英汉翻译的技巧第十四章-英语长句的翻译课件.ppt

1、英语长句的翻译Skills in E-C Translation with English Lengthy Sentence概述概述英语与汉语基本句型差别不大，都有主、谓、宾、表、定、状、补等句子成分。但在组句特别是长句中，英语句子侧重“形合”，也称为“树型结构”，它的句子主次分明，在运用语法主干表现主要信息的同时借助词形变化、虚词、非谓语动词、从句、独立结构等语法手段表达次要信息，其逻辑性强。而汉语句子侧重“意合”，称为“竹节结构”。语言学家王力曾指出，“句子与句子的关系，在中国语里，往往让对话人会意，而不用连词。我们研究中国文法，该从语像的结构着眼。说得浅些，就是体会中国人的心理。”因此，

2、汉语的句子语法外形主次不明显，主要以“话题”式流水句自由铺展，它没有词形变化，常省略连接词，没有非谓语动词、从句等，其逻辑关系和主次信息暗含在句意和上下文语境中，句子简洁洗练。一句话，汉语组句时可以做到隐“形”又显“义”。根据英汉两种语言句型的差异，译者在翻译英语长句时，必须抓住英语句型特点，先找出其语法主干，理清各个语法成分间包含的逻辑关系，弄清长句结构及其表达的主要信息，然后按照汉语的句型习惯，按其流水式的逻辑关系、善用短句排列、少用被动形式等特点翻译。按照两种语言句型的差异，可将翻译过程能够采用的方法分为：顺承法、解说法、逆序法、分译法和综合法。翻译英语长句时，可先比较其与汉语句型的异同

3、，根据具体情况采用顺承法、解说法、逆序法、分译法和综合法进行翻译。1.顺承法有些英语长句所叙述内容与汉语一样，按照时间、空间和逻辑关系先后顺序安排，此时一般不变换顺序，按英语原句表达顺序译成汉语。例如：翻译示例翻译示例试译试译 我就近抓过一张我能找到的干净的白纸上头印着纽约市消防队的标识，在估计有二十来分钟无火警的休息时间里，我给“周日书评”栏目的编辑写了一封长达四段的抗议信。分析分析 原句叙事按照时间、逻辑顺序铺展，与汉语习惯一致，因此采取顺承法翻译。(1)I grabbed the first piece of clean paper I could find one that had t

4、he logo of the Fire Department of the City of New York across the top and,hoping there would be a break in the alarms for 20 minutes or so,wrote out a four-paragraph letter of indignation to the editor of the Sunday Book Review.(2)The SPC members work on short-term tangible projects that help compan

5、ies improve their supply chains,such as a Starbucks(SBUX)case study comparing its old packaging for chocolates to new packaging that reduced the amount of materials overall while increasing percentage of recycled materials.试译试译 SPC成员致力于开发短期又实际的项目来帮助公司们改善他们的供应链，例如星巴克（SBUX）一案例中，使用新的包装来包装巧克力，较旧包装而言，整体减

6、少了材料使用的数量，但同时提高了循环使用材料的百分比。和定语从句和两个分词短语。其先陈述情况，后举例，和定语从句和两个分词短语。其先陈述情况，后举例，前因后果的语义和前因后果的语义和分析 原句包含两个定语从句和两个分词短语。其先陈述事情后表达目的、前因后果的逻辑关系，与汉语习惯基本一致，因此保留原句语序，句子读起来通顺易懂，语义层次也分明。(1)This has become a kind of code,in which few words are spoken because each,along with its attendant murmurings and pauses,carri

7、es a wealth of shared assumptions and attitudes.试译试译 这已经成了一种社会交往惯例，话语极少，因为每一个词，随着说话人的沉吟与停顿，都表达了大量相互默契理解的心思与态度。分析分析 原句主要包含一个定语从句、一个原因状语从句和一个介词短语。主句是总述，后面从句详细解释内容，这与汉语叙述方式相似，为此采用解说法译出。2.解说法英语句子呈现句尾开放的特点，常将解释和说明放在后面。而汉语复句分句间也常有总分、解释或说明的关系，为此可以根据英语句意相应用汉语的解说、先总后分或是先分后总的格式进行翻译。例如：(2）This exquisite harmon

8、y between Nature and Man explains in part the enchantment of the older Britain,in which whole towns fitted snugly into the landscape,as if they were no more than bits of woodland;and roads went winding the easiest way as naturally as rivers;and it was impossible to say where cultivation ended and wi

