英译汉长句翻译课件.ppt

1、Translation of long sentences 英语是综合分析语，可以综合运用形态变化、词序、和虚词这三大语法手段来表达复杂的思想。汉语缺乏形态变化，在表达复杂思想时使用短句、分句和流水句，按照时间顺序和逻辑顺序排列。3 My shock and embarrassment at finding mother in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understand the pressure on her.周三我发现妈妈哭泣时感到的震惊和窘迫，充分证周三我发现妈妈哭泣时感到的震惊和窘迫，充分证明了我有多

2、么不理解妈妈身上的压力。明了我有多么不理解妈妈身上的压力。星期三，我发现妈哭了，我感到震惊和窘迫，这说星期三，我发现妈哭了，我感到震惊和窘迫，这说明我对妈身上的压力是多么不理解。明我对妈身上的压力是多么不理解。周三的时候，我发现妈哭了。我感到既震惊又窘迫，周三的时候，我发现妈哭了。我感到既震惊又窘迫，这恰恰证明了我对妈身上的压力是多么的不理解。这恰恰证明了我对妈身上的压力是多么的不理解。The President said at a press conference The President said at a press conference dominated by questions

3、on yesterdays dominated by questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in the end would widespread defeat,which in the end would d

4、eprive the republican Party of long-held deprive the republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.superiority in the House.一次新闻发布会上，总统就昨日选举结果这一热点话题做了如下发言。他说一次新闻发布会上，总统就昨日选举结果这一热点话题做了如下发言。他说他不能解释共和党为何遭此重大失败，此次失败最终将剥夺共和党在众他不能解释共和党为何遭此重大失败，此次失败最终将剥夺共和党在众议院中长期保持的优势。议院中长期保持的优势。在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天

5、的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他不能够解释为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共他不能够解释为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院中长期享有的优势。和党失去在众议院中长期享有的优势。My mother,Jane Clements,died in her 88th year,for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away.我

6、的母亲我的母亲简简柯莱门斯去世时享年柯莱门斯去世时享年8888岁，这对岁，这对一个一个4040岁时就身体纤弱，被视为痼疾缠身、注定岁时就身体纤弱，被视为痼疾缠身、注定不久于人世的人来说，不久于人世的人来说，我的母亲简我的母亲简柯莱门斯柯莱门斯4040多岁时就身体纤弱、多岁时就身体纤弱、被视为痼疾缠身、注定不久于人世。而母亲一直被视为痼疾缠身、注定不久于人世。而母亲一直活到活到8888岁，这对她来说岁，这对她来说 The present regulations are formulated in order to The present regulations are formulated in

7、 order to guard against the risks of foreign exchange rate,guard against the risks of foreign exchange rate,stabilize the costs of import and export trade stabilize the costs of import and export trade(including other foreign economic activities)and(including other foreign economic activities)and de

8、velop the business of buy and sale of spot and develop the business of buy and sale of spot and forward foreign exchange.forward foreign exchange.为防范汇率风险，稳定进出口贸易（包括其它对外经济活动）为防范汇率风险，稳定进出口贸易（包括其它对外经济活动）成本和开展即期和远期外汇买卖业务，特制定本条例。成本和开展即期和远期外汇买卖业务，特制定本条例。本条例的制定是本条例的制定是为了防范汇率风险，稳定进出口贸易（包括其为了防范汇率风险，稳定进出口贸易（包

9、括其它对外经济活动）成本，开展即期和远期外汇买卖业务它对外经济活动）成本，开展即期和远期外汇买卖业务。Common Methods 8 1 embedding（内嵌法（内嵌法/包孕法）包孕法）Embedding is always used to translate attributive structure(phrases and clauses included),also for adverbial clauses.e.g.:This is no class war,but a war in which the whole British Empire and Common-wealth

10、 Nations is engaged,without distinction of race,creed,or party.这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰、不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战争。In 1970,he was placed under house arrest when he refused to use massive force in suppressing worker riots on the seacoast.1970年他因拒绝使用武力大规模镇压沿海城市的工人骚乱而被软禁。11Most of the people who app

11、ear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers,whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are not mentioned at all.历史书上出现得最经常和最为显耀的人物大多是一些伟大的征服者、将军和士兵，而那些真正推动文明前进的人却往往名不见经传。12 2 cutting（切分法（切分法/分译法）分译法）Cutting can simplify compli

12、cated structure by ways of cutting big meaning clauses into small parts and then translate them separately.Plastics are made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere,coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which ca

13、n be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature.塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的到处可以塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源；煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的，成获得的天然资源；煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的，成本较低；石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的。本较低；石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的。13 He waited and waited,and weeks became months.他等呀等呀，几个星期过去了，几个月过去了。I d

