初中英语时态的归类区别和特殊用法(DOC 7页).doc

1、初中英语时态的归类区别和特殊用法动词的过去、现在和未来动词时态一览表下面，我们来看看各个时态的用法：一般过去时用法索引在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。Where did you go just now?表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.特殊句型(需重点掌握)It is time for sb. to do sth. “到时间了”、

2、“该了”It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了”、“早该了”It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。It is time you went to bed. 早该睡觉了。would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示“宁愿某人做某事”Id rather you came tomorrow.请你注意：一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years

3、, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。过去进行时用法索引表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作. 构成： be(was,were)+现在分词，常用的时间状语：at 10:30 last night , this time yesterday eveningEg1.What were you doing at three oclock yesterday afternoon?用于when, while 引导的时间状语从句中。用过去进行时表示较长的动作.过去进行时可用于主句，也可用于从句。Eg1. I was doing my homew

4、ork when someone knocked at the door.Eg2 We were walking along the river when suddenly it rained.Eg3 While he was waiting at the bus stop, the traffic accident happened.( While 后的分句必须用进行时)Eg4.While I was reading , my sister was sleeping.(表示对比,都用进行时)用于表示过去将来的动作。常用在间接引语中。Eg1.She was leaving early the

5、next morning.Eg2. I asked him whether he was coming back for dinner.过去将来时用法索引过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态.它常用于宾语从句中.有两种构成形式：用would表示的过去将来时和用be (was/were) going to 表示的过去将来时。Eg1. He told me he would go to Beijing.Eg2 He said the train was leaving at six the next morningEg3. She said she was going to

6、 start at once.过去完成时用法索引1表示过去某时开始，一直持续到另一时间和状态。即动作完成于某个过去时间之前。常用的时间状语：由by, before等词构成的表示时间的介词短语。“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。We had not heard from him by the end of last year.根据时态一致的原则，在从句中谓语动词要用过去完成时代替其他时态。She said she had learned French for six years.构成一般现在时用法索引经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。时

7、间状语： every, sometimes,at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.客观真理、客观存在、科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。请你注意此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I

8、dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作.常和now, Look! Listen! 或其他铺垫句及情景设置句连用.Eg1.I am reading a book now.Eg2. Look! They are having a basketball match.Eg3. Listen! He is playing the piano.Eg4. Its 7:00 pm. The Greens are watching TV.表示现阶段正在进行着的动作但说话时不一

9、定正在进行.Eg1.He is working in a shoe factory these days.(临时性的工作)Eg2 Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)表示在近期按计划或安排要进行的动作.即用现在进行体表示将来要发生的动作.但一般要与将来时间连用,而且仅限于少量动词.例如: come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。Eg1.Mr. Smith is leaving for London tomorrow.Eg2 Are you staying here till next w

10、eek?常与表示渐变的动词连用.例如: get, grow, become, turn, , begin等。Eg1The leaves are turning red.Eg2Its getting warmer and warmer.现在完成时用法索引表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常用的时间状语：already, get, never, just, before, recently, for+一段时间, since+一段时间I have lost my key. (说明过去某时丢的，现在还未找到。)表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。I have known h

11、im for ten years.The dog has been dead for three days.表示从过去到现在之间曾经经历过的事。We have been to the Summer Palace twice.请你注意：因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。例：My sister has been here for 5 days.(过去分词做表语表示状态，可以延续)My sister came here 5 days ago.(终端动词)现在完成进行时用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续

12、或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。)请你注意：现在完成进行时与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。一般将来时用法索引一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。表示将来经常或反复发生的动作，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如： tomorrow, tomorrow morning, next week(year, term),in (two day

13、s), soon, the day after tomorrow等。问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请。shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。各种时态的之间的区别一、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别：A. 过去进行时表某一行为的“片断”，一般过去时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。例如：I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段)；I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”)。B.一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用。例如：He was writing a

14、 letter the whole afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复、连续发生，不可用一般过去时)。C.while 引导的时间状语从句中，用短暂动词时只能用进行时。例如：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down. 二、英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时(不用现在进行时和过去进行时)。A.表心理状态、情感的动词：love 、hate、like、care、respect 、please、prefer、know 等。若用进行时则词意改变。例如：Im for get ting it . (=beginning to forge

15、t )。B.表存在、状态的动词，如：appear、exist、lie、remain、stand、seem等。C.表感觉的动词see、hear、feel、smell、sound、taste D.表一时性的动词accept、allow、admit、decide、end、refuse、promise等。示例 考题1 As she _the newspaper,Granny _ asleep . A. read /was falling B .was reading /fell C. Was reading /was falling D. read/fell . 分析: 时间从句的动作长，而“入睡”动