9、ld life began.试译试译 人与自然超乎寻常的和谐是古老的英国魅力的部分所在。有些城镇与周围的山水自然地连为一体，似乎就是其中的一部分；公路像河流一样极其自然地蜿蜒开来。你很难说出文明与自然的界限在哪里。分析分析 原句包含一个定语从句、方式状语从句以及由分号隔开的三个分句。其总述分说，散文式的铺展描述与汉语相符，因此采取解说法翻译。3.逆序法逆序法英汉语句子叙事、推理顺序大部分情况不完全相同，甚至是相反。英语句子往往先提事情的结果、个人感受或结论，继而叙事，时间上往往由近至远，基本按时间顺序铺展，因果关系相对灵活，其句首封闭，句尾开放，常头轻脚重。汉语则常常由远至近、前因后果，句首开

10、放、句尾封闭。对此，在翻译实践中，应根据英汉语的差异，适当调换英语的语序，使译文更符合汉语习惯，更通顺自然。例如：(1)The irresistible question the“fundamental challenge”for researchers in this field,says the most prominent of them,professor K.Anders Ericsson of Florida State University is,Why?How are certain people able to go on improving?译文译文 美国佛罗里达州立大学的

11、K安德斯埃里克森教授是这个领域最杰出的研究者之一。他说，一个不可避免的问题，同时也是研究者们面临的“最根本的挑战”，就是，为什么？有些人如何能够做到不断提高？分析分析 英语长句重形合，通过连词等各种语法手段实现语句的衔接。相反，汉语重意合，往往通过句子的逻辑顺序或者时间顺序来实现衔接和连贯。在汉语中，一般首先出现说话的人，然后再出现说话内容，所以，本句话将说话人放在句首，话语内容调至句尾。(2)Moreover,the essential guarantee for mutual cooperation should be realized to solve a series of probl

12、ems that affect our cooperation,which is in line with our target.试译试译 此外，为了解决一系列影响双方合作的问题，有必要切实建立起有利双方合作的根本保证，这一点和我们双方共同的目标是一致的。分析分析 英文原句是套中套长句，包含一个动词不定式目的状语和两个定语从句。我们发现“为了解决一系列影响双方合作的问题”是目的，遵照汉语常是前因后果的习惯，把此句提前放到句首。另外，定语从句“有利双方合作”作为修饰定语前置，使句子结构紧凑。4.分译法有些英语句子主从句之间或者主句与修饰语间关系不是十分密切，译者可以采用汉语善用短句逐次排列的句型

13、习惯，将长句的从句或修饰语转换为句子，按语意适当调整，如增词、减词使句子连贯通顺。这个方法经常与顺序法、逆序法同时使用。例如：(1)One man who needs no vocal announcement is Li Hailun,a grasshopper salesman whose wares,hundreds of wingless insects imprisoned in round,woven enclosures,produce a deafening,high-pitched symphony.试译试译 另一位卖蝈蝈儿的小贩叫李海伦，他从不需要吆喝。因为他的货物数百只装

14、在圆形编织笼子里的无翼昆虫，能合奏出震耳欲聋的高音交响乐。分析分析 原句是一句典型的套中套长句，译文根据汉语的表达习惯，首先对长句进行拆分并根据逻辑语义重新组合，再用符合汉语思维的因果句式来连接，使译文读起来层次分明意义清晰。(2)Just then,looking at her,I could picture us sitting at her kitchen table once again,and I understood why I kept that flaky brown dandelion in our old family dictionary pressed between

15、two crumpled bits of paper towel.试译试译 那时，我看着母亲，脑海里浮现出我和母亲坐在厨房餐桌旁的画面。我明白了为什么我把那朵夹在两小张皱巴巴的纸巾中间、已经压扁了的褐色的蒲公英，一直保存在我们家那本旧字典里。分析分析 英语原句是一个较长的由and连接的并列句，第一个分句包含一个作宾语补足语的现在分词短语，第二个分句包含一个由why引出的宾语从句，宾语从句中又带有一个过去分词短语。为了让译文更加简洁，翻译时可以打破原句句式，遵循汉语中多用短句的特点，把并列句拆分成两个汉语句子，按照话题顺序重新组织。5.综合法综合法翻译实践中，有些英语长句单独采用上述任何一种方法

16、都不能达到理想的翻译效果。译者必须仔细分析，理清原句时间、逻辑关系，或用顺序法，或用逆序法，或用分译法，综合三种方法进行翻译，使得译文主次分明、忠实通顺。(1)Ten international finalists for the award,who will be from these countries China,India,Kenya,Latin American region,Lithuania,Malaysia,Nigeria and Poland,will visit the UK in September 2009 to undertake a common programme