14、ont share my friends love of sports.我的朋友酷爱体育，而我却没有这方面的爱好。The years and changes accumulate in China.时光飞逝，中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。14 3 reversing（倒置法）（倒置法）Reserving aims at making the translation idiomatic（符合语言习惯的）（符合语言习惯的）and natural by reserving the front and the end of the sentence.And I take heart from the fa

15、ct that the enemy,which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours,has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions,because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.敌人吹嘘说能在几小时内就占领战略要地，可是敌人吹嘘说能在几小时内就占领战略要地，可是由于沿途一路受到顽强抵抗，甚至连外围地带也没由于沿途一路受到顽强抵抗，甚至连外围地带也没能占领。这一事实使我增强了信

16、心。能占领。这一事实使我增强了信心。15 Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty of getting eno

17、ugh protein,the body-building element in food.从长远来看，素食主义的最大缺点就是难以从食物中摄取足量强身健体的成分-蛋白质。16 词序微调词序微调 Divorce is less culturally acceptable in a society that is family-oriented.在一个注重家庭的社会中，离婚并不普遍为人们在文在一个注重家庭的社会中，离婚并不普遍为人们在文化上所接受。化上所接受。在一个注重家庭的文化里，离婚总使人们觉得不太好在一个注重家庭的文化里，离婚总使人们觉得不太好接受。接受。For most Tokyo peo

18、ple the advantages of their town until recently outweighed the disadvantages.绝大多数东京人直到前不久为止还认为，东京的有绝大多数东京人直到前不久为止还认为，东京的有利条件多于不利条件。利条件多于不利条件。直到前不久为止，绝大多数东京人还认为东京的有直到前不久为止，绝大多数东京人还认为东京的有利条件多于不利条件。利条件多于不利条件。17 4 splitting（拆分法）Splitting takes out the part of a sentence which always tells the speakers o

19、pinion,either placed at the beginning or the end of the sentence.e.g.1:An outsiders success could even curiously help two parties to get the agreement they want.说来奇怪，一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成说来奇怪，一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望取得的协议。一项他们希望取得的协议。e.g.2:He also concluded that insight into prehistoric cultures sh

20、ould ideally proceed from knowledge of living cultures.他还得出这样的结论：要想对史前的各种文化有深刻的认他还得出这样的结论：要想对史前的各种文化有深刻的认识，应该从了解现存的种种文化入手。这是最理想的方法。识，应该从了解现存的种种文化入手。这是最理想的方法。18 e.g.3:This land,which once barred the way of weary travelers,now has become a land for winter and summer vacations,a land of magic and wonde

21、r.这个地方现在已成为冬夏两季的休假胜地，风光景物，蔚为奇观；而以前精疲力竭的旅游者到此只能望而止步。e.g.4:It is simple enough to say that since books have classes-fiction,biography,poetry-we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us 书既然有小说、传记、诗歌之分，就应区别对待，从各类书籍中取其应该给予我们的东西。这话说来很简单，19 A mix of arrogance and co

22、ntinued fear of Iraqi intentions colors Kuwaiti reactions of no fly zones 科威特人一方面很傲慢自负，另一方面又对伊拉克的企图恐惧不已。这种复杂因素左右着科威特人对设置禁飞区的态度。Established in 1960s when federal money flowed,the clinics are now a shadow of their former selves.Patients wait hours while the undermanned and sometimes short-tempered sta

23、ff struggle to meet the demand.这些联邦政府在60年代投入巨资建立起来的诊所，现在已经衰败不堪了。病人就诊要等很长时间，医务人员配备不足，只能穷于应付，有时还向病人发脾气。20 5 inserting（插入法）Inserting here means putting some additional punctuation marks such as dash,parenthesis,colon,etc.,in a long and complex sentence so as to make the Chinese version both clear and s

24、mooth.e.g.:If you go to visit Nobels old residence,the house in which the great chemist remained a bachelor throughout his life,you will catch sight of a shelf laden with experimental records.如果你参观诺贝尔的故居在那座房子里，这位伟大的化学家过了一辈子的独身生活你将会看到一个堆满实验记录的书架。21 In 1582 Richard Mulcaster,one of the earliest Englis

25、h grammarians who paid attention to this problem,wrote that English tongue is of small reach,stretching no further than this land of ours.1582年，理查德迈克卡斯特最早注意到这个问题的英语语法学家之一写道：“英语的流行范围很小，充其量只是我们这个英格兰岛。”。In the same village,and in one of these very houses(which,to tell you the precise truth,was sadly ti

26、me-worn and weather-beaten),there lived many years since,while the country was yet a province of Great Britain,a simple good-natured fellow of the name of Rip Van Winkle.许多年前，（那时这片土地还属于大不列颠），就在这同样的一座村庄里，就在这同样一所房子里（说实话，这类房子因年久失修、风吹雨打而破烂不堪），住着一个淳朴善良的伙计，他叫瑞普 凡温克尔。22 6 recasting（重组法）Recasting means reco

