英语修辞学第九章课件.ppt

1、English Rhetoric Chapter NineSyntactic Figures of Speech(II)Page 2 9.1 Climax 层进层进 9.2 Anticlimax 突降突降 9.3 Syllepsis一笔双叙法一笔双叙法 9.4 Zeugma 轭式修饰法轭式修饰法 9.5 Chiasmus 交错配列法交错配列法 9.6 Asyndeton连接词省略连接词省略 9.7 Polysyndeton连词叠用连词叠用 9.8 Rhetorical question 反问反问Contents of This ChapterPage 39.1 Climax(1)Definit

2、ion Climax is the arrangement of words,phrases,clauses or sentences in ascending order of importance.Ideas arranged in such a way develop gradually,like climbing a ladder,each idea outweighing the preceding one until reaching the summit.Page 4(3)Basic requirement:The progression of thought in climax

3、 must ascend at least three steps.Climax is often combined with repetitive devices such as parallelism,anaphora,epihora,etc.(2):Advantages:effective in stirring up feelings and emotions,and helps to drive home a point.Page 5For example,(1)It is a test of our courage-of our resolve-of our wisdom-of o

4、ur essential democracy.(Franklin D.Roosevelt)(2)“家，是爱的牵挂；家，是情的纽带；家，是心灵的归依和寄托。家，是爱的牵挂；家，是情的纽带；家，是心灵的归依和寄托。”Page 69.2 Anticlimax(1)Definition:It is defined as“a sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial,sometimes for humorous effect”(Websters Ne

5、w World Dictionary).“a sudden often funny change from something noble,serious,exciting,etc.,to something foolish,unimportant,or uninteresting,esp.in a speech or piece of formal writing”(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English).It is a figure of speech that involves stating ones thought in a desce

6、nding order of significance or intensity,from the sublime to the ridiculous,from strong to weak,from weighty to light or frivolous.Page 7For example:(1)“家，是情之所系；家，是情之所系；家，是爱的港湾；家，是人们平常吃饭睡觉的地家，是爱的港湾；家，是人们平常吃饭睡觉的地方方”。(2)We often joked about his passionate love for his daughter,his cat and his astray.(

7、3)Where shall I find hope,happiness,friends,cigarettes?Page 8(2)Climax V.S.Anticlimax:Climax usually needs at least three“steps”up the ladder to achieve effect,but anticlimax sometimes needs only two steps of descends to gain emphasis.(3)Anticlimax is often employed to humorous effects,ridicule or s

8、atire.Page 9For example:(1)The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.“战士的职责就是保卫祖国和削土豆皮战士的职责就是保卫祖国和削土豆皮”。战士的职责从神圣的战士的职责从神圣的“保卫祖国保卫祖国”突然降至微不足道的突然降至微不足道的“削土豆皮削土豆皮”，实，实属荒诞、可笑。正是因为作者运用了属荒诞、可笑。正是因为作者运用了Anticlimax这一辞格，实现了喜剧性效这一辞格，实现了喜剧性效果。果。(2)We had plenty of company in the way

9、of wagon-loads and mule-loads of touristsand dust.（Mark Twain）上句的亮点在于句末的上句的亮点在于句末的and dust。因为，在马克。因为，在马克吐温看来，他们一行人，吐温看来，他们一行人，游兴勃发，甚至将旅途上的滚滚尘土都视作游兴勃发，甚至将旅途上的滚滚尘土都视作company，遗憾的是，我们读到了，遗憾的是，我们读到了如此如此“扫兴扫兴”的译文：的译文：我们的旅伴很多，有载客的马车，有当作坐骑的骡子我们的旅伴很多，有载客的马车，有当作坐骑的骡子一路上尘土飞扬。一路上尘土飞扬。唉，难道原文亮点就真的无法挽留了吗？非也。试读：唉，难

10、道原文亮点就真的无法挽留了吗？非也。试读：一路上，我们的旅伴很多，有乘坐旅游马车的，有骑骡子的一路上，我们的旅伴很多，有乘坐旅游马车的，有骑骡子的还有那滚滚还有那滚滚尘土呢。尘土呢。Page 10以下是以下是anticlimax的一个精彩例证：的一个精彩例证：It is this:that being rich,we are so poor;that being mighty,we can yet have nothing;that seeing,breathing,smelling,tasting all around us the impossible wealth and glory o

