LessonEightLiteratureRev教学讲解课件.ppt

1、What is literature The literature here refers to works deal with your topic of interest.While such information may be obtained from a variety of sources,including books,journal articles,dissertations,conference reports,etc.,the focus is on scholarly published materials.What is literature review A li

2、terature review is a compilation of previous research and writing on a particular topic.It provides a critical analysis of this research and writing through summary,classification,comparison and evaluation.In a literature review,your central focus is examining and evaluating what has been said befor

3、e on a topic,and establishing the relevance of this information to your own research.You may also identify what has not been said in the literature on a subject.You may also need to discuss the methodologies that have been used in the literature and how these relate to your chosen method.A literatur

4、e review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis,or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject.In either case,its purpose is to:Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review.Describe the relationship of each work to the other

5、s under consideration.Identify new ways to interpret,and present any gaps in previous research.Resolve conflicts among seemingly contradictory previous studies.Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort.Point the way forward for further research.Place ones original work(in

6、the case of theses)in the context of existing literature.Similar to primary research,development of the literature review requires four stages:Problem formulation which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?Literature search finding materials relevant to the subject bein

7、g explored.Data evaluation determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic.Analysis and interpretation discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature.Literature reviews should comprise the following elements:An overview of the subject,

8、issue or theory under consideration,along with the objectives of the literature review.Division of works under review into categories(e.g.those in support of a particular position,those against,and those offering alternative theses entirely).Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it vari

9、es from the others.Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument,are most convincing of their opinions,and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research.Like a standard academic essay,a literature review is made up of three parts

10、:an introduction,a body a conclusion.Writing the introduction Define or identify the general topic,issue,or area of concern so as to provide an appropriate context for reviewing the literature;Point out overall trends in what has been published about the topic;or conflicts in theory;methodology,evid

11、ence,and conclusions;or gaps in research and scholarship;or a single problem or new perspective of immediate interest.Establish the writers reason for reviewing the literature;explain the criteria to be used in analyzing and comparing literature and the organization of the review(sequence);and,when

12、necessary,state why certain literature is or is not included(scope).Writing the body In the body you should:Group research studies and other relevant literature according to a common theme;Summarize each item of the literature appropriately according to its significance;Compare and evaluate each ite

13、m of the literature;Provide topic sentences at the beginning of paragraphs and summary sentences at the end of sections to help the reader understand what the main issues are.Writing the Conclusion In the conclusion you should:Summarize the literature maintaining the focus presented in the introduct

14、ion;Conclude by giving some insight into the relationship between your topic and a larger area of study or area of professional practice.What makes a good literature review Clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewed;Cover the important literature;Is up-to-date;Provides an insightful analysis

15、 of the ideas and conclusion in the literature;Points out similarities and differences,strengths and weaknesses in the literature;Identifies gaps in the literature for future research;Identifies the context for which the literature is important;Major strategies for literature review 1.Choose primary

16、 sources rather than secondary sources.Never attempt to write a paper on a topic without reading the original source.2.Choose sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis:remember that good argument essays take in account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argum

17、ent against your thesis.3.Choose sources written by acknowledged experts 4.Choose the most current sources:If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or developments in a scientific field,it is essential to find the latest possible information.If all the books on these topics are rathe

18、r old,you probably need to look for information in periodicals.5.When you write literature review,the two major principles to follow are:1)Review the sources that are most relevant to your thesis;2)Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.In doing so you may approach or struct

19、ure your review from chronological perspective;or from the theoretical to the empirical;or from the general to the specific.什么是文献综述 文献综述是在对文献进行阅读、选择、比文献综述是在对文献进行阅读、选择、比较、分类、分析和综合的基础上，研究者较、分类、分析和综合的基础上，研究者用自己的语言对某一问题的研究状况进行用自己的语言对某一问题的研究状况进行综合叙述的情况研究成果。文献的搜集、综合叙述的情况研究成果。文献的搜集、整理、分析都为文献综述的撰写奠定了基整理、分析都

20、为文献综述的撰写奠定了基础。础。文献综述的写作要求 1.1.文献综述的格式文献综述的格式文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主体、总结和参考文献。四部分：即前言、主体、总结和参考文献。1)

