初中英语名词语法(DOC 18页).doc

1、学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考初中英语名词语法名词的种类英语中，名词分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，这类词的中心词的第一个字母要大写。常见的专有名词有：国家名称China, Japan, England, Cuba, Australia, Brazil, France;语言Chinese, Japanese, English, French;人名/地名(大到某个省市，小到某个房间) Zhou Enlai, Jim, New York, Shanghai由普通名词构成的专有名词the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Pa

2、lace of Museum; the Peoples Hospital。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： (1)个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：pen, student, desk, book, bike。 (2)集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family, class, people, school。 (3)物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air, water, paper。 (4)抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work, time, news。个体名词和集体名词可以用数

3、目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。有些名词在一种场合下属于这一类，在另一种场合下又属于那一类。例如有些物质名词也可用作个体名词，意思上有一定变化，这些词需要平时多加记忆。如：glass玻璃-a glass玻璃杯 iron铁-an iron熨斗copper铜-a copper铜币 tin锡-a tin洋铁罐paper纸-a paper报纸，证件 wood木头-a wood树林又如一些抽象名词，当意思转变而表示某类个体时，就成了个体名词：youth青春-a youth青年人 relation关系-a relation亲属democracy民主-a dem

4、ocracy民主国家 authority权威-an authority权威人士power威力，电力-a power大国 necessity必要性-a necessity必需品beauty美-a beauty每人，美的东西练习题：1、-What would you like to drink, _ or orange?-Orange, please.A. hamburger B. chip C. tea D milk2、When we saw his face, we knew_as bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news D.news3、In Englan

5、d, if _ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner4、Whats your _ for being late againA. idea B. key C. excuse D. news5、Where are the students ?Are they in _?A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room6、The teacher said we needed

6、 to choose three _for the school concert.A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers7、-What class are you in_, Mike?-Im in _.A. Grade Three, Class Two B. Class Two, Grade ThreeC. class two, grade three D. grade three, class two8、Dont make _so much .The baby is sleeping.A. things B. mistakes C. voice

7、 D. noise9、All the foot of the hill you could hear nothing but the _of the running water.A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound10、Lao She is the _ of Tea House.A. doctor B. actor C. scientist D. writer答案1-5 CCBCB 6-10 DBDDD名词的数(名词分为不可数和可数两大类)1不可数名词1）不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括专有名词，物质名词和抽象名词。例如：Paris, Europe, he

8、alth，wood，glass ,advice，information，news, progress, fun。2）有些集合名词用作不可数：equipment, furniture, machinery, jewellery, clothing,luggage. 3）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：学科名称mathematics，physics，专有名词the United States，the United Nations。4）抽象名词表示具有某种特征，状态，情感，情绪的人或事，如 aan surprise (success, beauty, honor, experience, failur

9、e, pity, pleasure )Have a delicious breakfast a heavy snow , a wonderful time A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.2可数名词(可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词)名词复数构成方法如下：(Formation of the plural of English nouns)1）一般情况在名词后加-s。例如：desks，days，classes。 bath, mouth, path, truth, youth等后加s时，读音发生了变化2）以-s，-x，-

10、ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es，读作iz。例如：bus-buses watch-watches box-boxes brush-brushes 但是stomach-stomachs除外。3）以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后加-es，读作z。例如：hero, Negro, tomato, potato.但不少以-o结尾的名词，变复数时只加-s。例如：radio-radios photo-photos piano-pianos有些以-o结尾的名词有两种复数形式。例如：zero-zeros (zeroes)，volcano-volcanoses但以-oo结尾的名词只加-s。例如：bamboo-bam

11、boos， zoo-zoos4）以“辅音+y”结尾的名词，把y改成i再加-es，读作iz。例如：factory factories country-countries5）以“元音+y”结尾的名词，或专有名词以“y”结尾的，直接在词尾加s，读作z。例如：boys，toys，Germanys，Henrys6）以-f或-fe结尾的名词，一般把“f”或“fe”改成“v”再加-es，读作vz。例如：wife, life, self, leaf, wolf, shelf, knife, half. 但是roof, gulf, chief, serf, belief, proof, safe例外加s。而sc

12、arf (围巾), hankerchief 则有两种复数形式： scarfs和scarves, hankerchiefs和hankerchieves 字母，单词，引语或缩略语加s s . two f s in off, many VIPs , three donts数词的复数形式要在其末尾加s或es。three sixes and two fours 有些集体名词用作复数：cattle, police, people, poultry。集合名词作整体看时用作单数，而指其成员看时应用其复数形式。这样的词有: class, family, crowd, group, team.7）不规则变化：改变