11、f this earth,feeling with an intolerable certitude（确信）（确信）that the whole structure of the enchanted（使迷惑的）（使迷惑的）lifethe most fortunate,wealthy,good,and happy life that any man has ever known 猧猧s oursis ours at once,immediately and forever,the moment that we choose to take a step,or stretch a hand,or

12、say a wordwe yet know that we can really keep,hold,take,and possess forevernothing.此段议论非常精彩，对年轻人的富有和贫困，一针见血地作了深此段议论非常精彩，对年轻人的富有和贫困，一针见血地作了深刻剖析。内容值得玩味，其表达也同样值得玩味，最值得玩味处大刻剖析。内容值得玩味，其表达也同样值得玩味，最值得玩味处大概是其句末的概是其句末的nothing。译文也同样值得欣赏，设想，译者若是。译文也同样值得欣赏，设想，译者若是不用不用“乌有乌有”二字，而使用了多于两个音节的表达，那将何味之有？二字，而使用了多于两个音节的

13、表达，那将何味之有？Page 11 是这样的：我们富有，却又如此贫穷；我们是这样的：我们富有，却又如此贫穷；我们强大，却又两手空空；我们目睹到、呼吸到、强大，却又两手空空；我们目睹到、呼吸到、感受到、品味到不可企及的存在于我们身边的感受到、品味到不可企及的存在于我们身边的这个世界的财富和荣誉，一种无法抗拒的自信这个世界的财富和荣誉，一种无法抗拒的自信便油然而生，构成美妙人生的一切便油然而生，构成美妙人生的一切人类所人类所认识到的最幸运的、富有的、美好的、幸福的认识到的最幸运的、富有的、美好的、幸福的人生，同时归我们所有人生，同时归我们所有立刻并直至永远。立刻并直至永远。然而，当我们决定跨前一步

14、，伸出一只手，或然而，当我们决定跨前一步，伸出一只手，或张口说一句话的时候，我们明白了：我们真正张口说一句话的时候，我们明白了：我们真正能够永远拥有、持有、掌握、或是支配的却能够永远拥有、持有、掌握、或是支配的却是是乌有。乌有。Page 12（4）“Waggish non-Yale men never seem weary of calling for God,for Country and for Yale.the outstanding single anticlimax in the English language.”Time)“爱开玩笑的非耶鲁人从不厌倦说爱开玩笑的非耶鲁人从不厌倦说

15、为了上帝，为了国家，为了上帝，为了国家，为了耶鲁为了耶鲁，这是英语中一个典型的突降法例子。，这是英语中一个典型的突降法例子。”（时时代代）Page 13（5）But thousands die,without or this or that,Die,and endow a college or a cat.(Alexander Pope)成千上万的人死去，少东少西，缺这缺那，成千上万的人死去，少东少西，缺这缺那，也有人死后或捐资兴办一所大学，或捐钱养活一只猫儿。也有人死后或捐资兴办一所大学，或捐钱养活一只猫儿。这是作家这是作家Alexander Pope在其作品在其作品Epistle to L

16、ord Bathurst里的一句话。从里的一句话。从“捐资兴办一所大学捐资兴办一所大学”这样造福社会和子孙后代这样造福社会和子孙后代的义举陡然降到的义举陡然降到“捐钱养活一只猫儿捐钱养活一只猫儿”这种荒诞、出人意外之事，这种荒诞、出人意外之事，使作者意欲表达的使作者意欲表达的“讽刺嘲弄讽刺嘲弄”的艺术效果跃然纸上的艺术效果跃然纸上 Page 14（6）The following was written on the gravestone of an army mule:“Here lies Maggie,the mule who in her time kicked a general,two

17、 colonels,four majors,ten captains,twenty-four lieutenants,forty sergeants,two hundred and twenty privates,and a bomb.”Page 15 军骡墓碑上是这样写的：军骡墓碑上是这样写的：“军骡马吉葬在这里。军骡马吉葬在这里。在她一生中，她踢过一个上将，两个上校，四个在她一生中，她踢过一个上将，两个上校，四个少校，十个上尉，二十四个中尉，四十个军士，少校，十个上尉，二十四个中尉，四十个军士，二百二十个士兵和一个炸弹。二百二十个士兵和一个炸弹。”乍看之下，上例在数字上由少到多，似乎是按乍

