英语语法学习讲解(DOC 44页).doc

1、英语语法学习 第一部分 英语语法结构图语法词法词性（9种）名词代词数词冠词介词连词形容词副词动词谓语动词非谓语动词助动词与情态动词时态与语态虚拟语气句法一般规则3：三类句子简单句并列句复合句定语从句名词性从句状语从句9：九种句子成分6：六种简单句句子特殊规则不定式分词动名词倒装比较反义疑问句时态（16种）语态第二部分 词法第一节 词性一、副词 （一） 概念副词（Adverb）是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。（二） 副词的位置1、一般规则 副词一般放在be动词、助动词或情态动词之后，实义动词之前。 如果实义动词后有宾语，

2、则放于宾语之后。I am also Bush.我也是布什。I can also do that.我也可以这样做。I also want to play that games.我也想玩这游戏。She didnt drink water enough.她没有喝足够的水 。I have seen this film twice with my friends.这部电影我和朋友看过两次。2、简化结构中副词位置的变化（1） be动词简化前： He is really nice.简化后： He really is.（2） 助动词简化前： He can hardly do it.简化后： He hardly

3、 can.3、状态副词在被动语态中的位置表示状态的副词在被动语态中，要置于过去分词前。主动语态：He did the job well.被动语态：The job was well done.4、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中，地点副词在前面，时间副词在后面。We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 oclock yesterday.5、副词修饰形容词、副词时，一般放在被修饰词之前，但enough除外。Its rather easy, I can do it.He didnt run fast enough to catch the train.6、句子要部

4、分倒装。Never have I felt so excited!（三） 重要的副词用法1、very,much的用法（1）very可修饰一般形容词或副词，但形容词或副词变成比较级时，则只能用much修饰。He walked very slowly.He walked much more slowly than I（2） 修饰too时只能用much，不能用very。He is much too young.注： 修饰比较级或too的副词通常有六个：much,far,a lot,a great deal, still, even.2、little、a little（1） little做副词时，视为

5、否定副词，译为“一点儿都不”，等于no；The patients condition is little better than yesterday. 病人的情况并没有比昨天好到哪里去（2） a little做副词时，译为“有点儿”3、sometimes、sometime（1） sometimes 有时候Sometimes he comes here for a visit.（2） sometime 某时可用于一般过去时或一般将来时，使用时通常与另一明确的时间副词或副词短语连用。I saw him sometime yesterday morning.4、ago、before（1） ago表“

6、距现在若干时间以前”，时态用一般过去时，须与具体时间连用。He came here a few days ago.（2） before表“距过去某时若干时间以前”，时态用一般过去时或过去完成时，可单独使用。I have met him before.5、since、after（1） Since可做副词连词，连接状语从句：I have studied English since I moved here in 2001. Since可做副词用，修饰主句，译为“从那时候起”，句型结构一定为：He left town in 2002 and I havent seen him since. Sinc

7、e可做介词用，之后加明确的时间名词作宾语：I have been studying English since 2002./ I have been studying English for ten years.（2） since之前可以用ever修饰，用于加强语气Ever since he came here, he has been arguing with Mary.（3） after做副词时，译为“之后”，与since不同的是，since修饰完成时，after修饰过去时，等于later或afterwardsHe fell ill on Monday and died three day

8、s after.6、someday、the other day、some other day（1） someday表示将来有一天，用于将来时。Keep on working hard, and somehow youll be successful.（2） the other day 表示前些时候，用于过去时I went to the National Park for a visit the other day.（3） some other day 改天，用于将来时I will visit you some other day.7、somewhat、somehow、anyhow（1）some

9、what 有一点儿Its somewhat cold today.（2）somehow 不知怎么的/设法He is nice; but somehow I dont like him.We must find the money somehow.（3） anyhow 况且/不管如何I dont have time to go to the movies; theyre too expensive anyhow.Anyhow, we can try.8、Short Response 简应句（1） 肯定句用so或too，其中so需要倒装He is nice, and so is she.He is

10、 nice, and she is, too（2） 否定句用neither或either，其中neither需要倒装He isnt nice, and neither is she.He isnt nice, and she is ,either.9、more than 与倍数的关系More than 应置于倍数之前：He has more than three times as much money as you do.10、避免双重否定（1） never 不能再与否定词共用He hasnt never been to Japan before ()He has never been to

