翻译技巧之转化法课件.ppt
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1、八大方法八大方法 一、词类转换一、词类转换 二、句子成分转换二、句子成分转换 三、表达方式转换三、表达方式转换 四、语序转换四、语序转换 五、正面、反面表达转换五、正面、反面表达转换 六、主、被动转换六、主、被动转换 七、分句转换七、分句转换 八、文化转换八、文化转换词类转换词类转换(conversion)请翻译请翻译They can fish.?词性判断词性判断如果如果can为助动词为助动词,而而fish为动词为动词,则翻译为则翻译为:他们会捕鱼他们会捕鱼如果如果can做动词做动词,fish做名词做名词,则翻译为则翻译为:他们把鱼制成罐头他们把鱼制成罐头Talking with his so
2、n,the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrongdoings.译文一:和儿子谈话时,老人是年轻人过去译文一:和儿子谈话时,老人是年轻人过去做错事的原谅者。做错事的原谅者。译文二:在和儿子谈话时,老人宽恕了年轻译文二:在和儿子谈话时,老人宽恕了年轻人过去做的错事。人过去做的错事。一、一、转译成动词转译成动词 英语和汉语比起来,汉语中动词用得比较英语和汉语比起来,汉语中动词用得比较多,这是一个特点,往往在英语句子中只多,这是一个特点,往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词,而在汉语中则可以几个用一个谓语动词,而在汉语中则可以几个动词或
3、动词性结构连用。动词或动词性结构连用。He admired the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job.他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。示钦佩。英语的谓语动词只有英语的谓语动词只有admires一词,其它用一词,其它用的是过去分词的是过去分词stated,动词派生名词动词派生名词decision,不定式不定式to fight,和介词和介词for。汉。汉语没有词形变化,但可以几个动词连用。语没有词形变化,但可以几个动词连用。因此,英语中不少词类,尤其是名词、介因此,英语中不少词类,尤其是名
4、词、介词、形容词和副词,在汉译时往往可以转词、形容词和副词,在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。译成动词。All peace-loving people demand unconditional prohibition of atomic weapons.一切热爱和平的人民要求无条件地一切热爱和平的人民要求无条件地禁禁止止原子武器。原子武器。Note:我们可以得出这样的结论,英语中我们可以得出这样的结论,英语中“具备动态概念的名词具备动态概念的名词+of+名词名词”这种结构在翻译成汉语时几乎斗殴可这种结构在翻译成汉语时几乎斗殴可以将以将“具备动态概念的名词具备动态概念的名词”翻译成翻译成动词,将动词,
5、将“of+名词名词”的翻译成名词的翻译成名词短语充当宾语。短语充当宾语。1.名词转动词名词转动词 由动词派生的名词和具有动作含义的名词可以翻由动词派生的名词和具有动作含义的名词可以翻译成汉语动词。译成汉语动词。I did not notice the approach of a policeman when talking with my old classmate in the street.当我在街道上和一个老同学谈话时,当我在街道上和一个老同学谈话时,没有注意到一名警察正在没有注意到一名警察正在走近走近。The doctors extremely quick arrival and un
6、commonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.Accounting includes the design of accounting systems,preparation of financial statements,audits,cost studies,development of forecasts,income tax work,computer applications,and the analysis and interpretation of accoun
7、ting information as an aid to making business decisions.会计包括会计包括设计设计会计制度,会计制度,准备准备财务报财务报表、审计账目和对成本的研究报告,表、审计账目和对成本的研究报告,展开展开预测、收入所得税的工作和计算预测、收入所得税的工作和计算机的应用,以及机的应用,以及分析和解释分析和解释有助于制有助于制定商业决策的会计信息。定商业决策的会计信息。His father is a non-smoker,but he is a chain-smoker.他父亲他父亲不抽烟不抽烟,他,他抽起来却一根接一根抽起来却一根接一根。We are
8、exporters of the above goods,having a background of over 30 years.我们我们出口出口上述商品,已经经营了三十余年上述商品,已经经营了三十余年 The economic environment is characterized by buyers,sellers and competitors.经济环境的特点就是经济环境的特点就是买、卖与竞争买、卖与竞争加后缀加后缀or或或er的名词变动词的名词变动词某些名词翻译成动词某些名词翻译成动词 The lecturer gave an excellent picture of the li
9、ving conditions in Africa.讲演者生动地讲演者生动地描绘描绘了非洲的生活状况了非洲的生活状况 We can make use of atomic energy in the production processes.我们可以在这些生产过程中我们可以在这些生产过程中应用应用原子原子能能Ex:1.Undoubtedly they dont have the intention of making an engineer of him,and I suspect they never will.2.The application of electronic computers
10、 makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.3.The engine has given a constantly good performance.4.Professor Wilson is said to be a lady killer.5.The well known scientist was a great lover of literature when he was a child.6.Differences between the social systems of states shall not be an obs
11、tacle to their contact and cooperation.2.2.介词、副词变动词介词、副词变动词 介词与动词在语法特征上具有共性介词与动词在语法特征上具有共性,两两者都可以带宾语。实际上不少介词是者都可以带宾语。实际上不少介词是从动词演变而来,仍然带有动词的意从动词演变而来,仍然带有动词的意味。这些介词包括:味。这些介词包括:across,around,by,for,in,into,past,through,toward,with 美国总统林肯在葛底斯堡的著名演说美国总统林肯在葛底斯堡的著名演说词结尾有句话:词结尾有句话:and that government of th
12、e people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.这个民有、民治、民享的政府将永远这个民有、民治、民享的政府将永远不会从世界上消失。不会从世界上消失。A call for papers is being issued.征集征集论文的通知正在陆续发出论文的通知正在陆续发出 She has gained her masters degree and is finally off welfare.她已经获得了硕士学位并终于她已经获得了硕士学位并终于摆脱摆脱了了救济救济 When they see you dow
