 (go)day after day:The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus alway

4、s a timely offset(抵消)for the outside temperatures.As 69 (nature)architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 70 thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.2015高考海南短文型语法填空6.一名词二代词三冠词专题一7.2014 课标全国I2014 课标全国II2015 课标全国I2015 课标全国II合计名词10113代词01102冠词10012卷名考点2014、2015年高考

5、考点考次统计8.3.3.DAAC9.名词考纲解读复数名词的构成、不可数名词、名词所有格、常见名词后缀命题规律主要考察复数名词的构成，名词所有格及名词构词法趋势名词的“数”“格”的考察仍会成为高考的重点10.一.名词的数单数名词变为复数名词常见法则情况情况词尾变法词尾变法例词例词1一般情况下在词尾直接加-sbooks,trees,apples2以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词在词尾加-esglasses，boxes，watches，brushes3以辅音字母+-y结尾的名词把-y 改为-i，再加-esstories，countries 11.4.以-o结尾的名词变复数黑人 英雄 爱吃 土豆

6、 和 西红柿Negroes heroes potatoes tomatoes 通常在词尾加-s，但下列名词要加-es zero零，volcano火山 -es和-s 都可以12.5.以-f或者-fe结尾的名词变复数为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片 树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半 通常在词尾加-s，但下列名词要把f 或fe去掉，加-vesselves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,loaves,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves 原型 self,life,thief,wife,knife,loaf,leaf,shelf,wolf,half

7、13.6.合成名词构成的复数时 通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数son in-low 女婿passer -by 过路人storyteller 讲故事的人housewife 家庭主妇ssshousewives14.7.“man/woman+n.”变为复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数men teachers 男老师们women engineers 女工程师们15.8.不规则复数形式变内部元音foot feet 脚 womanwomen 女人manmen 男人 toothteeth牙齿mousemice 老鼠 goosegeese 鹅1

8、6.单复数同形的名词sheep 羊 deer 鹿 Chinese中国人aircraft 飞行器 Swiss瑞士人 Japanese 日本人crossroads 十字路口 species 种类 series 连续headquarters 总部 means方法 works 工厂17.一些名词的特殊复数形式criterioncriteria 标准 phenomenonphenomena 现象Analysisanalyses 分析 basisbases基础Crisiscrises 危机 thesistheses论文Bacteriumbacteria 细菌 mediummedia 媒体18.people

9、指“人们”时其单复数形式相同，指“民族”时其复数形式为peoples People 人 two people 两个人A people 一个民族 two people 两个民族 fish表示鱼的种类时复数为fishes，比赛条数时复数为fish There are many different fishes in this river.这条河中有很多不同种类的鱼I bought five fish today.今天我买了五条鱼19.二，名词的格1.s 所有格简单一点表达就是“的”构成构成例子例子单数名词和不以 s 结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加sThe boys schoolbag 那个男生的书包T

10、he childrens rooms 那些孩子们的房间以s 结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加 the workers struggle 工人们的斗争在复合名词中，在最后一个词的词尾加sher brother in laws character 她姐夫的性格20.2.of 所有格用法用法举例举例表示无生命的东西The window of the room 那个房间的窗户表示“有关，关于”A story of love and hatred 一个关于爱和恨的故事表同为关系The city of Pisa 比萨市表部分或全体关系The bottom of the sea 海底The majority of

11、 people 大多数人表抽象概念The cost of living 生活成本The news of success 捷报后跟含后置定语的名词或表一类人或物的“the+形容词”形式The name of the boy crying under the tree在树下哭的男孩的名字The housing problem of the poor穷人的住房问题21.3.of 双重所有格双重所有格构成和用法举例构成名词+of+名词+s；名词+of+名词性物主代词This watch of my fathers我父亲的这块手表Some students of mine我的一些学生用法表示“其中之一”

12、或“其中一部分”，突出局部。在of短语所修饰的名词前往往有一个表示数量的词如：a,some,any,few,no等A friend of Toms汤姆的一个朋友Any work of Zhang Yus张玉的任何一部作品表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩。一般of 所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词如：this,that,these,those等I hated those words of Marys我讨厌玛丽的那些话（厌恶）I like this bike of my brothers我喜欢我弟弟的这辆自行车（喜欢）22.三，名词构词法1.-ence，-ance结尾的名词结尾的名词：Referrefe

13、rence 查阅/参考 differdifference 不同Resistresistance 抵制 endureendurance 忍受2.tion，-sion结尾的名词结尾的名词：Introduceintroduction 介绍 directdirection 方向/指导3.ment 结尾的名词结尾的名词：Improveimprovement 改进 treattreatment 对待/治疗23.4.ness 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：adj.n.clevercleverness 聪明 bitterbitterness 苦5.age 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：Marrymarriage 婚姻 s