21、.1).前言前言:要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。对于本科论文写对主要问题争论的焦点等。对于本科论文写作，前言一般作，前言一般200200字左右为宜。字左右为宜。2).2).正文正文:是综述的重点，写法上没有固定是综述的重点，写法上没有固定的格式，只要能较好地表达综述的内容。正的格式，只要能较好地表达综述的内容。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出问题、分

22、析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然，明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然，作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。3).3).总结：作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，总结：作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。展的方向和展望。4).4).参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。

23、一参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。以最近度和深度。以最近3-53-5年内的最新文献为主。年内的最新文献为主。2.2.注意事项注意事项 1).1).搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。综述。2).2).注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，性。在搜集到的文

24、献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。性和科学性较好的文献。3).文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍，而应是对以往研究的优点、和一般性介绍，而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。4).文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避免大量引用文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避

25、免大量引用原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一般性结论。从原始文献中得出一般性结论。5).文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研究的究的“问题问题”，确保所述的已有研究成果与，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容的各个方面。的各个方面。6).文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观，用文献综述的

26、综述要全面、准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。3.3.学术论文参考文献的著录格式学术论文参考文献的著录格式 1).1).专著：作者专著：作者.书名书名M.M.版本版本(第第1 1版不著录版不著录).).出版地出版地:出版者出版者,出版年出版年.起止页码起止页码.2.2.期刊期刊:作者作者.题名题名J.J.刊名刊名,年年,卷卷(期期):):起起止页码止页码.3.3.会议论文集（或汇编）会议论文集（或汇编）:作者作者.题名题名A.A.编编者者.论文集名论文集名C.C.

27、出版地出版地:出版者出版者,出版年出版年.起起止页码止页码.4.4.学位论文学位论文:作者作者.题名题名D.D.学位授予地址：学位授予地址：学位授予单位，年份学位授予单位，年份.5.5.专利专利:专利申请者专利申请者.专利题名专利题名P.P.专利国专利国别（或地区）别（或地区）:专利号专利号,出版日期出版日期.6.科技报告科技报告:著者著者.报告题名报告题名R.编号，出版编号，出版地：出版者，出版年地：出版者，出版年.起止页码起止页码.8.报纸文章报纸文章:作者作者.题名题名N.报纸名，年报纸名，年-月月-日（版次）日（版次）.9.电子文献电子文献:主要责任者主要责任者.电子文献题名电电子文献

28、题名电子文献及载体类型标识子文献及载体类型标识.电子文献的出处或电子文献的出处或可获得地址，发表或更新日期可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期引用日期(任任选选).10.各种未定义类型的文献各种未定义类型的文献:主要责任者主要责任者.文献文献题名题名Z.出版地：出版者，出版年出版地：出版者，出版年.Note:We cannot find the standard samples,so we choose our undergraduates literature reviews as our samples.Thesis Title:English Translation of Chinese

29、 Reduplicated Words From the Perspective of Skopos Theory 从目的论角度看汉语叠词英译 Translation is considered,by Lambert and Robins,as“less as an interlinguistics process and more as an intercultural activity(Gentzler,2019:193)”.St.Jerome(347-420A.D)and john Dryden(1631-1700A.D)both believe that naturalness sho

30、uld be the most significant factor in the target text,and that an excellent translation should be as simple and plain as spoken language(Liu Miqing,1986).Anything that can be said in one language can be said in another,unless the form is the element of the message(Nida).Tyler(1797:14;cited by Munday

31、:26)format of the citation?defines a good translation in target language-reader-oriented terms to be:“that punctuation and the starting point of your citation?in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended,and as strongly

32、felt,by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.”In his opinion,a translator should be fully acquainted with the content and the theme of the source text and give a faithful transfusion of the sense and meaning of the autho

33、r.Also,the translator has to own the capacity of recognizing the style of the author and recreating it in the target text.Moreover,the ease and spirit of the original should also be retained in the target text.A French theorist Paul Valery(Mao Ronggui,2019:14)proposes that a translation ought to hav

34、e the spirit of the original and the adoption of the translation skills largely depends on the translators capacity for sensing the truth-values of the source text.After the birth of Bloomfields structural linguistics,western translation theories moved in the direction of linguistics,which is more d

35、ependent on scientific evidence and rational logic.Though they had run through disputes of literal translation vs.free translation,word-for-word translation vs.flexible translation,and others,they were all about relationship between the content and the form.Note:In the introduction,you should presen