13、n in the world,they think they can speak to you as they like.他们一看见你他们一看见你穷困潦倒穷困潦倒,就认为他们可,就认为他们可以想怎么跟你说话就怎么跟你说话。以想怎么跟你说话就怎么跟你说话。That dictionary will be out pretty soon.那本辞典很快就要那本辞典很快就要出版出版了。了。英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词,在系动词后作表语用时,往往可以转译成动词,在系动词后作表语用时,往往可以转译成动词。如,词。如,confident,certain
14、,careful,cautions,angry,sure,ignorant,afraid,doubtful,aware,concerned,glad,delighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,anxious等。等。3.3.形容词变动词形容词变动词 A tramp may ask you for money,but he will never ask you to feel sorry for him.一个流浪汉可能向你讨钱,但他绝不一个流浪汉可能向你讨钱,但他绝不要你要你同情同情他他 The researchers have been quite aware of th
15、e shortcomings of the newly developed device.研究人员研究人员深知深知新研制的装置缺点在哪新研制的装置缺点在哪里里Ex:1.The students are afraid that this chemical reaction will take place with great violence.2.He is quite familiar with the performance of this machine.3.He is utterly ignorant of the US.How can we expect him to enlarge
16、the market for our products there?1.动词转名词动词转名词 英语中很多由名词派生的动词,以英语中很多由名词派生的动词,以及由名词转化的动词,在翻译成汉及由名词转化的动词,在翻译成汉语的过程中往往很不容易找到对应语的过程中往往很不容易找到对应动词,这时可以将其转译成名词。动词,这时可以将其转译成名词。二、二、转译成名词转译成名词 He had never seen Clem act like that before,and he did not know what to do.她以前从没看见她以前从没看见Clem有这样的举动有这样的举动,所以不知所措所以不知所措
17、 They are shaped like sharks.他们的外形像鲨鱼他们的外形像鲨鱼 Our age is witnessing a profound political change.我们的时代是深刻的政治变革的我们的时代是深刻的政治变革的见证见证Ex:1:Formality has always characterized their relationship.2.The design aims at automatic operation,easy regulation,simple maintenance and high productivity.3.Even today th
18、e American dollar is technically“backed”by the store of gold which the US government maintains.2.2.形容词变名词形容词变名词 You are skillful in all such matters.你在这方面是你在这方面是行家行家 The cattle feeding industry will need to be more flexible.养牛需要较大的养牛需要较大的灵活性灵活性.Stevenson was eloquent and elegant-but soft.史蒂文森有史蒂文森有口
19、才口才、有、有风度风度,但很,但很软弱软弱。1.名词变形容词名词变形容词 He found some difficulties to design a reactor without a computer.她感到没有电脑要设计反应堆是她感到没有电脑要设计反应堆是困难困难的。的。They admitted the feasibility of our proposal.他们承认我们的建议是他们承认我们的建议是可行的。可行的。三、三、转译成形容词转译成形容词 When I first met my husband,I was still a stranger to China.我第一次见到我的丈夫
20、的时候,我对我第一次见到我的丈夫的时候,我对中国还是中国还是陌生的陌生的 Peter doesnt consider it a shame to cheat in exams.Peter 不认为考试作弊是不认为考试作弊是可耻的可耻的 2.副词变形容词副词变形容词 Her lecture impressed us deeply.它的讲演给我们以它的讲演给我们以很深的很深的印象印象 The computers are widely used and play an important part in industry.电脑得到了电脑得到了广泛的广泛的应用并在工业上起应用并在工业上起到了重要作用到了
21、重要作用 How can it be proved that gases are perfectly elastic?如何证明气体具有如何证明气体具有理想的理想的弹性呢?弹性呢?The above suggestion seems to be sensible.上述上述建议似乎是合理的建议似乎是合理的 Many plants here are of modern construction.这里的这里的许多工厂是现代化建筑许多工厂是现代化建筑四、形容词变副词四、形容词变副词 It is reported that there has been a steady increase in China
22、s economy this year.据报道今年中国经济据报道今年中国经济稳步稳步增长增长 Before he left,Jack had a good look at his room where he had been living for eight years.在临走之前,在临走之前,Jack 好好地好好地看了看他看了看他住了八年的房间住了八年的房间译文判断正误:译文判断正误:1.Lincoln was a good speaker and student of political philosophy.译文一:林肯是一个杰出的演说家,又是一译文一:林肯是一个杰出的演说家,又是一个政
23、治哲学系的学生。个政治哲学系的学生。译文二:林肯擅长演说,又刻苦学习政治哲译文二:林肯擅长演说,又刻苦学习政治哲学。学。2.The merit of competition by examination are somewhat questionable,but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.译文一:通过考试来竞争,其好处有点让人译文一:通过考试来竞争,其好处有点让人怀疑。但竞争在失败方面的某些知识肯定怀疑。但竞争在失败方面的某些知识肯定是有害的。是有害的。译文二:通过考试来竞争,其好
24、处有点让人译文二:通过考试来竞争,其好处有点让人怀疑。但是明明知道会失败还是去竞争,怀疑。但是明明知道会失败还是去竞争,这肯定是有害的。这肯定是有害的。Ex:A clear sign of the new attitude is the Viking missions to Mars,which are to a significant extent dedicated to the search for life on another planet.But along with the burgeoning dedication to a serious,a slightly negativ
25、e note has emerged which is nevertheless very interesting.Ex:The man who appears at a party or reception in a not-too-clean plaid shirt,without tie,or at a business meeting with a two-day growth of beard will never be mistaken of an absent-minded genius.People will assume that he is crude,or anxious
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