18、看之下，上例在数字上由少到多，似乎是按着正常的逻辑发展下去，但实际上却是在军衔上着正常的逻辑发展下去，但实际上却是在军衔上由高到低进行倒叙，直到最后笔锋一转，带出了由高到低进行倒叙，直到最后笔锋一转，带出了军械：一个炸弹，完全超乎常理。作者在此故意军械：一个炸弹，完全超乎常理。作者在此故意不明说军骡乱踢一通，终被炸死之意，却在突然不明说军骡乱踢一通，终被炸死之意，却在突然一降之后戛然而止，顿生幽默风趣、出人意外的一降之后戛然而止，顿生幽默风趣、出人意外的喜剧效果，给人以无穷的回味。喜剧效果，给人以无穷的回味。Page 16（7）He lost his empire,his family and

19、 his fountain pen.他失去了帝国，失去了家庭，失去了钢笔。他失去了帝国，失去了家庭，失去了钢笔。上例中，先由上例中，先由“大国大国”到到“小家小家”，最后突然降至出人意外，最后突然降至出人意外的细小之事的细小之事“钢笔钢笔”。作者通过使用。作者通过使用Anticlimax的这一格式，的这一格式，将将“他他”的悲惨厄运以幽默的笔调表现得淋漓尽致，给人留下的悲惨厄运以幽默的笔调表现得淋漓尽致，给人留下回味的余地。回味的余地。Page 17There was a silence.Alexander spoke first,with a kindly greeting.Looking

20、at the poor broken cask,the single ragged garment,and the rough figure lying on the ground,he said:“Is there anything I can do for you,Diogenes?”“Yes,”said Diogenes,“stand to one side.Youre blocking the sunlight.”Page 18 一阵寂静。亚历山大先开口了。他和蔼一阵寂静。亚历山大先开口了。他和蔼地向戴奥真尼斯表示问候。看看那寒酸的地向戴奥真尼斯表示问候。看看那寒酸的破木桶以及那件惟一

21、的破烂不堪的外衣，破木桶以及那件惟一的破烂不堪的外衣，望着躺在地上的粗糙的身躯，亚历山大说望着躺在地上的粗糙的身躯，亚历山大说道：道：“我能为你做些什么吗，戴奥真尼我能为你做些什么吗，戴奥真尼斯？斯？”“可以，可以，”戴奥真尼斯答道：戴奥真尼斯答道：“站到一边站到一边去，你挡住阳光了。去，你挡住阳光了。”Page 19 此例为征服者亚历山大大帝（此例为征服者亚历山大大帝（356 BC-323 BC）拜会希腊哲学家戴奥）拜会希腊哲学家戴奥真尼斯时的情景。倘若按照正常的逻辑，人们完全可以断定，过着乞真尼斯时的情景。倘若按照正常的逻辑，人们完全可以断定，过着乞丐一般生活的戴奥真尼斯一定会向亚历山大提

22、出物质上的要求，然而丐一般生活的戴奥真尼斯一定会向亚历山大提出物质上的要求，然而话锋突然一转，高潮急剧直下，转入一个微不足道、出人意外的结尾：话锋突然一转，高潮急剧直下，转入一个微不足道、出人意外的结尾：戴奥真尼斯只是请求亚历山大站到一边，不要挡住照在他身上的阳光。戴奥真尼斯只是请求亚历山大站到一边，不要挡住照在他身上的阳光。Anticlimax的这一格式的运用给这段描写平添了幽默风趣、出人意外的这一格式的运用给这段描写平添了幽默风趣、出人意外的喜剧效果。的喜剧效果。Page 209.3 Syllepsis(1)Definition:It is a construction in which

23、the word that governs two or more other words means differently when it is collocated with these words separately.E.g.He lost his coat and his temper.Yesterday,he had a blue heart and coat.(2)Structures of syllepsis:one verb+two or more nouns or noun phrasesE.g.He opened the door and her heart to th

24、e homeless child.The senator picked up his hat and his courage.Page 21 one adjective+two or more nouns E.g.He had short coat-tails and temper.one proposition+two or more nouns or noun phrases E.g.He fought with desperation and a stout club.She was serving soup with a ladle and a scowl.two nouns+one

25、verbE.g.At length down went her head and out came the truth and tears.(3)Advantages:Syllepsis is often used for comic or satiric effect.To produce a witty,humorous or satirical effect,it ought to be original and creative.Page 229.4 Zeugma(1)Definition:Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a word is

26、used to modify or govern two or more words although its use is not grammatically or logically correct with all of them.E.g.At noons,Mrs.Turpin would get out of bed and humor,put on kimono,airs,and the water to boil for coffee.(O.Henry)(2)Structures of Zeugma:one verb+two nounsE.g.We ate a bun and a