14、hort shortage 短缺6.th 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：Deaddeath 死亡 growgrowth 成长24.8.ce 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：adj.n.confidentconfidence 信心 presentpresence 出席v.n.Adviseadvice 建议 offendoffence 冒犯9.dom 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：Freefreedom 自由 kingkingdom 国王7.ure 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：Pleasepleasure 快乐 presspressure压力25.11.ship 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：Friendship 友谊 rel

15、ationship 关系 hardship 艰难12.ing 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：Feeling 感觉 training 训练 meaning 意思10.hood 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：Childhood 童年 neighborhood 邻居26.代词考纲解读掌握人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、反身代词、it的用法命题规律几乎每篇语篇型语法填空都会对代词进行考查，且对代词考查时，均不给出提示词均不给出提示词趋势代词-仍会是高考语篇型语法填空的重点！27.1.（2015江苏，23）Jim,can you work this Sunday？Why _?Ive been wo

16、rking for two weeks on end.2.（2015福建，21）The research group produced two reports based on the survey，but _ contained any useful suggestion3.（2014重庆，1）A smile costs _，but gives much.4.（2013天津，12）At our factory there are a few machines similar to _described in this magazine.melitterneitherthose 28.单数复数

17、主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit人称数、格一一.人称代词人称代词29.我的我的你的你的他的他的她的她的它的它的我们的我们的你们的你们的他们的他们的形容词性MyyourhisheritsouryourTheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs二，物主代词二，物主代词This is not my dictionary.Mine is lent to Lucy.Every person showed his ticket,and I showed mine too.3

18、0.三三，反身代词，反身代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimself、herself、itself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves 31.四四，指示代词，指示代词指示代词指示代词近指近指远指远指单数单数复数复数thisthatthesethose 指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，表示“这个，这些”“那个，那些”。常用的指示代词有 this，that，these，those。为了方便学习，把such，so也归于这一类32.a)刚提到过的或已经完成的事情用that，而将要发生或将要提到的事情用thisLittle George b

19、roke the vase,but he didnt admit it.That was very annoyingProfessor Watson is going to give us a lecture on geology.This is very exciting b)用英语打电话时，this指自己，that指别人Hello！This is Alan.Who is that speaking?33.五，五，it 的用法的用法1.指代上文提到的某样东西Where is my dictionary？I left it right on the desk2.用以代替指示代词this，tha

20、tWhats this？Its a flag.whose exercise book is that？Its hers34.3.指时间、天气、距离和环境情况等It is 9 oclock now.It is raining hard outside It is a long way to the factory 4.It 常用来作形式主语或形式宾语Its not easy to learn a foreign language.I find it easy to get on with Jim I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smo

21、ke here 35.六六，不定代词，不定代词(一)both,all,either,any,neither,none 的区别都都任何一个任何一个都不都不两者botheitherneither三者或三者以上allanynone 36.Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?Im afraid neither is possible.周一或周二你哪天能来？恐怕（这两天）哪天都不行Ive bought two books;you can have either.我买了两本书，你要哪本都行。37.(二)one,ones,the one,the ones,that,those

22、 替代替代onea/an+单数名词ones零冠词+复数名词the onethe+单数名词the onesthe+复数名词thatthe+单词名词或不可数名词（尤其是有后置定语时）thosethe+复数名词（尤其是有后置定语时）38.1.we have various summer camps for your holidays,you can choose one(=a summer camp)based on your own interest.one替代 a/an+单数名词2.Mr.Zhang gave me many valuable presents,ones(=presents)th

23、at i had never seenone 代替“零冠词+复数 3.the book on the desk is better than the one/that(=the book)under the deskthe one/that 替代“the+单数名词”4.the books on the desk are better than the ones/those(=the books)under the deskthe ones/those 替代“the+复数名词5.little joy can equal that(=the joy)of a surprising ending w

24、hen you read storiesthat 代替“the+不可数名词”39.(三)one,another,the other;some,others,the others 区别 一个/一些另外一个/一些剩余的一个/一些单数oneanotherthe other复数someothersthe others一本/一些书另外一本/一些书剩余的一本/一些书单数one bookanother bookthe other book 复数some booksothers booksthe others books40.(四)某任何每个，所有没有人someone/somebodyanyone/anybo

25、dyeveryone/everybodyno one/nobody物somethinganything everything nothing Nothing in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum我一生中，印象最深的就是第一次去参观故宫Jim sold most of his things.He has hardly anything left in the house.41.(五)指代指代特指特指/泛指泛指用来回答用来回答None人或物特指How many/muchNobody/no o

26、ne 人泛指WhoNothing 物泛指what How much money do you have?None What are you doing now？Nothing注意：None 后面可以跟of 短语，而nothing 和 no one/nobody不能None of them knew about the plan because it was kept as a secret42.He is nothing but a worker.他只是一名工人He is anything but a worker他根本不是一名工人She is something of a doctor.Sh