17、 where they will take part in valuable networking both with key UK design industry contacts and amongst their IYDE peers.试译试译 最后入围的十名选手，将分别来自中国、印度、肯尼亚、拉丁美洲地区、立陶宛、马来西亚、尼日利亚和波兰。他们将于 2009 年五月份访问英国，参加公共活动。届时，他们将参与重要的商业交流活动，接触英国核心设计产业，与不同国家的参赛选手进行交流。分析分析 原句包含两个定语从句，分析后发现，原句包含三层意思，即“选手来自哪里”、“他们将访问英国”、“他们将

18、参与活动”，因此可以采取分译法将原长句分割成三个短句，更加简洁，符合汉语习惯。再纵观三个短句的语义关系和逻辑顺序，其与汉语习惯一致，为此顺承原句顺序翻译。(2)My Lord,I have been lately informed,by the proprietor of The World,that two papers,in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public,were written by your lordship.To be so distinguished is an honour which,being very li

19、ttle accustomed to favours from the great,I know not well how to receive,or in what terms to acknowledge.试译试译 伯爵大人：近日从世界报馆主得知，此报刊登了两篇文章，向大众推荐在下的词典。据说这是出自阁下您的手笔。这是何等的荣耀。可惜在下极少得到王族达贵的垂青，为此真不知该如何领受这份荣耀，如何言表致谢。分析分析 此语篇译文综合了长句翻译各种方法，如“近日从世界报馆主得知”表示信息来源，采用了逆序法；“据说这是出自阁下您的手笔”独立成句符合译文古文语言简练清晰的特点；第二句也将原因“可惜在

20、下极少得到王族达贵的垂青”前置，符合汉语前因后果的习惯。(3)When,upon some slight encouragement,I first visited your lordship,I was overpowered,like the rest of mankind,by the enchantment of your address,and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre;that I might obtain that regard

21、 for which I saw the world contending;but I found my attendance so little encouraged,that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it./When I had once addressed your Lordship in public,I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess./I had done

22、all that I could;and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected,be it ever so little.试译试译 回想当年，在下得到些许鼓励，初次拜访阁下。与众人一样，我深深为大人的言谈风采所折倒。我不禁奢望某日，也能夸下海口：吾乃天下征服者之征服者也。尽管知道世人都在奋力追求，我仍希望能获取。然而，我的奉迎没有得到鼓励。自尊和矜持让我停下步伐。本来我是不谙奉承之道的文人，却使出浑身解数以求欢心。我已尽我所能。而这一切即使多么微不足道，却完全受到忽视，对此任何人也不会释颜。分析分析 原语篇修饰短语众多，从句冗长，十分

23、复杂。为了使译文在古文体中显得更加简洁，译文多处果断分句。其中叙事符合汉语时间先后习惯的，采取顺承法，如译文第一句。对修饰定语从句采用逆序法，避免过于冗长，有译文第四句。译文多处对原语篇进行了语义和逻辑上的重组，使之更符合汉语表达的习惯，如译文第四句、第六句等，综合以上各种长句翻译方法，使译文更加通顺简洁。英语语篇汉译英语语篇汉译Sentence Structure:The Fab Four英语句型“四大天王”by Laurie E.RozakisIn Clauses,you learned that there are two types of clauses:independent and

24、 dependent.Recall that independent clauses are complete sentences because they have a subject and verb and express a complete thought.Dependent clauses,in contrast,cannot stand alone because they do not express a complete thought even though they have a subject and a verb.Independent and dependent c

25、lauses can be used in a number of ways to form the four basic types of sentences:simple,compound,complex,and compound-complex.Time to make their acquaintance.在子句clause部分，我们谈到有两种类型的子句，即独立子句independent clause和从属子句dependent clause（译注：从属子句是指利用一个附属连接词或一个关系代名词将其中一个子句变成附属子句）。独立子句含有主语和谓语，表达一个完整的意思，因此它是完整的句子

26、。从属子句虽然也包含主语、谓语，但是不能表达一个完整的意思，所以不能独立成句。独立子句和从属子句可以组成四个基本英语句型：简单句、并列句、复合句以及并列复合句。现在让我们来认识一下这些句型。Simple Sentences:Simple Isnt as Simple DoesA simple sentence has one independent clause.That means it has one subject and one verbalthough either or both can be compound.In addition,a simple sentence can h