27、glass of milk.The sun shall not burn thee by day,nor the moon by night.Page 23 one adjective+two or more nouns E.g.They went to the graveyard with weeping eyes and hearts.one proposition+two or more nouns E.g.She was dressed in a maids cap,a pinafore,and a bright smile.She left his apartment with ta

28、rnished virtue and a new mink.two nouns+one nounE.g.I would my horse had the speed of your tongue.Page 24(2)Similarities and differences between Syllepsis and Zeugma both involve a key word that is used to modify or govern two or more words in the sentence.the key words in syllepsis usually refers c

29、orrectly to both or all the words it modifies or governs;while,in zeugma,the key word refers correctly to at least one of them.Page 259.5 Chiasmus(1)Definition:It is a construction involving the repetition of words or syntactic elements in reverse order(a b/b a).(2)Chiasmus serves different purposes

30、 in different contexts.On many occasions it serves the purpose of being serious or solemn,witty or humorous.It often achieves aphoristic effect.(3)Structures of Chiasmus:Repetition of the words in reverse order Repetition of the syntactic elements in reverse order.E.g.One should eat to live,not live

31、 to eat.人应该为了活着而吃饭，而不是为了吃饭而活着。人应该为了活着而吃饭，而不是为了吃饭而活着。Page 26E.g.You can fool all the people some of the time,and some of the people all the time,but you cant fool all the people all the time.你可以在某些时间里欺骗所有的人，也可以在所有的时间里你可以在某些时间里欺骗所有的人，也可以在所有的时间里欺骗某些人，但你决不能在所有的时间里欺骗所有的人欺骗某些人，但你决不能在所有的时间里欺骗所有的人 E.g.Trifl

32、es make perfection and perfection is no trifle.(Michelangelo)“琐碎无用的东西会铸造完美，完美可不是琐碎无用的东琐碎无用的东西会铸造完美，完美可不是琐碎无用的东西。西。”(米开朗基罗米开朗基罗(1475-1564,意大利文艺复兴时期成就卓著的意大利文艺复兴时期成就卓著的科学家科学家,艺术家艺术家)Page 27 有一次，米开朗琪罗的一位朋友来拜访他。看着他的一幅作品说到：有一次，米开朗琪罗的一位朋友来拜访他。看着他的一幅作品说到：“自从上次我走后，你的这幅作品似乎没有任何进展啊。自从上次我走后，你的这幅作品似乎没有任何进展啊。”米开朗

33、琪罗说：米开朗琪罗说：“哦，不，我的朋友。请您仔细看这里，我润饰了画的这个部分，海修改哦，不，我的朋友。请您仔细看这里，我润饰了画的这个部分，海修改了那里，我在这里修饰了很久，哦，对了，我还软化了这些线条。了那里，我在这里修饰了很久，哦，对了，我还软化了这些线条。”他的他的朋友说到：朋友说到：“对，没错。不过那些都是琐碎无用的东西。对，没错。不过那些都是琐碎无用的东西。”米开朗琪罗说：米开朗琪罗说：“也许吧，但是，琐碎无用的东西会铸造完美，完美可不是琐碎无用的东也许吧，但是，琐碎无用的东西会铸造完美，完美可不是琐碎无用的东西。西。”生活何尝不是如此？当我们已经把事情办的很好，或许我们应该在细生

34、活何尝不是如此？当我们已经把事情办的很好，或许我们应该在细节上花更多的力气或者说，要想把事情办好，就应该从始至终地注重细节上花更多的力气或者说，要想把事情办好，就应该从始至终地注重细节当我们在抱怨没有时间，当我们在抱怨已经竭尽所能，却仍然没能把节当我们在抱怨没有时间，当我们在抱怨已经竭尽所能，却仍然没能把事情做到最好，我们是不是能够放下手中握着的电视遥控器，而不去说事情做到最好，我们是不是能够放下手中握着的电视遥控器，而不去说让我休息哪怕一分钟吧让我休息哪怕一分钟吧!,我们是不是能够停下酸疼的双脚我们是不是能够停下酸疼的双脚,回头看看哪里回头看看哪里做得还不够好做得还不够好,而不去想而不去想还