27、e has saved many lives可以说她是一位医生。她救了很多人的命He is a scientist or something他大概是科学家之类的人物习惯搭配43.(七)anyeverynot anynot every(三个或三个以上中的）任何一个(三个或三个以上中的）每一个任何人/物都不(全部否定)并非每个（部分否定）I have many books here,and you can take any one.44.词性功能意义every限定词定语三个或三个以上中的每一个，强调“整体”each代词、限定词主语、宾语、同位语、定语两个或两个以上中的每一个，强调“个体”(八)ea

28、ch，every的区别Each of the tickets costs 10 dollars.=The tickets each cost 10 dollars.Every students has to take the examination.=All the students have to take the examination.45.多少复数名词manyfew不可数名词muchlittle 肯定否定复数名词a few few不可数名词a little little(九)46.冠词考纲解读掌握定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词的用法命题规律几乎每篇语篇型语法填空都会对冠词冠词进行考查，且对冠

29、词考查时，均不给出提示词均不给出提示词趋势冠词-仍会是高考语篇型语法填空的重点！47.1.2.48.不定冠词不定冠词不定冠词用于名词之前,表示“一个”“一类”.a用于一般名词之前,an用于发音以元音音素开头的词之前(不是以元音字母开头),如:an apple,an hour,a university.一一.不定冠词的用法不定冠词的用法:1.第一次提到某人某事某物时,用a/an起介绍作用a.What is he?He is a teacher.b.There is a new book on the table.2.概括人或事物的整体,表示一类,即以其中的一个代表一类时用a/ana.A bike

30、 is very useful in the countryside.b.An elephant is stronger than a horse.49.3.a/an用于某些词组,是词组不可缺少的组成部分,如:go out for a walk a long time,have a talk as a result in a hurry in a moment 4.a表示“每一”之意,用于表示时间,速度,价格等意义的名词之前,如:three times a day 每天三次a.The eggs are five yuan a dozen.b.We have English lessons fi

31、ve times a week.50.5.a 用于抽象名词之前表示具体介绍.“a+抽象名词”起具体化的作用,表示“一个什么样的人/事/物”a.This little boy is a joy to his parents.这个小男孩对于他的父母来说是一个开心果（一个欢乐的人）b.This book is a great help to me.c.The party is a great success.d.It is a pleasure to talk with you.6.用在称呼之前,表示“某个”,如:a Mr.Wang一个姓王的人1)A Mr.Smith is waiting for

32、you.一个叫史密斯的先生在等那你51.7.and连接两个名词,若分别加a/an,表示两个人或物;若只在第一个名词前加a/an,则表示一个人或物,如:a black and white horse一匹黑白相间的马;a black and a white horse一匹黑马和一匹白马（指两匹马）He a teacher and writer.他是位教师兼作家8.在“of a/an+名词”结构中,a/an表示“同一个”意思,相当于the samea.He and I are of an age.他和我同龄b.The two pairs of shoes are of a size.两双鞋同尺码52

33、.定冠词一.不用定冠词的地方:(零冠词）1.复数可数名词或不可数名词表示一般意义而不特指具体的人或事物时,不用thea.Horses are animals.b.I like flowers.c.Milk is white.d.Mr.Smith likes to have rice for dinner.53.2.月、季节、星期、节假、洲、称呼、头衔前不用定冠词；三餐、球类、惯用语，学科、棋类名词前也不用He has no lesson on Sundays.by train,go to bed,go to school 惯用语I like Summer.play basketball/foo

34、tball,play chess,play cardsLets go out to dinner.54.3.在系动词turn(变为,变得)之后作表语的单数名词前不用冠词a.He used to be a teacher,but now has turned writer4.as引出的表示让步意义的倒装句中,最高级前不用the,泛指的名词前不用a/an，表“虽然/尽管.，但是”a.Best student as he is(=Though he is the best student),he is always modest.虽然他是最优秀的学生，但是他总是很谦虚b.Child as he is

35、(=Though he is a child),the boy knows a lot.虽然他还只是孩子，但这个男孩知道很多55.二二.要要用用定冠词的地方定冠词的地方:1.在表示前面己说过的人或事物的名词之前加thea.I bought a book yesterday.The book is now on the desk.b.I got a letter yesterday.The letter was from my father.2.在表示说话人与听话人都知道的共同所指的事物前加thea.Shut the door,please.b.Boy and girls,look at the

36、 blackboard please.3.在表示一般意义的名词前加the 表示 特指a.He drinks milk everyday.The milk on the table is his.56.4.在序数词之前加the,如:the first one,the last one,the second floor of the building5.the用来指整体a.The train goes faster than the bus.b.They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师)c.They are teachers of this schoo

37、l.(指部分教师)6.在表示方向,方位等的名词前用the,如:on the left,in the south,at the back of the classroom57.8.在表示西洋乐器的名词前用the,如:play the piano/the violin但当此类名词做普通名词时可以与不定冠词连用I have a piano.此外，中国民族乐器前不用the,如:He played Erhu(二胡)very well.9.在表示宇宙间独一无二的事物名词前用the,但这些名词前有描述性定于时，可用不定冠词表泛指如:The moon turns around the earthA new moon is hanging in the sky 58.59.