The-History-of-China教学讲解课件.pptx

1、The History of China 1 Prehistory(史前时代)1.1 Paleolithic 1.2 Neolithic 2 Ancient era(传说时代)2.1 Xia Dynasty 2.2 Shang Dynasty 2.3 Zhou Dynasty 2.4 Spring and Autumn Period 2.5 Warring States Period 3 Imperial era(帝王时代)3.1 Qin Dynasty 3.2 Han Dynasty 3.3 Wei and Jin Period 3.4 Southern and Northern Dynas

2、ties3.6 Sui Dynasty 3.7 Tang Dynasty 3.8 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3.9 Song,Liao,Jin,and Western Xia Dynasties 3.10 Yuan Dynasty 3.11 Ming Dynasty 3.12 Qing Dynasty 4 Modern era(近，现代时期)4.1 Republic of China4.2 1949 to presentContents Remote Antiquity to Slave Society(1.7 million years ago-476

3、B.C.)China,one of the worlds most ancient civilizations,has a recorded history of nearly 4,000 years.A fossil anthropoid unearthed in Yuanmou in Yunnan Province,“Yuanmou Man,”who lived approximately 1.7 million years ago,is Chinas earliest primitive man known so far.Yuanmou Man site “Peking Man,”who

4、 lived in the Zhoukoudian area near Beijing 600,000 years ago,was able to walk upright,make and use simple tools,and knew how to make fire.Peking Man sitePeking Man skull tools(Paleolithic Age)The Neolithic Age started in China about 10,000 years ago,and relics from this period can be found all over

5、 the country.Artificially grown rice and millet as well as farming tools have been found in the remains of Hemudu in Yuyao,Zhejiang Province,and Banpo,near Xian City,Shaanxi Province,respectively.These relics date back some 6,000-7,000 years.HemuduBanpo Xia Dynasty Chinese civilization began with th

6、e legendary sage-emperors Huang Di and Yan Di in the area of the Yellow River BasinAfter centuries,the two tribes gradually merged into one by the time of the Xia Dynasty.Chinese people,usually regard themselves as“the descendants of Yan and Huang”.Chinese generally tell the history from Xia Dynasty

7、,which was founded in 2070 B.C.With the Xia Dynasty,China entered slave society YuDressArts and craftsThe Shang Dynasty(1600 B.C.-1046 B.C.)The Shang Dynasty enjoyed the most advanced bronze civilization in the world The development of a writing system can be witnessed on the oracles like tortoise s

8、hell or animal bones,and these writings were the beginning of the written Chinese language.司母戊鼎司母戊鼎 四羊方尊四羊方尊甲骨文甲骨文 The Zhou Dynasty(1046 B.C.-221 B.C.)The Zhou Dynasty reigned for the longest period of all Chinese dynasties The Zhou Dynasty fell into several sub-periods:the Western Zhou,the Eastern

9、Zhou which was further divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period The Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods are famous for the cultural prosperity with“Hundred Schools of Thought”.All Schools of Thoughts Contend for Attention During the Spring and Autumnand the Wa

10、rring States periods,there was a great upsurge of intellectual activity,producing many famous philosophers,such as Lao Tzu,Confucius,Mencius and Mo Tzu,and the well-known military scientist Sun Wu.Lao Tzu 道德经道德经 The Book of Tao and TehConfucius Analects of Confucius Mencius 富贵不能淫，富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，贫贱不能移，威

11、武不能屈。威武不能屈。此之谓大丈夫。此之谓大丈夫。孟子孟子 Mo TzuMo Tzu尚贤、尚同、兼爱、非攻、节用、尚贤、尚同、兼爱、非攻、节用、节葬节葬 Sun Wu 孙子兵法孙子兵法，现收藏于故宫博物馆，现收藏于故宫博物馆 The Art of WarThe Qin Dynasty Qin Shi Huang(259-210 B.C.)and His Empire In 221 B.C.,Ying Zheng,ruler of the State of Qin and a man of great talent and bold vision,ended the 250-odd years

12、of rivalry among the independent principalities during the Warring States Period,establishing the first centralized,unified,multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese historythe Qin Dynasty(221-207 B.C.).He called himself Qin Shi Huang or“First Emperor of Qin”.秦的统一秦的统一远交近攻远交近攻合纵连横合纵连横秦秦韩韩楚魏魏齐燕燕赵赵 He stand