27、ave adjectives and adverbs.What a simple sentence cant have is another independent clause or any subordinate clauses.For example:简单句：并不简单。简单句包含一个独立子句，即包含一个主语和一个动词。当然简单句可以有并列主语和并列动词。此外，简单句也可有形容词和副词，但不可以有另外一个独立子句或者从句。例如：Americans eat more bananas than they eat any other fruit.one subject,one verbDavid

28、 Letterman and Jay Leno host talk pound subject,one verbMy son toasts and butters his bagel.one subject,compound verbAmericans eat more bananas(than they eat any other fruit).一个主语、一个动词David Letterman and Jay Leno host talk shows.并列主语、一个动词My son toasts and butters his bagel.一个主语、并列动词Dont shun the sim

29、ple sentence its no simpleton.The simple sentence served Ernest Hemingway well;with its help,macho man Ernie snagged a Nobel Prize in Literature.In the following excerpt from The Sun Also Rises,Hemingway uses the simple sentence to convey powerful emotions:别小看简单句，它可不简单。它在欧内斯特海明威文中妙笔生花。满怀男子汉气概的欧内斯特凭借

30、用句简约的风格获得了诺贝尔文学奖。以下文篇摘自于海明威的太阳照常升起，作者运用简单的句型传达了强烈的情感：The driver started up the street.I settled back.Brett moved close to me.We sat close against each other.I put my arm around her and she rested against me comfortably.It was very hot and bright,and the houses looked sharply white.We turned out onto

31、 the Gran Via.“Oh,Jake,”Brett said,“we could have had such a damned good time together.”Ahead was a mounted policeman in khaki directing traffic.He raised his baton.The car slowed suddenly pressing Brett against me.“Yes,”I said.“Isnt it pretty to think so?”汽车沿街开去。我靠后坐稳，勃莱特挪身紧靠着我。我们彼此依偎着对方。我用手揽着她，她舒适

32、地偎依在我身上。天气异常酷热，阳光灿烂，房屋白得刺眼。我们拐上格兰维亚大道。“哎，吉克，”勃莱特说：“我们本来可以多么快乐地在一起啊。”前方有位穿卡其布军服的警察，他骑着马指挥交通。他举起了警棍。我们的车突然慢下来，勃莱特倒在我怀里。“是啊，”我说：“这样想不是很好吗？”Okay,so its a real downer.You think they give Nobels for happy talk?这段话很令人沮丧吧。你以为诺贝尔奖是因为这段快乐的谈话吗？Compound Sentences:Compound InterestA compound sentence consists of

33、 two or more independent clauses.The independent clauses can be joined in one of two ways:并列句：并列含义并列句包含两个或者两个以上的独立子句。独立子句可以通过两种方式连接：With a coordinating conjunction:for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so With a semicolon(;)并列连词：for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so分号：即“；”As with a simple sentence,a compound sentence cant hav

34、e any subordinate clauses.Here are some compound sentences for your reading pleasure.和简单句一样，并列句不能有从句。以下是一些有趣的并列句。You might also add a conjunctive adverb to this construction,as in this example:The largest mammals are found in the sea;after all,theres nowhere else to put them.你还可以在这个结构上加一个连接副词，例如：The

35、 largest mammals are found in the sea;after all,theres nowhere else to put them.Complex Sentences:Not So Complex at AllA complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.The independent clause is called the“main clause.”These sentences use subordinating conjunctions

36、 to link ideas.As you check out these examples,see if you can find the subordinating conjunctions.复合句：绝不复杂复合句包含一个独立子句和至少一个从属子句。独立子句也称为“主句”。复合句由从属连词连接意思。看看你是否能从以下的例子中找到从属连词。lParallel lines never meet(independent clause)until(subordinating conjunction)you bend one of them(dependent clause).lMany dead

37、animals of the past changed to oil(independent clause)while(subordinating conjunction)others preferred to be gas(dependent clause).lEven though(subordinating conjunction)the sun is a star(dependent clause),it knows how to change back to the sun in the daytime(independent clause).lThe subordinating c

38、onjunctions are until,while,and even though.lParallel lines never meet(独立子句)until(从属连词)you bend one of them(从句).lMany dead animals of the past changed to oil(独立子句)while(从属连词)others preferred to be gas(从句).lEven though(从属连词)the sun is a star(从句),it knows how to change back to the sun in the daytime(独