27、nstructing the original sentence based on a thorough understanding of the message,style and implied meaning of the source sentence.e.g.:In practice,the selected interval thickness is usually a compromise between the need for a thin interval to maximize the resolution and a thick interval to minimize

28、 the error.为保证最大分辨率必须选用薄层，为使误差最小却须选用厚层，实际上通常选择介于两者之间的最佳厚度。23 按照翻译的顺序/排列语序：1.Syntactic Linearity/linear translation(顺译)Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by th

29、e male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前,小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点,因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。24 The fact that the average Englishmans home has become his workshop is partly because he is keen on working with his hands and partly because he feels,for one reason or another that he must do for hims

30、elf many household jobs for which,some years ago,he would have hired professional help.普通英国人的家已经成了自家的工场，一方面是因为他热衷于自己动手干，另一方面是因为出于某种原因，他觉得许多家务活必须自己干，而这些活在几年前他会雇专人来干的。25 2.inverse translation(逆译逆译)E.g.:He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a“step up”toward what all Americans are taught

31、 to want when they grow up:money and power.所有美国人受的教育都是长大后应该追求金钱和权力，而我却偏偏不接受那份显然是朝着这个目标迈进的工作，他对此大惑不解。Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫

32、为食的动物保护我们，昆虫会吞噬我们的庄稼，害死我们的牛羊家畜，使我们无法生存在这个世界上。26 E.g.:It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了

33、。Various machine parts can be washed very clean and will be as clean as new ones when they are treated by ultrasonics,no matter how dirty and irregularly shaped they may be.各种机器零件无论多么脏，形状多么不规则，当它们经超声波处理后，可以被洗得非常干净，甚至干净得像新零件一样。It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the rea

34、sons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型，再往下学似乎就越来越难了，这其中的原因，也许教师比学生更容易理解28 E.g.:They(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscl

35、e-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段，而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动，因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。穷人们是最先受到科技进步带来的负面的影响的人，因为科技进步打破了穷人们靠出卖体力为生的模式，那也是他们祖上几代人赖以为生的方式。穷人们最先体验到的科技进步，像诅咒一样瓦解了古老的体力工作模式，而这正是前几代人曾借以摆脱贫困的途径之一。先辈们是以付出劳力而走出贫困的，而如今科技的进步

36、打破了这一劳作模式，人们尤其是穷人就像遭受诅咒一样经历着技术的进程。穷人们首先感觉到科技进步像诅咒一样毁掉了老一辈人赖以脱贫的重体力劳动。以前，世代的穷人把出卖体力 的工作作为他们摆脱贫穷的方式；而他们也是首先经历科技进步的人。在过去，祖祖辈辈靠干体力活来摆脱贫困；现在，科学的进步犹如灾难，破坏了这一古老的劳作方式。这一点，穷人们感受的最为真切。A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor bec

37、ame the classic poor，the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation，a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象，穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人，正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。30 3 分译法分译法 E.g.:The prisoners are permitted to receive Red Cross food parcels and write

38、censored letters.那些战俘得到允许，可以领取红十字会提供的食品包裹，也可以写信，不过所写信件要受检查。The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。31 E.g.:The launch of Office XP,a sophisticated rethink of Microsofts most popular business toll at the end of thi

39、s May,marks merely the opening shot in a forthcoming technological blitz that Gates is serenely convinced will cement his companys status as the unshakable colossus of computing.5月底，微软将其最受欢迎的办公商务软件的经典改进版Office XP投放市场，打响了该公司即将闪电式推出一系列新技术产品的第一炮。盖茨深信，这些产品将巩固其公司作为计算机行业不可动摇的“航空母舰”地位。32 4 综合译法综合译法 E.g：A n

40、otion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them.在美国有一种根深蒂固的观念，认为只有那些有抚养孩子能力的人才应该被鼓励生育。I visited the neighboring villages,and added greatly to my stock of knowledge,by noting their hab

41、its and customs,and conversing with their sages and great men.我到邻近的村庄去走访，留心观察各处的风俗习惯并和当地德高望重的人们攀谈，大大增长了我的见识。33 E.g：People were afraid to leave their houses,for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency,they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.尽管警察已接到命令，要作好准备以应付紧急情况，但人们不敢出门，因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。What has changed,many experts believe,is that Americans have grown more reluctant to cast stones at friends and neighbors who fail to meet the moral standards they set for themselves.许多专家认为，与以前有所不同的是，美国人虽然为自己规定了道德准则，但是对于言行不符合这些准则的朋友或邻居，他们往往不愿进行谴责。