高中化学方程式总结归纳大全(DOC 36页).doc

1、高中化学方程式总结归纳大全一.金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性2Na+H2 2NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na2O+O2 2Na2O22Na+O2 Na2O2 2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑ 2Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH+H2↑2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H2↑4Na+TiCl4 4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2 MgCl2 Mg+Br2 MgBr22Mg+O2 2MgO Mg+S MgS2Cu+S Cu2S (Cu2S只能由单质制备)Mg+2H2

2、O Mg(OH)2+H2↑2Mg+TiCl4 Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbCl MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2 2MgO+C 2Mg+SiO2 2MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2↑ (Mg+2H+=Mg2+H2↑)2Al+3Cl2 2AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐)4Al+3MnO2 2Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3 Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反应)2Al+Fe2O3 Al2O3+2

3、Fe 2Al+3FeO Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)Al+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O Al+4H+NO3–=Al3+NO↑+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑ 2Al+2OH–+2H

4、2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 Fe3O4 2Fe+O2 2FeO (炼钢过程)Fe+I2 FeI2Fe+S FeS (FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g) Fe3O4+4H2↑Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2↑ Fe+2H+=Fe2+H2↑Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2+Cu↓Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn↓ Fe+Sn2+=Fe2+S

5、n↓二、非金属单质(F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si，H)1、还原性S+O2 SO2S+H2SO4(浓) 3SO2↑+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓) H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2OS+4H+6=6NO2↑+2H2O+3S+4HNO3(稀) 3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O3S+4H+4 3SO2+4NO↑+2H2ON2+O2 2NO4P+5O2 P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P+3X2 2PX3(X表示F2，Cl2，Br2)PX3+X2 PX5P4+20HNO3(浓) 4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2OC+2F2 C

6、F4C+2Cl2 CCl4C+O2(足量) CO22C+O2(少量) 2COC+CO2 2COC+H2O CO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2 Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl2 SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2=Si(纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2 SiO2Si+C SiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2↑ (Si+2OH +H2O= +2H2↑)2、氧化性：F2+H2=2HF (阴暗处爆炸)F2+Xe(过量)=XeF22F2(过量)+Xe=XeF4 (XeF4是强氧化剂，能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–)nF2+2M=2MF

7、n(M表示大部分金属)2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2 (水是还原剂)2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI=2NaF+I27F2(过量)+I2=2IF7F2+Cl2(等体积)=2ClF (ClF属于类卤素：ClF+H2O=HF+HClO )3F2(过量)+Cl2=2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3 )Cl2+H2 2HCl (将H2在Cl2点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)3Cl2+2P 2PCl3 Cl2+PCl3 PCl5 Cl2+2Na 2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe 2FeCl3 C

8、l2+Cu CuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl )Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2Br =2Cl +Br2Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2 Cl2+2I =2Cl +I23Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H+6Cl–+IO3–5Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S↓ Cl2+S2–=2Cl&n

9、dash;+S↓Cl2+H2S=2HCl+S↓ (水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H+2Cl–+S↓Cl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42–+2Cl–Cl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2 Cl2+H2O2=2H+Cl–+O22O2+3Fe Fe3O4 O2+K=KO2S+H2 H2S 2S+C CS2 S+Zn ZnSS+Fe FeS (既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取)S+2Cu Cu2S (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)3S+2Al Al2S3 (只能由单质制取，不能由离子

10、制取)N2+3H2 2NH3 N2+3Mg Mg3N2 N2+3Ca Ca3N2N2+3Ba Ba3N2 N2+6Na 2Na3N N2+6K 2K3NN2+6Rb 2Rb3N N2+2Al 2AlNP4+6H2 4PH3 P+3Na Na3P 2P+3Zn Zn3P2H2+2Li 2LiH3、歧化反应Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化： (Cl2+H2O H+Cl–+HClO)Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+

11、2H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(浓) 5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH– 5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O)3S+6NaOH 2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O (3S+6OH– 2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O=PH3↑+3KH2PO2 (4P+3OH–+3H2O=PH3↑+3H2PO2–)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+1

12、5H2SO43C+CaO CaC2+CO↑3C+SiO2 SiC+2CO↑三.非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) 金属氢化物(NaH)1、还原性:4HCl(浓)+MnO2 MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H+2Cl–+MnO2 Mn2+Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(浓)+PbO2 PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H+2Cl–+PbO2 Pb2+Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2 2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O16 H+10C

13、l-+2MnO4–=2Mn2+5Cl2↑+8H2O6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O6H+5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O14H+6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3+5Cl2↑+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能