13、ardized the written script,weights and measures,and currencies.The sovereigns of the next 2,000-odd years followed the feudal governmental structure established by him.Written Script 圆形方孔钱圆形方孔钱Currencies度度衡衡量量Weights and Measures The Qin Dynasty was well-known for beginning the construction of the G

14、reat Wall which was later augmented and enhanced during the Ming Dynasty.Qin Shi Huang had worked on his enormous mausoleum started early in his reign.The terracotta warriors of the“underground army”guarding the mausoleum,unearthed in 1974,amazed the world.The 8,000 vivid,life-size pottery figures,h

15、orses and chariots have been called the“eighth wonder of the world.”Han Dynasty(206 B.C.-220 A.D.)and the Silk Road Liu Bang established the powerful Han Dynasty in 206 B.C.During theHan Dynasty,agriculture,handicrafts and commerce flourished,and the population reached 50 million.Liu BangEmperor Wud

16、i During his reign(140-87 B.C.),the most prosperous period of the Han Dynasty,Liu Che,Emperor Wudi,expanded the territory of the empire from the Central Plain to the Western Regions(present-day Xinjiang and Central Asia).Silk RoadHe dispatched Zhang Qian twice as his envoy to the Western Regions,and

17、 in the process pioneered the route known as the Silk Road from Changan(todays Xian,Shaanxi Province),through Xinjiang and Central Asia,and on to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea.Chinese silk goods were traded to the West along the Silk Road.As contacts between the East and West increased,Bud

18、dhism spread to China in the first century.In 105,an official named Cai Lun invented a technique for making fine paper,which is considered to have been a revolution in communication and learning.Jin(265-420)The Three Kingdoms was followed by the Western Jin with Luoyang as its capital city,and Easte

19、rn Jin with Jiankang(Nanjing)as its capital city.The Jin Dynasty did not last long with a lot of confrontations and conflicts.The Upheaval of the Eight PrincesTang Dynasty(618-907)Li Yuan founded the Tang Dynasty with its capital at Changan.Zhenguan Reign Period Reforms Li Shimin,or Emperor Taizong(

20、626-649),son of Li Yuan,adopted a series of liberal policies,pushing the prosperity of Chinas feudal society to its peak.Li Shimin During the Tang Dynasty,Buddhism flourished and gradually became localized as an important part of Chinese traditional culture A Buddhist monk Xuan Zang traveled from Ch

21、angan through Gansu,Xinjiang and central Asia to India for the furtherance of Buddhist classics.Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties(960-1911)The period of the Five Dynasties and Ten States,which succeeded the Tang Dynasty,was one of almost continual warfare.Song Dynasty(960-1279)In 960,Zhao Kuangyin,a

22、 general of the State of Later Zhou,established the Song Dynasty(960-1279),historically known as the Northern Song Dynasty.When the Song Dynasty moved its capital to the south,historically called the Southern Song Dynasty,it brought advanced economy and culture to the south,giving a great impetus to

23、 economic development.Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival China in the Song Dynasty was in the front rank of the world in astronomy,science and technology and printing technology as evidenced,for example,by Bi Shengs inventing movable type printing,a great revolution in printing history.Bi ShengMov

24、able type printingYuan Dynasty(1271-1368)In 1271,Kublai,a grandson of Genghis Khan,conquered the Central Plain,founded the Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368),and made Dadu(todays Beijing)the capital.元朝花瓶元朝花瓶 元朝建筑元朝建筑 Kublai wrote finis to the centuries-long situation in which many independent regimes existed s

25、ide by side,and formed a united country that brought Xinjiang,Tibet and Yunnan under its sway.KublaiFour Great Inventions(Song-Yuan period)printing papermaking the compass gunpowder During the Song-Yuan period,the“four great inventions”in science and technology of the Chinese people in ancient were

26、further developed,and introduced to foreign countries,making great contributions to world civilization.Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)In 1368,Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)in Nanjing,reigning as Emperor Taizu.When his son and successor Zhu Di(1360-1424)ascended the throne,in 1360,he b

27、uilt and expanded the palaces,temples,city walls and moat in Beijing on a large scale.In 1421,he officially moved the capital to Beijing.Zhu YuanzhangZhu Di During his reign,he dispatched a eunuch named Zheng He to leada fleet of many ships to make sevenfar-ranging voyages.Passing the Southeast Asia

