研究生英语考试文章总结summary-writi课件.ppt

1、How to write a summary*vIn the article,the writer argues that there are synergies between gender equity,poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability.*vThe writer finds that women are unequal to men in every way.(They are underprivileged and put under social and moral restrictions.)He believe

2、s that an exploration into biomass energy can shed light on the synergy between gender,poverty and environment issues.vTo begin with,environmental deterioration like deforestation reduces biomass energy dramatically,sending poor women to collect wood fuel for long hours instead of studying or workin

3、g,perpetuating their poverty.vAt the same time,women become more vulnerable as victims of indoor air-pollution.They can access fewer resources of biomass energy due to privatization of communal lands.vEven in developed countries,they have to live with inequality in such realms as energy,education an

4、d labor division.*v The worsening environment and changing climate affect women negatively by increasing water scarcity,increasing the disease burden,etc.But women can help reverse the downward trend by taking public transportation more and promoting renewable energy.vDiscriminatory inheritance,prop

5、erty ownership and limited access to agricultural support systems render women unable to ensure food safety,soil conservation and land sustainability.*vLack of clean water further adds to womens burdens:many of them have to spend as much as three or more hours just to fetch water,putting them at gre

6、at risk of developing various diseases,further depriving them of the time avalable to better their life financially and emotionally.vUnclean water,pollutants in the environment,climate changes and poor nutrition work together to pose a threat to womens health,espeacilly pregnant women.Ignorance of A

7、IDS afflict many women in Africa,affecting agriculture in this land.*vIn the process of urbanization,many women are left behind to take care of everything single-handedly.Those who migrate to cities face new challenges as well,like economic exploitation and meanly living conditions.vDisasters are mo

8、re likely to strike poor women harder who live in poor-quality houses and disaster-prone areas.To make things worse,they are ill-informed and do not react as quickly as they should in an emergency due to the social restrictions on women about propriety.*vThe writer calls for forward-looking strategi

9、es to integrate gender into environmental analysis.To be more specific:Allow more participation in environmental policies and actions on womens part;put the government priority on fostering gender equity and subsidize it;resort to a scientific paradigm as well as a social approach in the environment

10、al analysis.*vIn the article,the writer argues that attention to gender issues sharpens environmental studies and helps relieve poverty.vvvvTo conclude,a gender perspective will go a long way toward making smarter environmental policies and programs,alleviating poverty at the same time.They are inte

11、rlocked and interactive.*Steps in Writing a Summaryv 1.Read the article v 2.Reread the Article.v-Divide the article into segments or sections of ideas.Each segment deals with one aspect of the central theme.A segment can comprise one or more paragraphs.v-Label each segment.Use a general phrase that

12、captures the subject matter of the segment.Write the label in the margin next to the segment.v-Highlight or underline the main points and key phrases.*v 3.Write One-Sentence summaries.v-Write a one-sentence summary for each segment of thought on a separate sheet of paper.v 4.write supporting ideasv-

13、Cover all of the authors major supporting ideas.v v-Show the relationships among these ideas.v v-Omit specifics,such as illustrations,descriptions,and detailed explanations.v v-Indicate the authors purpose in writing:to inform,to persuade,or to entertain.If the passage is a persuasive piece,report t

14、he authors bias or position on the issue.v v-Omit all personal opinions,ideas,and inferences.Let the reader know that you are reporting the authors ideas.*v 5.Formulate the Thesis Statement.v-Formulate a central theme that weaves the one-sentence segment-summaries together.This is your thesis statem

15、ent.v-In many articles,the author will state this directly.You may wish to take his direct statement of the thesis and restate it in your own words.v-In other articles,you may have to write your own one-sentence thesis statement that summarizes this central theme.*several aspects to an effective the

16、sis statement:v-It comprises two parts:va)the topic or general subject matter of the textvb)the authors major assertion,comment,or position on the topic.v v-This central theme is summarized clearly and accurately in a one-sentence thesis statement.v v-The thesis statement does not contain specific d

17、etails discussed in the text.v v-The thesis statement is stated at the beginning of the summary.*v 6.Write Your First Draft.v v-Begin with a proper citation of the title,author,source,and date of publication of the article summarized.v-Combine the thesis statement,your one-sentence segment summaries