39、立子句).以上句子的从属连词分别是until,while和even though。我知道这样的工作的艰辛，睡眠不足，薪酬低微，大量的自我牺牲常常伴随着我们。我们有无数次的失望，但是偶尔，仅仅是偶尔，也会有像今晚这样的时刻，在这样一个夜晚，这样一个我们数年后想起来会自豪地说那个更好的美国就是从那个时刻开始的夜晚。在这样的美国，我们实现了我们坚信不移的变革：更多的家庭看得起病；我们的孩子，我的女儿玛利亚和萨沙和你们的孩子会生活在一个更干净和更安全的星球上；世界将以不同的眼光来看待美国，而美国将把自己看作一个更少歧见、更多团结的国家。你将会骄傲地回望过去，认为这个时刻就是一切的开始。Compound

40、-Complex Sentences:The Big KahunaA compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.The dependent clause can be part of the independent clause.For instance:并列复合句：魔法大师并列复合句：魔法大师并列复合句包含至少两个独立子句和至少一个从属子句。从属子句可以是独立子句的组成部分。例如：The Choice Is YoursDecisions,de

41、cisions:Now that you know you have four different sentence types at your disposal,which ones should you use?Effective communication requires not only that you write complete sentences,but also that you write sentences that say exactly what you mean.Try these six guidelines as you decide which senten

42、ce types to use and when:决定权：在你手中现在你知道有四种可供选用的句型，那么你究竟选择哪一种呢？你必须做出选择。有效的交流不但要求句子完整，而且要求句子准确传达你的意思。以下是使用何种句型以及何时使用这些句型的六条指南，大家可以尝试使用。Danger,Will RobinsonDont join the two parts of a compound sentence with a comma youll end up with a type of run-on sentence called a comma splice.More on this later in

43、this section.组句有风险，组织须谨慎不要用一个逗号连接并列句两部分，否则句子就会变成不中断的“逗号连接”。这部分稍后详述。lEvery sentence should provide clear and complete information.lMost effective sentences are concise,conveying their meaning in as few words as possible.l每个句子必须包含清晰完整的信息。l最有效率的句子通常简练，尽可能用较少的词表达意思。lEffective sentences stress the main p

44、oint or the most important detail.In most cases,the main point is located in the main clause to make it easier to find.l有效的句子强调重点或是细节最重要部分。大多数情况下，重点位于主句，便于找到。lYour choice of sentences depends on your audience.For example,you would use simple sentences and short words if your readers were children,wh

45、ile an audience of engineers would call for more technical language and longer sentences.l选择什么句型取决于读者。譬如你的读者是儿童，你会使用简单的句子和短小的词语。如果你的读者是工程师，你则应该使用更专业、更长的句子。lAlways consider your purpose for writing before you select a sentence type.lThe rhythm and pacing of your writing is determined by your sentence

46、s.l选择句型前考虑写作目的。l选择的句型决定了文章的节奏和韵律。Before you shift into panic mode,you should know that most writers use a combination of all four sentence types to convey their meaning.Even Ernest Hemingway slipped a compound sentence or two in among all those simple sentences.不要恐慌。你必须清楚大多数作者都会交替使用这四种句型传达意义。即使是欧内斯特

47、海明威也会在使用简单句的同时用上一两个并列句。lFace the MusiclYour readers make up your audience.lBut now its time to see whats what,whos who,and where youre at with this sentence stuff.To do so,label each of the following sentences as simple,compound,complex,or compound-complex.l熟悉句型，唯勇者行l你的读者就是你的观众。l现在来看看你对句型的掌握程度。阅读下列句

48、子，并判断它们是简单句、并列句、复合句或并列复合句。_ 1.If at first you dont succeed,destroy all evidence that you tried._ 2.The hardness of the butter is proportional to the softness of the bread._ 3.You never really learn to swear until you learn to drive._ 4.It takes about half a gallon of water to cook spaghetti,and abou

49、t a gallon of water to clean the pot._ 5.Monday is an awful way to spend one-seventh of your life._ 6.Genetics explains why you look like your father and if you dont,why you should._ 7.To succeed in politics,it is often necessary to rise above your principles._ 8.Two wrongs are only the beginning._

50、9.When oxygen is combined with anything,heat is given off,a process known as“constipation.”_ 10.To steal ideas from one person is plagiarism;to steal from many is research.Apound-plex pound pound-complex5.simple pound答案答案1.复合句6.并列复合句2.简单句7.复合句3.复合句8.简单句4.并列句9.并列复合句5.简单句10.并列句（曾密群 译）1.翻译标准翻译标准Simple