28、n countries,the Indian Ocean,Persian Gulf and Maldives Islands,Zheng He explored as far as Somalia and Kenya on the eastern coast of Africa.These were the largest-scale and longest voyages in the world before the age of Columbus.Qing Dynasty(1644-1911)The Manchus of northeast China established the Q

29、ing Dynasty(1644-1911)in 1644,under the leadership of Nurhachi.Kangxi(1661-1722)was the most famous emperor of the Qing Dynasty.He brought Taiwan under Qing rule,and resisted invasions by tsarist Russia.To reinforce the administration of Tibet,he also formulated the rules and regulations on the conf

30、irmation of the Tibetan local leaders by the Central Government.He effectively administered over 11 million sq km of Chinese territory.NurhachiKangxiModern Period(1840-1919)During the 19th century,the Qing Dynasty declined rapidly.Britain smuggled large quantities of opium into China,making the Qing

31、 government impose a ban on the drug.In an effort to protect its opium trade,Britain launched a war of aggression against China in 1840.The Qing government finally signed the Treaty of Nanking,a treaty of national betrayal and humiliation,with the British government.Many countries,including Britain,

32、the United States,France,Russia and Japan,forced the Qing government to sign various unequal treaties following the Opium War.China was gradually relegated to a semi-colonial,semi-feudal country.The Revolution of 1911 The Revolution of 1911 led by Dr.Sun Yat-sen was one of the greatest events in mod

33、ern Chinese history,as it overthrew the 200-odd-year-old Qing Dynasty,ending over 2,000 years of feudal monarchy,and established the Republic of China.New-Democratic Revolution(1919-1949)The May 4th Movement of 1919 is regarded as the ideological origin of many important events in modern Chinese his

34、tory.Its direct cause was the unequal treaties imposed on China after the First World War.Out of strong patriotism,students initiated the movement,and it further developed into a national protest movement of people from all walks of life.It also marked the introduction into China of various new ideo

35、logies,among which the spread of Marxism-Leninism was worthy of special mention.Under the influence of Russias October Revolution of 1917,12 delegates,including Mao Zedong,representing communist groups in different places throughout the nation,held the First National Congress in Shanghai in 1921 to

36、found the Communist Party of China(CPC).The Chinese people led by the CPC underwent successively the Northern Expeditionary War(1924-27),War of Agrarian Revolution(1927-37),War of Resistance Against Japan(1937-45)and War of Liberation(1946-49).Owing to the cooperation and joint resistance of the CPC

37、 and Kuomintang the Japanese aggressors were defeated.War of Resistance Against Japan But shortly after the anti-Japanese war,the Kuomintang launched a civil war again.After the three-year War of Liberation led by the CPC,the Kuomintang government was finally overthrown in 1949.War of LiberationPeop

38、les Republic of China(1949-)On October 1,1949 a grand ceremony was witnessed by 300,000 people in Beijings Tiananmen Square,and Mao Zedong,chairman of the Central Peoples Government,solemnly proclaimed the founding of the Peoples Republic of China(PRC).During the initial post-Liberation period,the C

39、hinese government successfully carried out land reform in areas accounting for over 90 percent of the total national agricultural population.Amazing achievements were made during the First Five-Year Plan period,from 1953 to 1957.The average annual increase rate of the national income reached over 8.

40、9 percent.China established basic industries necessary for full industrialization hitherto non-existent domestically,producing airplanes,automobiles,heavy machinery,precision machinery,power-generating equipment,etc.The first plane made in China Unfortunately,the“cultural revolution,”which lasted fo

41、r ten years(May 1966-October 1976),made the state and its people suffer the most serious setbacks and losses since its founding.The Jiang Qing counter-revolutionary clique was smashed in October 1976,marking the end of the“cultural revolution,”and the beginning of a new era in Chinese history.The CP

42、C reinstated Deng Xiaoping,previously general secretary of the CPC,in all the Party and governmental posts he had been dismissed from during the“cultural revolution.”In 1979,China instituted a guiding policy of“reform and opening to the outside world”under Dengs leadership,and the focus was shifted

43、to modernization.Deng XiaopingShen Zhen Major efforts were made to reform the economic and political systems.China was step by step establishing a road with Chinese characteristics,a road that would lead to socialist modernization.Profound changes have come about in China since the country embarked on the policy of reform and opening-up.The situation in the country is the best ever,characterized by a swiftly and vigorously advancing economy and markedly improved living standard.