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    1、初高衔接语法复习一:十大词类/词性词类实词表示人或事物的名称 teacher, book等。表示动作或状态 work, study, live 等。表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征 good, big, beautiful 等。表示动作或性状的特征 fast, very等。表示数量和顺序two, fifth 等示说话似的感情或口气 Oh, ah等。虚词用来连接词,短语,从句或句子and, but等。表示与其他词之间的关系 in, on, by, with等。代替名词,数词等 we ,me, he 等。表示名词的泛指或特指a, an, the等。注意:写标题时,一般说来 首字母大写, 小写。第一章

    2、Noun名词一名词分类名词表示国名,人名,地名等China, Beijing, Zhu Geliang表示团体,机构名称等the communist Party of China,the United Nations可数名词表示个别人或物的名称computer, ocean, bridge, piano表示若干人或物的总称class, family, police, government不可数名词表示性质,行为状态,情感等抽象概念的名词future, grammar, air, work, new, friendship, kindness, help表示物质,材料的名称air, bread,

    3、 glass, money, soup注意:专有名词 要大写,且都是 名词。二不可数名词的计量形式不可数名词没有词形的变化,需要计量时,可用 连接相应的标量单位词,并加以数词和变表量单位词为复数的形式来表示。a glass of water-two glasses of water a bottle of ink- ten bottles of ink三名词的双重性1. 有些名词用作不可数名词时,表示抽象概念;与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表示具体事物。名词不可数可数pleasuredifficultybeautysuccess2.有些名词,既可作可数名词,也可以做不可数名词,但意思不一样。名

    4、词不可数可数experiencesandwaterwood四可数名词变复数(一)规则变化1. 一般在词尾+ dogs, books2. 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词+ glasses, boxes, watches, brushes3. 以元音字母+y结尾的名词, boys, monkeys 如果是以辅音字母+y结尾的名词, countries, factories 4. 以o结尾的名词+ radios, zoos 以下次只能+es: (黑人), (英雄), (土豆), (西红柿)5. 以f, fe结尾一般 knives, leaves7. 复合词变复数以 为主passers-by, gro

    5、wn-ups, girlfriends, sisters-in-law, lookers-on(二)不规则变化1. 有些名词在固定词组中一定用复数 make friends with, shake hands with, thanks to2. deer, Chinese, sheep, fish, police, Japanese3. maths, crossroads, news, 4. 改换或增加字母 woman foot mouse 5. man,woman 构成的合成词, 都要变成复数a man doctor men doctors五名词所有格(一)用于有生命的名词1. 单数名词后加

    6、“ ” Tom s book, my friend s uncle2. .以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“ ” Teachers Day, two weeks holiday3. 合成词 my brother-in-laws mother, anybody elses opinion4. 多者共同拥有, ;各自拥有, Lucy and Lilys room 露西和莉莉的房间(两人共有一间房间)Lucys and Lilys rooms 露西的房间和莉莉的房间(两人各有一间房间)5. 介词 表示所有格 the answers to the questions, the key to the lo

    7、ck, the notes to the text6. 介词 表示所有格 a gift for Jims birthdays, books for children, the ticket for the film7. 介词 表示所有格 a girl with golden hail, a man with glasses, a child with good manners(二)用于无生命的名词1. 在表示 , , , , , , , 等名词后+sTwo days journey, two miles distance, a dollars stamp, Chinas open-door p

    8、olicy, Londons future, the earths environment, industrys pollution problem, the factorys output, the machines design, the colleges good environment2. 一般情况用 表示所属关系 the top of the tower, the legs of the table第二章 Article 冠词一冠词的分类冠词aanthe不使用冠词二. 不定冠词的用法1. a用在以 开头的单词前 an用在以 开头的单词前 _book _ egg _ useful bo

    9、ok _ underground room2. 指人或事物的某一种类。 She is a girl. 她是女孩 This is a desk. 这是一张书桌3. 泛指某人或者某物,但又不具体说明何人何物I can see a kite. 我能看见一只风筝 A boy is in Grade 1.一个男孩在一年级4. 表示数量,有“ ”的意思We have six classes a day. 我们一天上六节课5. 用在一些固定短语中: a lot of, after a while, go for a walk, have a good time, in a hurry三. 定冠词的用法1.特

    10、指某(些)人或者某(些)事物,以便与其他的人或物有所区别The book on the desk is Jims. 书桌上的那本书是吉姆的The chairs are there. 椅子在那里2. 指 的人或事物Where is the kite? 风筝在哪儿?(双方都知道指的是哪只风筝) Open the door, please.请把门打开(双方都知道要打开哪扇门)3. 在叙述中,上文提到过的人或者事物,再次出现时:I can see a kite. :where is the kite?4. 用在 前,表示“一家人”the Blacks 布来克一家5. 用在 的天体名词之前the sun

