(完整版)英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接).doc

1、英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)第一部分 语法框架 词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词语 句子成分：主、谓、宾，定、状、补，同位、表法 主语+谓语 句 简 主语+谓语+宾语法 单 主语+谓语+宾语（间宾）+宾语（直宾） 按 句 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结 主语+系动词+表语构 并列句：简单句+并列连词+简单句分 定语从句复合句：主句+从句 状语从句句 名 主语从句 子 词 宾语从句 结 性 构 从 同位语从句 句 表语从句 陈述句：肯定句/否定句 按 疑 一般疑问句：将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成 语 问 特殊

2、疑问句：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how)+一般疑问句 气 句 选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句（通常省去与前句相同的内容） 分 反义疑问句：前肯后否；前否后肯 祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等，以动词原形开头 What +名词+主语+谓语!感 What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!叹 How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!句 How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语! How +主语+谓语!第二部分 词类名词Noun (n.)专有名词首字母大写的人名、地名、组织名、机构名等，如：Qi Baishi, New York, the

3、USA普通名词可数名词（单/复数）个体名词：能分成单个独立个体的名词，如：pen, apple, student, tree集体名词：由几个个体组成的小集体的名词，如：group, class, family不可数名词物质名词：不能分为个体的物质，通常为气体、液体，如：water, gas, air抽象名词：不具体，看不见，莫不着的事物，如：advice, information动词Verb(v.)实义动词/行为动词(具体动作的发出 )及物动词(vt.)：需要带宾语的动词，即：该类词后必须有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词，如：finish tasks, run(经营) a company, rea

4、d a novel 不及物动词(vi.)：不需要带宾语的的动词，即：该类词后没有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词，如：He(主) runs(谓) quickly(状). 若要在不及物动词后接宾语，则需要加上相关介词，如：They arrived in London at 9 p.m.情态动词表示说话人语气和态度的词：can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, need, ought to, dare。其后的动词用原形，“情动+动原”一起构成句子的谓语。助动词帮助构成时态、语态或改变句子结构的动词，如：be(am, is, are

5、, was, were), have(has, had), do, does, did连系动词表状态：be(是), seem/appear(好像)表感官：look(看起来), sound(听起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), feel(感觉起来)动词Verb (v.)连系动词表保持：keep/ stay/remain(保持)表变化：become(成为，变得), get(变得), turn(变得), go(变得), come(变得)形容词Adjective(adj.)描述人或物的性质、特征等的词，修饰名词或代词，通常意为“的”，如：smart, clever, humour

6、ous, beautiful, excellent, honest, kind, friendly, handsome, cute, lovely, wonderful, favorite, etc.部分具有比较级和最高级副词Adverb(adv.)修饰动词、形容词、副词的词，通常意为“地”时间副词now, then, before, ago, today, yesterday, tomorrow, etc.地点副词Here, there everywhere, anywhere, somewhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, up, d

7、own, back, forward(向前地), home, upstairs(楼上地), downstairs, across, along, round, around, near, off, past, up, away, on程度副词much, little, very, rather(相当), so, too, still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个), almost, slightly(细小地), hardly方式副词carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑

8、地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly, slowly, badly, hard, bravely频度副词often, always, usually, generally(一般地), frequently（频繁地）顺序副词first, then, next, finally, afterwards, primarily(起初)关系副词when, where, why用在定语从句中，起关联作用疑问副词when, where, why, h

9、ow用在特殊疑问句中，分别表示时间、地点、原因、方式连接副词therefore(因此), moreover(此外), however, otherwise(另外), besides冠词Article(art.)定冠词a/an表泛指不定冠词the表特指数词Numeral(num.)基数词one, two, there, four, five, six, seven, ten, twenty, thirty, etc.序数词first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, tenth, etc.分数1/2(one half), 1

10、/3(one third), 2/3(two thirds), 1/4(one quarter), 3/4(three quarters), 5/8(five eighths)百分数50%(50 percent)介词Preposition(prep.)放在名词或代词前面，表示时间、地点、原因、方式等事物关系，如：in, on, with, by, for, at, about, under, of, into, within, throughout, inside, outside, without, because of, in front of, instead of, concernin

11、g(关于), considering(就而言), including(包括), regarding(关于), etc.代词Pronoun(pron.)代替名词、形容词或数词的词人称代词：第一、二、三人称反身代词：带有后缀self, selves的代词物主代词形容词性物主代词：起形容词作用（修饰作用）的代词名词性物主代词：起名词作用（修饰作用）的代词指示代词：指代时间/空间上较近/较远的人/事物的代词不定代词：代替不确定数目的词关系代词：在定语从句中代替先行词的代词，有which, that, who, whom, whose, as疑问代词：在特殊疑问句中，指代人或事物的代词，有which,