14、共存)2H2S+3O2(足量) 2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量) 2S↓+2H2O2H2S+SO2=3S↓+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(浓)=S↓+SO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O3H2S+2H+2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2+5S↓+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO

15、4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+=2Cr3+3S↓+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+ +2NH3+3CuO 3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2↑+2H2ONH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O4NH3+3O2(纯氧) 2N2+6H2O 4NH3+5O2 4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O (用氨清除NO)

16、NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2↑ (生氢剂)NaH+H2O=Na+OH–+H2↑4NaH+TiCl4 Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑ CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑2、酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O(可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻)4HF+Si=SiF4+2H2↑2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl H2S+Fe=FeS↓+H2↑H2S+CuCl2=CuS↓+2HCl (弱酸制强酸的典型反应)H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+H2S+2AgNO3

17、=Ag2S↓+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+H2S+HgCl2=HgS↓+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2=PbS↓+2HNO3 (铅试纸检验空气中H2S)H2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+H2S+2Ag=Ag2S+H2↑(银器在空气中变黑的原因)2NH3(液)+2Na=2NaNH2+H2↑ (NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3↑)3、NH3的碱性：NH3+HX=NH4X (X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3 NH3+H+=NH4

18、+2NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4 NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯德榜制碱：用于工业制备小苏打，苏打)NH3+H2S=NH4HS NH3+H2S=NH4+HS-4、不稳定性：2HF H2+F2 2HCl H2+Cl2 2H2O 2H2+O22H2O2=2H2O+O2 H2S H2+S 2NH3 N2+3H22HI H2+I2四.非金属氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiO2、P2O3、P2O5、Cl2O、Cl2O3、Cl2O5、Cl2O7、ClO2)1、低价态的还原性：(SO

19、2、CO、NO)2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)2SO2+O2 2SO3 SO2+NO2=SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42–+2Cl–SO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr Br2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42–+2Br–SO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HI I2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42–+2I–2NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾

20、气中的NO和NO2)NO+NO2+2OH–=2NO2–2CO+O2 2CO2 CO+CuO Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3 2Fe+3CO2 CO+H2O CO2+H22、氧化性：SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSO3+2KI K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu 4CuO+N2 N2O+Zn ZnO+N2CO2+2Mg 2MgO+C (CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)SiO2+2H2 Si+2H2O SiO2+2Mg 2Mg

21、O+Si3、与水的作用:SO2+H2O=H2SO3SO3+H2O=H2SO4 SO3+H2O=2H+SO42–3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO (NO2不是硝酸的酸酐)N2O5+H2O=2HNO3 N2O5+H2O=2H+2NO3–P2O5+H2O(冷水)=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热水)=2H3PO4 (P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂)P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)=2H3PO4+3SO3CO2+H2O=H2CO3Cl2O+H2O=2HClOCl2O7+H2O=2HClO4 Cl2O7+H2O=2H+2ClO4–4、与碱性物质的作用:SO2+2NH3

22、+H2O=(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO32NH4HSO3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2↑(硫酸工业尾气处理)SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3↓+H2O (不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)SO3+MgO=MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4↓+H2OCO2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO3CO2+2NH3(过量)+H2O=(NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2CO3 (NH2)2CO+2H2OCO2+2NH3 (NH2)2CO+H2O (工业制取尿素)CO2+2NaOH(过量)=Na2

23、CO3+H2O 2OH-+CO2=CO32–+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH=NaHCO3 OH-+CO2=HCO3–CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)=CaCO3+H2O Ca2+2 +CO2=CaCO3↓+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2=Ca(HCO3)2 OH+CO2=HCO3–CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca(HCO3)2 CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2+2HCO3–CO2(不足)+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO3CO2+3H2O+AlO2–=Al(OH)3↓+C

24、O32–CO2(足)+NaAlO2+2H2O=Al(OH)3↓+NaHCO3CO2+2H2O+AlO2–=Al(OH)3↓+HCO3–CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH↓+NaHCO3CO2+C6H5O+H2O=C6H5OH↓+HCO3–SiO2+CaO CaSiO3 (炼钢造渣)SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3 Na2SiO3+CO2 (制取玻璃)SiO2+CaCO3 CaSiO3+CO2 (制取玻璃)2NO2+2NaOH=NaNO2+