16、作短，故前者用过去进行时，而较短动词用一般过去时，选B。考题2 Tom _ into the house when no one _ . A. slipped/was looking B. Had slipped /lookedC. slipped/had looked D. was slipping /looked. 分析：此题先要理解好when，表“此时”，说明主句中slipped是较短行为，而look是较长行为的片断，即汤姆溜进房子，此时没人瞧见，故选A为正确。三、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别。一般过去时只表示过去某时发生的动作和状态。现在完成时则强调到目前为止动作的完成和结果，与现在的

17、情况有联系，对现在也有影响。需要特别注意的是：A.刚做过的事，用现在完成时态，当说明或者询问做事的时间、地点时，要用一般过去时。例如he has watched the football match. She watched it last Saturday. 她看了那场足球赛，她是上周六看的。 B.have / has been to a place. 表示某人曾经去过或者到过某地。have / has gone to a place表示某人说话时已经离开此地，或在去某地的路途中或者已经到了某地。例如：Frank has gone to Tibet. 弗兰克已经去西藏了。Frank has

18、been to Tibet twice. 弗兰克已经去过西藏2次了。经典考题：-Is that Jack speaking? -Sorry, he isnt in right now. He_the cinema with his aunt.A. has been to B. has gone to C. have been to D. have gone to (显然Jack不在现场，答案选B)四、现在完成时与过去完成时的区别：过去完成时与现在完成时两者的用法基本相同，但现在完成时以现在的时间为基点， 而过去完成时则以过去的时间为基点，与现在无关，是过去的过去。I have finished

19、 my homework. (表示说话时作业已经做完了)By four oclock, I had finished my homework. 初步掌握延续性动词和瞬间动词在语法上的区别：如ie, arrive, come, go, join, leave, buy, begin, get, start, become, borrow 等均为瞬间动词，在现在完成时态中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。He has joined the army.他参军了。He has been in the army for a year.他参军已经一年了。(换成可以延续的动词)He joined the arm

20、y a year ago.(用过去时)经典考题：LinLin has come. He_ here for half an hour.A. has been to B. has gone to C. has gone D. has been (把come转化成be here, 答案选D) 五、三种一般将来时的区别1.will +动词原形构成的将来时表示主观意愿,未经事先精心计划或打算.可用于各种人称.Eg1. There is someone at the door. I will go and open it .Eg2. Who will go and help that poor old

21、man ?2.be going to +动词原形强调计划，安排要发生的事或有迹象要发生的事.Eg1.He is going to buy a new car next week.Eg2.Look at the dark clouds, I think it is going to rain soon.3.shall +动词原形构成的将来时主语通常是I或 we并且在肯定句中常被will +动词原形构成的将来时代替,但在疑问句中Shall I./ Shall we.? 常用来征求对方意见.Eg1. Shall I /we going fishing tomorrow?Eg2. When shall

22、 we meet?4.用于条件句时， be going to 表将来；will 表意愿If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.六、“过去时态”与“宾语从句”(直接引语变间接引语)宾语从句有三个要点：1.语序：一律使用陈述语序，也就是：(主句) 连词 + 从句主语 + 从句谓语

23、+. 2.引导词若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if 或whether;若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)3.时态如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；例：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。)如果主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。例：The teacher asked the boy if the earth is

24、round. (老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)直接引用说话人原来的语句,称为直接引语。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的内容,称为间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。下面，我们来看看，在主句是过去时的情况下，从直接引语变为间接引语的时候，时态都有怎样的变化呢？时态变化直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时各种时态的特殊用法一、一般将来时的特殊用法be going to +不定式，表示将来。否定句或疑问句直接在be动词后加not或提到句首。a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are

25、you going to do tomorrow?b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。c. 有迹象要发生的事。 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.某些动词的进行时表示将来，通常表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。常见的动词有：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, meet, fly等。The bus is coming.汽车来了。He is flying to Tibet tomorrow

26、.他明天要飞往西藏。一些动词用一般现在时表示将来，但必须与未来的时间状语连用。常见的动词有egin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, meet, return等。Class begins at 8:00 am.上午8点开始上课。We return to Italy tomorrow morning.我们明天上午返回 be动词不定式，表示安排、命令或预定要做的事情。Where are you to meet this evening?你们约定今晚在哪见面？be about to do sth.表示“即将做”或“就要做”I was about to le

27、ave home when the telephone began to ring.我正要离开家，电话铃突然响了。二、过去时的特殊用法1.wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。2.用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.情态动词could, would.Could you lend me your bike?