12、that, who, whom, whose连词Conjunction(conj.)连接词与词，短语与短语，句子与句子的词并列连词：连接并列成分的词，如：and, but, so, eitheror等 从属连词：连接状语从句的词，如：when(时间), where(地点), because(原因), so that(结果), than(比较), if(条件), in order that(目的), as if(方式), although(让步) (共八类连词)连接连词：连接名词性从句的词第三部分 句子成分及简单句一、简单句的五大基本句型：主语 + 谓语 名词/代词/动名词/不定式 + 不及物动

13、词主语 + 谓语 + 宾语名词/代词/动名词/不定式 + 及物动词 + 名词/代词/动名词/不定式 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语（间宾） + 宾语（直宾） 名词/代词/动名词/不定式 + 及物动词 + 代词 + 名词主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补 名词/代词/动名词/不定式 + 及物动词 + 代词 + 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语 + 系动词 + 表语名词/代词/动名词/不定式 + 系动词 + 代词 + 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语实例依次如下：She arrived (on time). 主谓(状) 她按时到了。 We will accep

14、t (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾 我们将接受他们的邀请。 The company offered him a well-paid job. 主谓+直宾+间宾 那家公司给他提供了一份待遇丰厚的工作。All of them consider him considerate. 主谓宾+宾补 他们大家都认为他很体贴。 This is an exciting result. 主系表这是一个令人激动的结果。二、句子八大成分：主语、谓语、宾语，定语、状语、补语，同位语、表语（主谓宾，定状补，同位表）1、主语（1）定义：主语是构成句子的八大成分之一，是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首

15、。（2）主语的表示：主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、动名词短语等充当。During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名词）We often speak English in class. （代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式短语）Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）The

16、rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句）2、谓语（1）定义：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词或动词短语在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后，并体现人称、数和时态。（2）谓语的表示：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. (动词) She turned off the light just now. (动词短语) 复合谓语：1）由情态动词加动词原形

17、构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. 2）由助动词have/has/had加动词过去分词构成。如：He has caught a bad cold. 3）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.3、宾语：（1）定义：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： （2）宾语的表示：宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、动名词短语等充当。They saw an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school o

18、n time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）（3）宾语种类： 1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary,

19、please. 2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor. 4、定语：（1）定义：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。（2）定语的表示：定语可由形容词、名词、代词、数词等充当，如（划线部分为定语，黑体部分为中心语）：*They have something important to announce.（形容词）Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（数词、名词）His rapid progress in English

20、made us surprised.（代词）Jelly received seven gifts on her 16th birthday. （数词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）I shared the pizzas made by my aunt with my friends. （过去分词短语）The black dog following Mr. White is a h

21、omeless one. （现在分词短语）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）The boy who is reading is Tom. （定语从句）（3）定语的位置：观察以上例句，不难发现：单个词作定语时，通常位于被修饰词之前，作前置定语；短语和从句作定语时，则位于被修饰词之后，作后置定语。例外：1)形容词修饰不定代词时需后置，如例句They have something importan

22、t to announce.（形容词） 2)present 在场的，出席的 e.g. All present were surprised. There were 200 people present at the meeting. 现有的，目前的 e.g. We are trying to solve the present difficulties. concerned 担心的，忧虑的 e.g. Concerned parents held a meeting. 有关的 e.g. the authorities concerned 有关部门5、状语（1）定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句

23、子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。示： （2）状语的表示：状语可由副词及副词性词组、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、名词、状语从句等充当。Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词）

24、Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（时间、原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语） Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）

25、She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语） 6、宾语补足语（1）定义：补充说明宾语的身份、特征或与宾语相同概念的成分。英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外

26、，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如：make/name/call等+宾语+宾补）。（2）宾补的表示：宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dong Ming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We fou

27、nd everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） 7、同位语（1）定义：某一名词或代词后的等同解释部分。（2）同位语的表示：同位语可由名词、名词词组、从句等充当。We love our country, China. （名词）I live in Shijiazhuang, a city not far from Beijing. （名词词组） 注：作同位语的名词或名词词组与被解释部分指同一人或同一物。I happened to hear the n

28、ews that we would have a three-day off. （从句）注：作同位语的从句内容即为被解释部分所要表达的内容。8、表语（1）定义：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。（2）表语的表示：表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容

29、词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）句子成分巧记歌诀主谓宾表定状补， 七种成分记清楚。句子主干主谓宾（表）

30、，枝叶成分定状补。定语修饰主宾表， 宾语之后常有补。主谓人称数一致， 状语位置最灵活。Exercises:I. 指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。1. We all study hard at English.A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D.表语2. Betty likes her new bike very much. A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语3. My brother is a policeman. A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语4. Were you at home last night? A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语5. Winter is th