13、单数名词中的元音字母，或其他形式。例如：foot-feet child-children mouse-mice单、复数形式相同。例如：a sheep-two sheep a deer-three deer（鹿）此外还有means，fish，works以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、币制等单位的名词,yuan，jiao，fen，jin，mu等只有复数形式。例如：trousers，glasses（眼镜），compasses（圆规），thanks，clothes，remains（遗物，遗体），ashes（骨灰），contents（内容），goods（货物）。表示“某国人”名词的单、复数形式因习惯不同而各异

14、。单、复数形式相同，如a Chinese-two Chinese，a Japanese-two Japanese。这类词包括所有以-ese（或-ss）结尾的表示民族名称的词，如Swiss，Portuguese等。词尾加s，如a German-three Germans，an American-two Americans，Russians变词尾man为men的有：Frenchmanwoman，Irishman, Dutchman, Englishman等。复合名词(Compound nouns)的复数形式因词而异。例如：主体名词变成复数形式film-goer(s)，looker(s)-on，si

15、ster(s)-in-law没有主体名词 grown-ups , go-betweens.两个组成部分皆变为复数形式 man servant-men servants woman doctor-women doctors8）有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。例如：papers 报纸，文件manners 礼貌 goods 货物works 工厂；著作looks 外表glasses 眼镜 greens 青菜hairs 几根头发times 时代sands 沙滩，沙地 irons 脚镣手铐drinks 饮料forces 军队spirits 酒精，情绪 woods 树林 advices报道，情报9）一

16、些物质名词有时以复数形式出现。例如：teas（各种茶），silks（各种丝绸），fruits（各种水果）, fishes, foods, three coffees两杯咖啡The boy burst into tears at the bad news. The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops. The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.10）word 一词作“消息”或“通知”解时，前面不加“a”或“the”，也不用复数形式。例如：Word came that the meeting will

17、 be held on Friday. 通知说，星期五开会。 注意下列词组中的单、复数：keep/ break ones word 守（失）信 leave word 留言 in a word 简言之word for/ by word 逐字地 upon my word 说实在话 in other words 换句话说eat ones words 收回前言，认错 waste ones words 白费口舌have a few words/ a word with 与-说几句话 have words with 与某人吵嘴名词的所有格(Genitive nouns)1表示有生命的东西的名词 (-s g

18、enitive)这类名词所有格一般在名词后加“s”，其构成形式如下：1）一般名词后加“s”。例如：my brothers bag the childrens clothes Have you seen my sister, Kates bicycle?2）以-s或-es结尾的专有名词的所有格，只在名词右上方加“” 。例如：the workers club 3）以-s结尾的专有名词的所有格，以读音z结尾的，一般可在名词的右上方加“”，也可加“s”，其读音分别为z、iz。例如：Engels/ Engelss works, Dickens/ Dickenss books4）复合名词所有格的词尾“s”

19、加在后面的名词之后。例如：her son-in-laws photo5）如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词加“s”；如果不是共有的，两个名词后都要加“s”。例如：Jane and Marys room （共有） Janes and Toms books （不共有）6）在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的名词所有格后面，一般省略它所修饰的词。例如：at Mr Greens 在格林先生家 to my uncles 到我叔叔家at the tailors 在裁缝店 at the barbers 在理发店at the doctors 在诊所7）1.起修饰作用的名词，如不表示所有关系，通常不用“s”。例

20、如：room number, a tooth brush, coffee cup, class meeting, student life, word order2表示无生命东西的名词 (of genitive) 这类名词通常采用 of+ 名词的结构来表示所有关系。例如：the gate of the school, the window of the room3有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词也可以加“s”来构成所有格。例如：todays newspaper, a ten minutes walk, Chinas industry, six dollars wor

21、th, two tons weight 等。4双重所有格 (Double genitive)a/ any friend of mine (=one/ any of my friends) some daughters of Mrs Greens (=some of Mrs Greens daughters)a friend of my mothers 表示部分概念 a friend of my mother 只表示所属关系of 前有一定要有a, an ,two any, some ,several, another 一般不用one；或this , that, these, those表示爱憎褒

22、贬等感情，this (lovely) daughter of my aunts ,不用the， of 后必须是特定的人 some of pictures of the students Toms you 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed常考的可数名词和不可数名词1. 常考的不可数名词furniture luggage clothing equipment poetry jewelry machinery weaponry scenery information knowledge homework evidence foliage advertisin

23、g healthA : 流体 air waterB: 颗粒状物体 rice saltC: 抽象名词 informationD: 总称名词 poetry machineryE: 疾病不可数 diabetes糖尿病 measles麻疹F: 自然现象 rain dropsG:学科不可数 mathematics economics statistics physics politics mechanics genetics geology geography chemistry philosophy biology history2.常考的不规则单复数man/men woman/women tooth