    11、 the sky the moon the earth6. 用在 和 ,以及 前I live on the second floor.我住在二楼Skating is the best sport in winter. 滑冰是冬天最好的运动He comes from the south. 他来自南方。7. 与 连用表示一类事物,如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸或与 连用,表示一类人:the living 生者。the old老人8. 用在表示 的名词之前the violin the piano9.用在一些固定短语中: all over the world, at the ag

    12、e of, at the same time, by the way, in the end, the day before yesterday四. 零冠词的用法1. 名词前有了 时。Our books, those apples,some students, Jims pen2. 名词在表示一类人或者事物时。They are teachers. 他们是老师。3. 在表示 的名词前China England4. 在 前on Sunday in August on Childrens Day5. 在 前及 名词前play football/ basketball have supper6. 在一

    13、些固定搭配中: at night, go to school, watch TV, by bike, at home 下列词组中,有无冠词意义不同。go to school go to the school take place take the place of in front of in the front of 第三章 Numeral数词一数词的分类数词表示数量的多少one, two, ten表示数的顺序 first, second, twelfth基数词:1. 1至12词尾不固定one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine,

    14、 ten ,eleven, twelve2. 13至19词尾+ thirteen, fourteen, , sixteen, seventeen, eighteen nineteen3. 20至90词尾+ twenty, thirty, , , sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety4. 十位和个位用 连接twenty-one, thirty-two, forty-three, fifty-four, sixty-five, seventy-six5. 百位和十位之间用 121 6. 单位词:100 1,000 1,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,00

    15、0,000 123,456,789,012 序数词:1. 第1至第3形式各异: 第1 ( ),第2 ( ),第3 ( )2. 第4至第19用 fourth, , sixth, seventh, , , tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, ,sixteenth, seventeenth, , nineteenth3. 第20至第90 twentieth, thirtieth, , ,sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth4. 只变个位基数词为序数词123,456,789,012 二与数词

    16、有关的其他表示法1. 分数:分子是 ,分母是 。分子大于1时,分母序数词+ 。分母若是2和4,half, quarter可代替。1/5 ;2/5 ;1/2 ;1/4 ;2. 百分数:%读作 35% thirty-five percent3. 小数:小数点读作 23.065 twenty-three point zero six five4. 倍数: 一倍 ;二倍 ;三倍 ;四倍 ;5. 度数:C读作 ;15C读作 fifteen degrees centigrade6. 其他:第15行 ;倒数第15行 ;倒数第二 ;倒数第三 ;7. 常见数学符号的英文读法:+ ; ; ; ;= ; ; ; ;

    17、 8. 年月日:在某年(月、世纪、上午、下午、晚上)用 ;在星期几,某日,某日的上午、下午、晚上用 ;在几点几分前用 ;9. 时刻:包括或低于30分钟用 ;超过30分钟用 ;电台、机场、车站等计时直接读数 6:15 ;6:45 ;6:30 第四章 Pronoun代词一代词的分类代词用来代替人或物表示所属关系谓语动作返回到发出者本身,起强调或对比作用表示相互关系,互相,彼此起指示、指代作用表疑问,可指人或物引导定语从句引导名词性从句代替或修士任何不定数量及不定范围的人或物二人称代词1人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称第二人称第三人称2人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通

    18、常 作主语, 作宾语。如:I like table tennis. (作主语) Do you know him?(作宾语)3人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用 。如:-Who is knocking at the door?-Its me.4人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时,用主格和宾格都可以。如:He is older than me. He is older than I am. 三. 物主代词1)物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,如下表所示。 形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数第一人称第二人称第三人称复数第一人称第二人称第三人称2) 物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句

    19、中作定语。例如:Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box.3) 物主代词的作用相当于名词,在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语)- Is this English-book yours? (作表语)- No. Mine is in my bag. Ive already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? (作宾语) 四. 反身代词英语中用来表示我自己,你自己,他自己,我们自己,你们自

    20、己等意义的代词称为反身代词,也有人称之为自身代名词,其形式如表所示:第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数反身代词可以在句中作 , , 。1作 ,表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者,主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。 He called himself a writer2作 。It doesnt matter. Ill be myself soon3作主语或宾语的 ,表示亲自或本人。 I myself washed the clothes反身代词 :enjoy oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understoodheard,for oneself为自

    21、己,of oneself自然地,自动地 by oneself独自地,五相互代词 用于两者或两者以上, 用于三者或三者以上,在现代英语中可通用。I hope you will get along well with each other/one another. 六指示代词1. 指示代词的分类:指示代词单数近指,承上启下复数单数远指,承上复数这样的同样的This is a pen and that is a pencil We are busy these days In those days the workers had a hard time 2有时 和 指前面讲到过的事物, 和 则是指下

    22、面将要讲到的事物。I had a cold. Thats/Thiss why I didnt come. What I want to say is this: pronunciation is very important in learning English 3. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词,常可用that或those代替。Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai4 在电话用语中代表自己, 则代表对方。Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaki

    23、ng? 5. such 和same也可具有指示和指代的作用。-You have made such rapid progress in English. -So it is the same with you.七疑问代词1. who(指人,主格): Who went with you to the party?2. whom(指人,宾格): Whom did you go with to the party?3. whose(指人,所有格): Whose book is this?4. what(指物,主格或宾格): What is this?5. which(指人或物): Which do

    24、you like?6.whoever, whichever, whatever(表示强调,不带疑问语气)Whichever of you get fist will get the prize. Take whatever action is needed.Ill take whoever wants to go.八关系代词用于引导定语从句的词称为关系代词,主要有以下几种:关系代词指人指物指人或物1. Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.2. Professor Liu is the person whom you talked

    25、 about in the classroom.3. He has a friend whose father is a doctor.4. Football is a game which is liked by most boys.5. This is an old computer that/which woks much slower.6. As we all know, the moon travels around the earth once every week.九连接代词用于引导名词性从句(即主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句)的词称为关系代词,主要有 , , , ,

    26、等1. Who(主从)will go there is what(表从) you must decide.2. I wondered which (宾从)team will win.3 I dont know whom(宾从)I just talked to.3. I have no idea whose(同为从)side I should take.十不定代词1. some与any: some用于 句中,表示“一些”,用于单数可数名词前表示“ ”。I have some friends. Smith went to some place in England.(定语) 在期待对方回答yes

    27、时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 Would you like some bananas?(邀请) Mum, could you give me some money?(请求) any用于 句和 句 。 Is there any student in the classroom? No ,there isnt any student.当any强调“ ”时,也可用于肯定句中Any day is okay for me. 同理,something,somebody,someone的用法同some;anything,anybody,anyone的用法同any。2. one, both, al

    28、l v one指人或物,“ ”,其复数为 . This is not the one I want.(表语) v both指人或指物,“ ” This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语) both用于否定句,表示 否定;表示完全否定时,用 。Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。both不能放在the、these、those、my等之 ,而应放在它们之 。Both my parents like this film. v

    29、 All “ ”,可与可数或不可数名词连用,表示“ ”,指三个或三个以上的人或物。 He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。 All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。 注意:all 用于否定句,表示 否定,完全否定用 。Not all the ants go out for food. / All the ants dont go out for food.并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。 None of the money is mine. 这钱一分也不是我的。 3. few, little; a few, a little

    30、v 和 表示没有多少,含否定意义;而 和 表示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义。另外, 和 修饰可数名词; 和 修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。4. each和every v each(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作 。v every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作 。 Every student it our class has a dictionary.(强调班上“所有的人”) Each student in our class has a dictionary.(强调各个个体) Each of them has been the

    31、re. The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook. We each got a ticket. 5. either和neither v either是“ ”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词v neither是“ ”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如: Neither of them is a teacher.(主语) Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语) Neither boy knows French.(定语) 6. other

    32、, others ,the other, the others 和 anotherv other意思是“其他的”,不可以 使用,后面必须接名词,表泛指;others可指其他的人或东西,相当于 ;v the other表示“ ”; the others特指其他某些人或物,相当于 。v another修饰或代替 名词,意为“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”,不能指两者中的另一个,在句中可作宾语和定语。 He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red, the others (the

    33、 other pens) are yellow. Some students are singing, others (other students) are dancing. Please give me another book.It的用法:1用作人称代词,代替 My pen is missing. I cant find it anywhere.-Who is knocking at the door?- Its me.Jack is ill. Have you heard about it?2用以代替指示代词 - Whose exercise-book is that? - Its h

    34、ers.- Whats this? -Its a flag.3表示 、 、 、 、 、 等Its time for lunch.When spring comes, it gets warmer and warmer.Its about two hours from here to the zoo.Its winter now. It was very quiet (noisy) at the moment. 4作 ,代替由不定式(或不定式复合结构)、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。It is exciting to find an ancient tomb. (代替不定式) It was wro

    35、ng for you not to help her. (代替不定式复合结构) It is believed that this man found in the grave was from a rich family.(代替主语从句)5作 ,代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。He feels it his duty to help others.We thought it no use doing that.I find it difficult to solve the problem.6用在强调结构中。为了强调句子的某一成分(通常是主语、宾语、或状语),常用强调结构 I saw

    36、 Li Ping in the street yesterday.It was I that / who saw Li Ping in the street this morning.It was Li Ping that I saw in the street this morning.It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.It was yesterday that I saw Li Ping in the street. 强调not until结构时,句型为: 注意:that后接肯定式。I didnt go to bed

    37、until I had finished my homework last night.It was not until I had finished my homework last night that I went to bed.7. It句型的归纳1). 或 Its cruel of him to kill that animal. It is very kind of you to help us. ( = You are kind to help us. ) 常见的形容词有:clever, bright, foolish, stupid, silly, wise, careful,

    38、 careless, rude, impolite, nice, right, wrong, silly, good, brave, honest 等描绘 的形容词。2). It is difficult for us to learn English. It is important for her to come to the party. 常见形容词的有: important, necessary, natural , easy , common , normal , hard , difficult , dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant等描绘 的形容词。3)表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”.

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