31、e coldest season of the year. A 定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语6. He often walks in the park. A.定语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语7. Mary asked me to help her yesterday.A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语8. He bought me a nice present last week. A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补9. His parents are doctors.A.宾语 B.表语 C.谓语 D.定语10. Ill get you some tea now.A.宾

32、语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补11. My mother told us an interesting story last night.A.表语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补12. He has read the book twice.A.主语 B.谓语 C.表语 D.宾语13. They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.A.表语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.定语14. Do you have something to eat ?A.状语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.宾补15. We made him our monitor.A.宾语

33、 B.定语 C. 状语 D.宾补II. 划出下列句子的成分。1. I can swim. 我会游泳。2. Everything changes. 万物都在变。3. The plane has already arrived. 飞机已经抵达。 4. I like English. 我喜欢英语。5. They are reading books . 他们在看书。6. He bought a computer last week. 他上周买了台电脑。7. My mother is a scientist. 我母亲是个科学家。8. She looks young. 她看上去很年轻。9. The foo

34、d tastes very delicious. 这食物尝起来很香。10. My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday. 我母亲昨天给我买了本字典。11. Can you give me the math book? 你能给我那本数学书吗？12. Will you tell us something about your school life? 你给我讲讲你们的学习生活，好吗？13. We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们必须保持教室干净、整洁。14. My mother asks me to sp

35、eak English as much as possible. 我母亲要求我尽可能多地讲英语。15. I heard her singing happily in the room just now. 刚才我听到她在房间里高兴地唱着歌。简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。句型种类看动词，后接成分是关键。系词之后接表语，不及物后无需连。及物又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见。还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。三、“主语+be+表语”句式的常见用法 1. 主语+be+形容词/介词短语/副词(表状态) “某物/某人是什么样的”The river is wide and deep. 这条

36、河又宽又深。Jelly was embarrassed when he was caught cheating in the exam. 作弊被发现时，Jelly感到很尴尬。The scenery in the north is attractive. 北方的风景让人陶醉。The two missing boys were in danger. 那两个走失的男孩面临危险。His father was out of work last year. 去年，他父亲失业了。He is always at a loss while facing difficulties. 面对困难时，他总是不知所措。T

37、ime is up. 时间到了。 2. 主语+be+名词/从句 “某物/某人是”They are volunteers. 他们是志愿者。The people over there were workers. 那边的那些人曾是工人。I am a Senior3 student. 我是一名高三学生。One hundred dollar is what he needs. 他需要一百美元。 3. 主语+be+介词短语/副词(表地点/方位) “某物/某人在”We are in the office. 我们在办公室。Everyone is here. 所有人都在此。Heilongjiang is in

38、the northeast of China. 黑龙江在中国东北。My home is behind the supermarket. 我家在那个超市后面。 4. (1)“某人多少岁” (以5岁为例，类似地替换年龄数)He is 5.He is 5 years old.He is at the age of 5. He is aged 5. (2) 主语+is/was+ “in ones 基数词复数形式” “某人几十多岁”He is in his seventies. 她七十多岁。（从70岁到79岁之间） She is in her fifties. 她五十多岁。（从50岁到59岁之间） 还可

39、以借助early, middle, late来表达得更明确一些，例如： The girl is in her early twenties. 那女孩今年二十二、三岁。 He is in his middle teens. 他今年十四、五岁。She is in her late twenties. 她今年二十八、九岁。四、并列连词 1. 定义：用于连接词与词，短语与短语，句子与句子的词。 2. 分类：表并列关系and, as well as, bothand, not only/justbut (also)表转折关系but, yet(然而)表对比关系while(而，却), whereas(然而，

40、但是)表选择关系or/or/else/otherwise(否则), eitheror(要么/或者，要么/或者), neithernor(既不也不), notbut(不是而是)表因果关系for(因为), so(1) Work hard and you will pass the exam. 努力学习吧，你会通过考试的。(2) My father and mother are teachers. 我爸爸和妈妈都是老师。(3) He failed many times, but he didnt despair. 他失败多次但并没有气馁。(4) Not only does he like readi

41、ng stories, but also he can even write some. 他不仅爱看故事，还会写故事呢。(5) He like not only playing basketball but also playing football. 他不仅喜欢打篮球，还喜欢踢足球。(6) Neither you nor he is right. 你与他都不正确。(7) Tom was rich while his brother was very poor. Tom非常富有，然而他的哥哥非常穷。(8) He didnt visit us but met his pen-pal. 他没来看我们而是去见笔友了。(9) We had better stay at home, for it is raining. 我们最好待在家里，因为正在下雨。(10) Hurry up, or you will miss the flight. 搞快点，否则你要错过航班。