24、/teeth foot/feet goose/geesebasis/bases analysis/analyses crisis/crises hypothesis/hypotheses axis/axes alga/algae larva/larvae fungus/fungi stimulus/stimuli datum/data bacterium/bacteria medium/media spectrum/spectra mouse/mice child/children phenomenon/phenomena radius/radii3.常考的单复数同型的名词aircraft s

25、pacecraft series species means sheep deer bison salmon trout carp4. 常考的可数名词discovery cloud mineral metal substance population effort effect animal plant mammal insect tree herb shrub element function feature picture result clue star reason audience device structure human human being system fashion r

26、esource source origin pioneer automobile purpose style response number amount variety quantity type kind influence emotion change5. 即可数又不可数的名词sugar , cloth , water , detail , paper ,work , light ,science ,form , interest , art , area ,color , disease , illness , rock , stone ,matter , food , culture

27、 ,noise , liquid , solid , gas , climate , film ,material , population , temperature , experience ,speech ,use time , life , action , activity , study rock(砂岩) rocks(块岩) work(工作,作品) works(著作) paper(纸) papers(论文,报告,文件) area(面积) areas(地区,区域) time(时间) times(次数) room(空间) rooms(房间) water(水) waters(水域)col

28、lections由同一种物品构成,可数 his three collections of short storiescollection 由不同种物品构成,不可数 his art collection当一个不可数名词表种类时,可数.可数/不可数 :有无数的概念抽象/具体 advertisement 广告 可数 advertising 广告业 不可数fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish可数名词且单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many fish/kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很

29、多鱼/种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼) 注：不同国籍人的单复数国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek t

30、wo Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a German two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen

31、瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes新目标七年级名词变复数练习题一、写出下列名词的复数形式1、orange 2、class 3、text 4、monkey 5、piano 6、child 7、shelf 8、bed 9、country 10、family 11、toy 12、foot 13、Japanese 14、radio 15、photo 16、army 17、tomato 18、fox 19、woman 20、knife 22、sheep 二、选择填空1、There on the wall .They are very beautiful.A. are p

32、hotoes B. are photosC. is a photo D. is photos2. This kind of car made in Shanghai.A. is B. are C .were D. has3. There are four and two in the group.A. Japanese, Germen B Japaneses, GermenC. Japanese, German D.Japanese, Germans4. Thats art book.A. an B. a C. the D. are5. The boys have got already.A.

33、 two bread B. two breadsC. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread6. The old man wants .A. six boxes of apples B. six boxes of appleC. six box of apples D. six boxs of apples7. There some in the river.A. is ,fish B. are, fishs C. is, fishs D. are ,fish8. There two in the box.A. is watch B. are wat

34、ches C. are watch D. is watches9. We should clean twice a day.A .our tooth B. our tooths C.teeth D.our teeth10.The _ meeting room is near the reading room.A.teacher B.teachers C.teachers D.teachers11. In Britain _ are all painted red.A.letter boxes B.letters boxes C.letter box D.letters box三.写出下列各词的

35、复数形式am is he she it that this you pen desk key orange boy friend parent mother father sister brother son daughter cousin case box card family 按要求变换句型（把110句变为复数句） 1. This is my friend. 2. This is a bike. 3.That is her brother. 4.This is a book. 5.That is an eraser.6.It is a red orange.7.He is a teach

36、er.8. Whats this?9.This is my mother.10.He is a Chinese boy.初中英语名词练习题二、基本型写出下列名词的复数形式：1. pencil-box _ 2. wife _ 3. Sunday_4. city_ 5. dress _6. Englishman _7. match _ 8. Chinese _9. zoo _10. exam_ 11. German _12. I have a lot of _(作业) to do every day.13. His _(裤子) are new, but mine are old.14. It is

37、 the best one of the _ (照片) in my family.15. Are they building any _ (图书馆) in the city?16. Can you cut this big pear into two _(半)?17. At the end of _(八月), you must get ready for the new school year.18. Trees are planted in most of the mountain v_.19. I like a_. Its neither hot nor cold.20. T_ comes

38、 after Monday.、提高型来源：1June 1st is _ Day all over the world.A. Childs B. Childs C. Childrens D. ChildrensSeptember 10th is _ Day in China, isnt it?A. Teachers B. TeachersC. Teacher D. Teacher of_ is made of _.A. Glass; glass B. A glass; glassC. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses4.This is _ news.A.

39、such a good B. a very good C. so good a D. such good5.what _ it is! Lets go swimming.A. a fine weather B. fine dayC. a fine day D. bad weather6.They like Chinese _.A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people7.Lucy and I go to school _ every day.A. on feet B. on foo

40、t C. by foots D. by buses8. Are those _? -No, they arent. Theyre _.A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cowC. sheeps; cow D. sheeps; cows9. What are you listening to,Jane? _ or _?A. a music; a news B. music; news C. music; news D. music; a news10.How many _ and _ are there in your class?A. boy student; girl ones B. gi