25、NaNO3+H2O2NO2+2OH=NO3–+NO2+H2ONO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O (制取硝酸工业尾气吸收)NO+NO2+2OH=2NO3–+H2O五.金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H+NO3=Fe3+NO2↑+2H2O2、氧化性:Na2O2+2Na 2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)MgO，Al2O3几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为Mg，Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2 2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe3O4+4H2 3Fe+

26、4H2O CuO+H2 Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI=6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H+4I=6Fe2+8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe 3FeO (炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂)FeO+C Fe+CO (高温炼钢调节C含量)2FeO+Si 2Fe+SiO2 (高温炼钢调节Si含量)3、与水的作用:Na2O+H2O=2NaOHNa2O+H2O=2Na+2OH–2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2↑2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na+4OH–+O2↑(此反应分两步:Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O

27、2 H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:BaO2+H2SO4(稀)=BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O=Mg(OH)2(缓慢反应)4、与酸性物质的作用:Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4 Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3 MgO+SO3=MgSO4Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2↑Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)=Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2Al3+3H2OAl2O3+2Na

28、OH=2NaAlO2+H2O (Al2O3两性氧化物)Al2O3+2OH=2AlO2+H2OFeO+2HCl=FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2+H2OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe¬2O3+6H+=2Fe3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe¬3O4+8H+=2Fe3+Fe2+4H2O六.含氧酸1、氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HClClO3–+3H2S=6H+SO42–+Cl–HClO3+HI=HIO3+HClClO3–+I–=IO3&nd

29、ash;+Cl–3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HCl3HClO+I-=IO3–+3H+Cl–HClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HClHClO+H2SO3=3H+SO42–+Cl–HClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2↑HClO+H2O2=H+Cl–+H2O+O2↑(氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,但浓,热的HClO4氧化性很强)2H2SO4(浓)+C CO2↑+2SO2↑+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S 3SO2↑+2H2OH2SO

30、4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化 6H2SO4(浓)+2Fe Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+Cu CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBr=SO2↑+Br2+2H2O (不能用浓硫酸与NaBr制取HBr)H2SO4(浓)+2HI=SO2↑+I2+2H2O (不能用浓硫酸与NaI制取HI)H2SO4(稀)+Fe=FeSO4+H2↑2H+Fe=Fe2+H2↑H2SO3+2H2S=3S↓+3H2O4HNO3(浓)+C CO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O6HNO3(浓)+S H

31、2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O5HNO3(浓)+P H3PO4+5NO2↑+H2O5HNO3(稀)+3P+2H2O 3H3PO4+5NO↑5H+5NO3-+3P+2H2O 3H3PO4+5NO↑6HNO3(浓足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O4HNO3(浓)+Fe(足)=Fe(NO3)2+NO2↑+2H2O(先得Fe3+,在Fe过量时再生成Fe2+的盐)4HNO3(稀足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O4H+NO3-+Fe=Fe3+NO↑+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+

32、3N2O↑+15H2O30 H+6NO3–+8Fe=8Fe3+3N2O↑+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O36H+6NO3–+10Fe=8Fe3+3N2↑+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O30 H+3NO3–+8Fe=8Fe3+3NH4+9H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)=4Zn(NO3)2+N2O↑+5H2O4Zn+10H+2NO3–=4Zn2+N2O↑+5H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)=4Zn(

33、NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+10H+NO3–=4Zn2+NH4+5H2O2、还原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX (X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)H2SO3+X2+H2O=4H+SO42-+X–2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO42H2SO3+O2=4H+SO42-H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2OH2SO3+H2O2=2H+SO42–+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4–=2Mn2+4H+3SO42–+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl

34、3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3+2Fe3+H2O=4H+2Fe2+ +SO42–3、酸性:H2SO4(浓)+CaF2 CaSO4+2HF↑ (不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)H2SO4(浓)+NaCl NaHSO4+HCl↑ (不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)H2SO4(浓)+2NaCl Na2SO4+2HCl↑ (不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3 NaHSO4+HNO3↑ (不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)3H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2 3CaSO4+2H3PO4 (强酸制弱酸酸)2H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(P

35、O4)2 2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2 (工业制磷肥)3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO33H+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag+2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑2H+CaCO3=Ca2+H2O+CO2↑(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S，HI，HBr， SO2等还原性气体)4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2 3Ca(H2PO4)2 (重钙)H3PO4(浓)+NaBr NaH2PO4+HBr↑ (不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸,磷酸是非氧化性酸)H3PO4(浓)+NaI NaH2PO4+HI↑4、不稳定性：2HC