18、 and supporting ideas into a one-to-two-paragraph summary.v v-Eliminate all unnecessary words and repetitions.v-Eliminate all personal ideas and inferences.v-Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.v v-Conclude with a“summing up”sentence by stating what can be learned from reading the

19、 article.vWrite in the present tense.*v 7.Edit Your Draft.Check your summary by asking the following questions:v-Have I answered the who,what,when,why,and how questions?v-Is my grammar,punctuation,and spelling correct?v-Have I left out my personal views and ideas?v-Does my summary“hang together”?Doe

20、s it flow when I read it aloud?*vThe Hawaiian Muu-muu as a Writing AidvMary Deal*vvOne of the joys of living in Hawaii is wearing a Muu-muu.When I go out on an errand,if Im wearing shorts and a tee,I change into a Muu-muu when Im home and ready to write again.vWell,I even go shopping in a Muu-muu if

21、 the idea strikes me.Im a Kamaaina to these Islands,a transplant,and have yet to fully adopt some of the more relaxed local customs.vI tried sitting at my computer wearing street clothes like shorts,jeans,or even a dress.Doing so reminded me of the discomfort I felt when wearing sleek suits to an of

22、fice where ones grooming and appearance was so important.Most waistbands are too binding when sitting to write,actually making me feel like Im strangling my creativity.Any discomfort is a distraction.vA friend who also writes can turn out an article in a room full of noisy people.Maybe thats because

23、 shes a journalist,and catches news as its happening.vWriting is a personal thing for me,something I do very much alone,because I can become quite animated.vWhen I write,I feel everything I create and often act out the gestalt of the characters.That is,I speak the parts or play-act to make sure the

24、words flow like ordinary conversation.I read the whole story out loud and move around a lot and gesture.vThe more we writers feel what we write,the more likely we are to convey the emotion and meaning of the story to the reader.vSo feeling constricted is out of the question.My writing wardrobe is to

25、 dress my muse comfortably.In these Islands,colorful,loose fitting Muu-muus are perfect.I can even answer the door wearing a Muu-muu instead of a bathrobe._/(1)/(2)/(3)_/(4)_-_*In the article,Mary Deal argues how the Hawaiian Muu-muu is a writing aid.Mary feels that when sitting to write,wearing a M

26、uu-muu is more comfortable and relaxing than wearing binding street clothes,because tight clothing is a distraction and stifles her Muse,her creativity.While writing,she moves around a lot and gestures,acting out her characters parts in order to make the story realistic.Consequently,feeling constric

27、ted is out of the question.The Hawaiian Muu-muu is loose fitting and suits Marys Muse just fine and does not divert her attention from the flow of creativity.*TipsvWrite in the present tense.vMake sure to include the author and title of the work.vBe concise:a summary should not be equal in length to

28、 the original text.vRestate the ideas in your own words as much as possible.Avoid direct vquotations.If you must use the words of the author,cite them.vDont put your own opinions,ideas,or interpretations into the summary.The purpose of writing a summary is to accurately represent what the author wan

29、ted to say,not to provide a critique.*vIn the article,the author argues that credibility creates and projects a good image to the public,establishing trust between people.It matters among individuals,for enterprises as well as governments.*vThe author first tells the story of a girl who returned the

30、 change to indicate that the credibility of individuals is the fabric of the society.Then,the scandal of the Chinese dairy industry is illustrated to prove that lack of credibility at the level of companies will cost them both the image and the market.Quite on the contrary,Lincolns story confirms th

31、at honesty helps businesses and brings new opportunities.The reason is obvious:people prefer to do business with those who are trustworthy and integral.Finally,the author holds that credibility and honesty are the main principles and foundations of government.A case in point is the Chinese governmen

32、ts credibility that is on the decline.The Chinese Global Times attributes the crisis of credibility to such practices as withholding key information,making no apologies for mishandling and paying no due attention.*vIn conclusion,the author emphasizes the significance to be a person of credibility and to enshrine credibility in all companies.For the Chinese government,it should be one of the top priorities to restore credibility.v(211 words)*