35、有那么多事情我没有做还有那么多事情我没有做,请让我继续走吧请让我继续走吧!.细节永远是成功者追随的脚印细节永远是成功者追随的脚印.让我们从细节开始让我们从细节开始,让我们从点滴开始让我们从点滴开始.Page 28E.g.Whether we bring our enemies to justice,or bring justice to our enemies,justice will be done.我们要将敌人绳之以法，正义终将被伸张。我们要将敌人绳之以法，正义终将被伸张。注释：注释：bring sb.to justice 使某人受到法律制使某人受到法律制裁裁E.g.Whoever exa

36、lts himself will be humbled,and whoever humbles himself will be exalted.(Bible)凡自高的必降为卑，自卑的必升为高凡自高的必降为卑，自卑的必升为高 Page 299.6 Asyndeton(1)Definition:It refers to the device of omitting conjunctions,articles,even pronouns“for the sake of speed or economy”.(2)Purposes of using asyndeton:to relate a serie

37、s of closely connected facts,events,ideas or emotions.to show that a series of events,feelings,ideas occur in rapid succession.Page 309.7 Polysyndeton(1)Definition:It is a stylistic device that uses several conjunctions(usually the same one)in succession to link up a series of things,ideas or events

38、.The conjunctions involved are mainly“and”and“or”.(2)Purposes of Polysyndeton:Polysyndeton is used to increase emphasis on all items listed because the audiences attention is drawn to them one by one.Polysyndeton is often used to quicken the movements of verse by adding short syllables.Page 319.8 Rh

39、etorical question(1)Definition:A rhetorical question is one that does not need an answer,for the answer is suggested by the speaker,or presumed by the speaker to be fairly obvious or probably known to the audience.In a sense,it is the equivalent of a statement.汉语译名有：修辞疑问句，反问型问句（张道真），修辞性设问汉语译名有：修辞疑问句

40、，反问型问句（张道真），修辞性设问（胡曙中），反诘句（戴炜栋）（胡曙中），反诘句（戴炜栋）Page 32(2)Various purposes of Rhetorical question:Laying an emphasis,or getting the audience to be more involved and interested.Function as a transitional device As an emotive device to suggest the speakers outburst of emotion.Show a process of reasoning(

41、3)Some points kept in mind:It focuses and intensifies the readers interest.It should be used to give force to the writers main ideas and should not be wasted on minor ones.It should be used sparingly for best effect.Page 33(1)Child:All my friends are allowed to have candies.Can you buy me some?Mothe

42、r:Why dont you check with the dentist and see what he thinks about eating candies?上例中的母亲没有遵守量的准则和关系准则上例中的母亲没有遵守量的准则和关系准则,没有直接给孩子一个答没有直接给孩子一个答复复,而是让孩子就吃糖这个问题询问牙科医生。转弯抹角地表示了母而是让孩子就吃糖这个问题询问牙科医生。转弯抹角地表示了母亲持否定态度。这样的设问比起亲持否定态度。这样的设问比起 Candies are not good to your teeth.的平铺直叙的说教式教育更显灵活有力的平铺直叙的说教式教育更显灵活有力,使

43、孩子更容易接受。使孩子更容易接受。在孩子的心目中在孩子的心目中,牙医的话当然比父母更有说服力。牙医的话当然比父母更有说服力。For example:Page 34(3)A:Is Libya in Liberia?B:Do you think Rome is in Romania?(4)A:Pour a cup of tea for me.B:Don t you have two hands?(2)The trumpet of a prophecy!O Wind,If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?(雪莱雪莱西风颂西风颂)让预言的号角奏鸣让预言的号角

44、奏鸣!哦，风啊，哦，风啊，冬天如果来了，春天还会远吗冬天如果来了，春天还会远吗?Page 35(5)Being very fit and active,she found pregnancy very frustrating and did not fully appreciate how much her life would change.“people talk about enrichment and say it is all worthwhile when the baby smiles.It is rewarding.But how can getting up three times in a night be enriching?”现在身材均称、精力充沛的她认为怀孕现在身材均称、精力充沛的她认为怀孕 期十分令人沮丧期十分令人沮丧,而且她并不而且她并不十分了解自己的生活究十分了解自己的生活究 竟会发生多大的变化。人们都说有了孩子时会竟会发生多大的变化。人们都说有了孩子时会感到很充实，还说当你第一次看到孩子冲你微笑的时候就会觉得一切感到很充实，还说当你第一次看到孩子冲你微笑的时候就会觉得一切都是值得的。这种付出是有意义的。都是值得的。这种付出是有意义的。可是一个可是一个 晚上从床上爬起来晚上从床上爬起来3次，次，这怎么可能令人觉得充实？这怎么可能令人觉得充实？