36、t your topic and explain why your topic is important./You can give the reader an idea what the papre will cover.You should specifically define the key terms.Comment:1).The correct use of punctuation;2).The introduction includes the stages of problem formulation and literature search,so wed better cl

37、early delimit the subject matter to be reviewed;that is,we should review the sources that are most relevant to our thesis;3).We should choose the most current sources.If all the books on these topics are rather old,we probably need to look for information in periodicals.4).Choose primary sources rat

38、her than secondary sources.文献综述不是资料库，不要堆砌资料，要紧文献综述不是资料库，不要堆砌资料，要紧紧围绕课题研究的紧围绕课题研究的“问题问题”，确保所述的已，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起。是围绕课题紧密组织在一起。文献综述的综述要准确、客观，用于评论的文献综述的综述要准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。前言前言:要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的要用简明扼要的文字说

39、明写作的目的目的、必要性必要性、有关概念的定义有关概念的定义【叠词】【叠词】，综述的，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对前对主要问题争论的焦点主要问题争论的焦点【汉英不同文化对【汉英不同文化对叠词英译的影响】叠词英译的影响】等。对于本科论文写作前等。对于本科论文写作前言一般言一般200200字左右为宜。字左右为宜。The reduplicated words in Chinese are a special lexical phenomenon,in which one character is repeated.【define the ke

40、y term specifically】They have not only beautiful word forms,but also musical rhyme(Cai Hua,2019).In classical Chinese poems,the employment of reduplicated words was quite popular since the appearance of Book of Poetry【italics】(诗经)(Xu Yuanchong,1993).Afterwards,this practice was accepted by exponents

41、 of various schools of thoughts in the period of pre-Qin.From that time on,this writing skill was carried on.Now,reduplicated words are still enjoying their popularity,not only in in written Chinese,but also in spoken Chinese.【in bothand】The reason for their popularity is that they have their unique

42、 advantages.【for their unique advantages】对概念的界定应放在开头段，主体部分的写作应围绕提出问题-分析问题-解决问题思路进行。In china,nearly all translation theories are bound up with philosophy and aesthetics.Fu Lei refers to the terminology of Chinese painting【？】and persists that a wonderful translation should have the“similarity in spiri

43、t”.Qian Zhongshu is in favor of his“theory of sublimation(化境)”after examining the target texts translated by Lin Shu.As Lin Yutang proposes,Chinese characters are endowed with the beauty of their phonetic sounds(Xu Yuanchong,1983).Language is a carrier of thoughts,and it has to rely on the phonetic

44、sounds to make the thoughts understood by the message receivers.For centuries,languages have been studied for the sake of combining their phatic function and their aesthetic value.这部分应紧紧围绕研究的话题去写，即语言学家对叠词英译的评述。During this process,one of the most important finds【？】is the musicality of language(Xin Ho

45、ngjuan,2019).In particular,the musicality of reduplicated words,which are a special lexical phenomenon with beautiful phonetic sounds,should be well transferred into the target text so as to fully maintain the appeal【？】of the words.The emphasis should be on conveying the message of the original in a

46、 form which conforms to the linguistic,cultural and pragmatic conventions of target language rather than mirroring the actual words of source language as closely as possible without infringing the target language norms.The translator is permitted greater freedom to interpret source language and will

47、 consequently smooth over irregularities of style(Peter Newmark).However,Nida and Taber pointed out,“to preserve the content of the message,the form must be changed”.In the previous studies at home,Li Yiyin(1988:76),Zhou Dubao(2019:62),and Cai Hua(2019:60)insist that Chinese reduplicated words can b

48、e translated through adding some words like“every,each”and“like”into the equivalent nouns of the target text,because this method retain the special forms of the Chinese reduplicated words.Consequently,【？】the beauty of reduplicated words cannot be completely shown to the receivers of the target texts

49、.【Chinese reduplicated words cannot be completely appreciated by target language readers】However,【？】the reproduction of the musicality of reduplicated words in the target language is seriously neglected in the former studies.【lack of coherence and cohesion】Our central focus is examining and evaluati

50、ng the literature that makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic and establishing the relevance of this information to your own research.Identify new ways to interpret,and present any gaps in previous research.Resolve conflicts among seemingly contradictory previous studies.