11、Japan beforeHe hasnt ever been to Japan before（2） scarcely/hardly/almost not 为否定副词，译为“几乎不”，不可再与no 或not连用，但可以与any连用He has hardly no money ()He has hardly any money.11、在think、hope、believe、be afraid、imagine等动词后面加so，可代替肯定句，加not代替否定句A: Is he nice?B: yes, I think so. No, I think not.12、容易混淆的副词（1） most（最）、

12、mostly（大部分）（2） near（近）、nearly（几乎，=almost） He lives near, not far He was nearly drowned二、动词（一） 谓语动词 谓语动词指的是在句子中可以单独作谓语的动词，主要由实意动词充当。主要划分为完全不及物动词、不完全不及物动词、完全及物动词、不完全及物动词和授予动词。1、完全不及物动词完全不及物动词，就是意思很完全的不及物动词，这类动词位于主语之后，可以单独存在，之后不须加任何词类意思就很完全。如Something happened.He died在完全不及物动词之后，可接副词或副词对等语（如介词短语、状语从句等），

13、以修饰该动词。Something happened yesterday.He died in an accident.He left because he didnt want to see Mary again.不及物动词无被动语态。2、不完全不及物动词（亦称系动词）这类动词意思不完全，因而无法单独存在，之后要接名词、形容词或名词对等语，以补充其意思的不足，我们称为表语。（1） be 动词Be 动词之后可用名词（含名词对等语，如名词性从句、名词短语、动名词、不定式等）或形容词（含作形容词的现在分词、过去分词、介词短语）和副词（地点副词或地点副词短语等）作表语。Be 动词后面有是一种表语：表语

14、种类表语种类例句名词或名词对等语名词He is a great hero.名词性从句The trouble with me is that I lack money.The problem is whether he can join us.The question is what he is doing?名词短语The question is when to set out?动名词短语My hobby is collection stamps.不定式短语My purpose here is to see him.形容词或形容词对等语形容词She is beautiful.作形容词用的现在分词

15、The story is interesting.作形容词用的过去分词I am interested in the story作形容词用的介词短语此类介词短语由“of + 抽象名词”The book is of great value.= The book is valuable.副词或副词对等语地点副词She is there.地点副词短语本短语由“介词 + 地方名词”She is in town.They are at home.（2） become（变成）Become 可用任何名词、形容词或可作形容词用的现在分词或过去分词作表语。He became angry.Youll become

16、a good student if you study hard（3） turn（变成）Turn 通常只用形容词作表语，而且所能使用的形容词多与颜色或情绪有关The leaves were turning yellow.（4） get（变成）Get 通常表“生气”或“激动”的形容词作表语。若用其他形容词时，宜用become。He got mad.若get用于进行时的结构中，之后可接任何形容词的比较级形态作表语。She is getting more and more beautiful.（5） seem（似乎）= appearSeem 之后用不定式短语作表语He seems to know i

17、t.但在seem to be + 名词/形容词结构中，to be可以省略，直接用名词或形容词作表语。He seems to be happy. = He seems happy.（6） 感官动词感官动词一共有五个，分别为look, sound, smell, taste, feel，一律译成“起来”，后面一律用形容词作表语。His idea sounds good.I feel tired.感官动词后绝不可用名词作表语，若要与名词连用时，感官动词后要加like：It sounds like a good idea.3、完全及物动词完全及物动词是加了宾语后意思才完全的动词，有主动和被动两个语态。

18、4、不完全及物动词不完全及物动词是加了宾语后意思还不完全的动词，需要在宾语后面添加宾补成分。（1） 使役动词种类动词用法例句叫MakeHaveMake/have + 宾语 + 原形动词I made him wash the car.I had John report to me.GetGet sb to doI got him to wash the car.让LetLet + 宾语 + 原形动词I let him wash the car.Let + 宾语 + 作副词用的介词（in、out、down）I let him in.强迫/要求/怂恿/催促ForceAskCompelPushEnco

19、urage 此类动词 + 宾语 + 不定式I forced him to recite the lesson.I asked him to write the letter.He compelled me to do that.I pushed her to be in charge of the work.使成为MakeMake + 宾语 + 形容词/名词His teacher make him a good student.（2） 知觉动词此类动词有三类：看： see, observe, watch, look at, notice.听： hear, listen to感觉： feel此类

20、动词可以做完全及物动词，也可以做完全不及物动词A）表事实时，用原形动作作补语，译成“了”I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞了。B）表进行状态时，用现在分词作补语，译成“正在”I saw him dancing when I walked in. 我进来的时候，看见他正在跳舞。C） 表被动语态时，用过去分词，译成“被”I saw him killed. I heard the door closed.I feel myself lifted.（3） 任命动词此类动词多表“选举”、“指派”之意，其宾语后面接表职位的名词作补语，通常该职位名词之前要省略冠词。此类动词常有： elect,