36、lO 2HCl+O2↑(保存在棕色瓶中)4HNO3 4NO2↑+O2↑+2H2O (保存在棕色瓶中)H2SO3 H2O+SO2↑ (在加热或酸性条件下分解)H2CO3 H2O+CO2↑ (在加热或酸性条件下分解)H4SiO4 H2SiO3+H2O H2SiO3 SiO2↓+H2OH2S2O3 H2O+S↓+SO2↑(在加热或酸性条件下分解)七.碱1、低价态的还原性：4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)32、与酸性物质的作用：2NaOH+SO2(少量)=Na2SO3+H2OOH–+SO2=SO

37、32–+H2ONaOH+SO2(足)=NaHSO3OH-+SO2(足)=HSO3–2NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2OOH-+SiO2=SiO32–+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2OH-+Al2O3=2AlO2–+H2O2KOH+Cl2=KCl+KClO+H2OCl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2OH+OH =H2ONaOH+H2S(足)=NaHS+H2OOH–+H2S=HS–+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)=Na2

38、S+2H2O2OH–+H2S=S2–+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl3OH–+Al3+=Al(OH)3↓NaOH+Al(OH)3=NaAlO2+2H2O (AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪个酸性强?)OH–+Al(OH)3=AlO2–+2H2OCa(OH)2+2NH4Cl 2CaCl2+2NH3↑+2H2O (实验室制NH3)NaOH+NH4Cl NaCl+NH3↑+H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3•H2O (Al(OH)3+NH4Cl

39、不溶解)Ba(OH)2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2H2O2H+2OH–+Ba2+SO42–=BaSO4↓2H2O3、不稳定性:Mg(OH)2 MgO+H2O 2Al(OH)3 Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3+3H2O Cu(OH)2 CuO+H2O 2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O八.盐1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl2 2Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2 (用于雕刻铜线路版) 2Fe3+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+2FeCl3+Zn(少量)=2FeCl2+ZnCl2 2Fe3+

40、Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+FeCl3+Ag=FeCl2+AgCl↓ 2Fe3+Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2+2AgCl↓Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4↓ (较难反应) Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反应2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓ 2Fe3+H2S=2Fe2+2H+S↓2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2 2Fe3+2I-=2Fe2+I2FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2 Fe2+Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2↑+2H2O (实验室制氮气) NH4+NO2-=N

41、2↑+2H2O2、还原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中不需加热)2Fe2+3Cl2=2Fe3+6Cl-3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)=6NaNO3+2NO↑+3S+4H2O3S2-+8H+2NO3-=2NO↑+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)=3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O3SO32-+2H+2NO3-=3SO42-+2NO↑+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4 (Na2SO3在空气中易变质)Na2SO3+S Na2S2O3Na2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S↓(在水溶液中) S2-+Cl2=2

42、Cl-+S↓3、与碱性物质的作用：Ca(OH)2+CuSO4=Cu(OH)2↓+CaSO4↓ (波尔多液)MgCl2+2NH3•H2O=Mg(OH)2↓+2NH4ClMg2+2NH3•H2O=Mg(OH)2↓+2NH4+AlCl3+3NH3•H2O=Al(OH)3↓+3NH4ClAl3+3NH3•H2O=Al(OH)2↓+3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3•H2O=Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4ClFe3+3NH3•H2O=Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4+C

43、uSO4+2NH3•H2O(不足)=Cu(OH)2↓+(NH4)2SO4Cu2+2NH3•H2O=Cu(OH)2↓+2NH4+Cu(OH)2+4NH3•H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OCu(OH)2+4NH3•H2O=Cu(NH3)42+2OH-+4H2O 铜氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3•H2O(足)=Cu(NH3)4SO4+4H2O 总方程式Cu2+4NH3•H2O=Cu(NH3)42+4H2O 铜氨溶液AgNO3+NH3•H2O=AgOH↓+NH4NO3 2AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑

44、色)+H2OAg2O+4NH3•H2O=2Ag(NH3)2+2OH-+3H2O 银氨溶液AgNO3+2NH3•H2O=Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg+2NH3•H2O=Ag(NH3)2+2H2O 总方程式ZnSO4+2NH3•H2O(不足)=Zn(OH)2↓+(NH4)2SO4Zn2+2NH3•H2O=Zn(OH)2↓+2NH4+Zn(OH)2+4NH3•H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3•H2O(足)=Zn(NH3)4SO4+4H2OZn2+4NH3•H2O=Zn(NH3)42+4H2O 总方程式4、与酸性物质的作用：强酸制弱酸，或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸Na3PO4+2HCl=Na2HPO4