21、assign, appoint：I was appointed director of claim and recovery division.My boss appoint me director of claim and recovery division.（4） 认定动词此类动词均表“视为”之意，常有：regard, think of, see, view, think, believe, deem, consider等。（5） 转变动词此类动词均表“使变成”，常用的有change与turn两个，通常要与介词into连用：The experience turned/changed him

22、 into a good student.（6） 其他重要的不完全及物动词Set: 将置于：They set him free.Paint: 将涂成：They painted the door green.Name: 给取名： They named the baby Tom.5、授予动词授予动词是接了两个宾语的及物动词，第一个宾语叫间接宾语，表授予的对象；第二个宾语叫直接宾语，表授予的东西。常见的授予动词有give, buy, ask, offer等I will give you this watch. 其中you为间接宾语，this watch为直接宾语。（1） 间接宾语与直接宾语倒置原则A

23、）表“给予”的概念，要用toI gave him the book = I gave the book to him.B）表“代劳”的概念，要用forI bought him the book = I bought the book for him.C）表“从中”的概念，要用ofHe required me nothing = He required nothing of me.（2） 与of连用的授予动词以下授予动词均与of连用，即在直接宾语前要加ofRob / Deprive / Relieve / Rid / Break / CureI cannot rid myself of the

24、painful memory.（二） 非谓语动词非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。非谓语动词使用条件：一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词），又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时，就需要使用非谓语动词。非谓语动词的句法功能：主语宾语定语状语宾语补足语表语同位语不定式动名词分词1、不定式动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。否定式：not + (to) do（1）不定式不同时态与谓语的先后关系A）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语

25、动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.例如：Its nice to meet you.很高兴见到你。He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划去参观。He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家。The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术。The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。B）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy p

26、retended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。C）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。（2） 不定式的句法功能：A）作主语：To finish the work in t

27、en minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。常用句式有：It+be+名词+to doIt takes sb.+some time+to doIt+be+形容词

28、+of sb +to do。常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示赞扬或批评的形容词。It is very clever of him to finish the hard task.B）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。C） 作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fai

29、l, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer。如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。D）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise,

30、persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite。E）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： 动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。What did you ope

31、n it with? 你用什么打开它？如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live. 他无处安身。This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗？Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗？说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish

32、 the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。F）作状语： 表目的He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong：To save money,every means has been tried.right：To save money,he has tri

33、ed every means. 为了省钱，他使出了浑身解数。wrong：To learn English well,a dictionary is needed.right：To learn English well,he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语，他需要一本词典。 表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外)：常放在never only后He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他，只见他出去了。 表

34、原因：常放在形容词后面They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。 表程度Its too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了，我们什么也看不见。The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。2、动名词动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。动名词的形式：Ving否定式：not + 动名词（1） 动名词的时态和语态A) 一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。B) 被动式：He came to the party w

35、ithout being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。C) 完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。D) 完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。E) 否定式：not + 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。F) 复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once agai

36、n. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。（2）动名词的句法功能：A）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。B) 作表语：In the ant city,the queens job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。C) 作宾语：They ha

37、vent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。D) 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid（避免），excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,c

38、onsider,admit（承认），deny（否认），mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk（冒险），appreciate（感激），be busy,be worth,feel like,cant stand,cant help（情不自禁地），think of,dream of,be fond of,prevent(from),keep from,stop（from），protectfrom,set about,be engaged in,spend(in),succeed in,be used to,look forward to,object to,pay atte

39、ntion to,insist on,feel likeE) 作定语：He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？F) 作同位语：The cave,his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit,listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。3、现在分词现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容

40、词和副词的句法功能。现在分词的否定式：not + 现在分词（1） 现在分词的语态和时态A) 现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：They went to the park,singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework,he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。B) 现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem

41、being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times,the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。（2） 现在分词的句法功能：A) 作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is ou

42、r monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.B) 现在分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓

43、舞人心。be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。C) 作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate

44、. 他让小汽车在门口等着。D)现在分词作状语：作时间状语：(While) Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。作原因状语：Being a League member,he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home,cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。作条件状语：(If) Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.要是

45、整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。作结果状语：He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。作目的状语：He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。作让步状语：Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus,a bird fell on my head我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold

46、 out,they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting,well do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning,he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。作独立成分：Judging from(by) his appearance,he must be an actor.从外表看，他一定是个演员。Generally speaking,girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。4、过去分词过去分词只有一种形