动词的ing形式-语法探究学案(DOC 10页).doc

1、动词的ing形式语法探究学案Learning Aims:1.了解认识动词ing形式的时态语态和复合结构.2.掌握动词ing形式作各种句子成分的用法，并能熟练运用。Part.课下充分预习，了解有关知识和用法，并找出疑点、难点Part.课内探究Step1.动词ing形式概述一、动词的ing形式能在句中做、和，用作主语或宾语时，也称。形式成分主语宾语宾补表语定语状语动名词（名词性）现在分词（形容词性）二、动词ing形式的时态和语态时态上，动词ing有_(doing)和_(having done)两种形式。用哪种形式，关键看动词ing形式表示得动作和谓语动词动作发生的时间先后。当动词ing形式表示的动

2、作发生时间不确定与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生发生在谓语动词动作之后时，用动词ing形式的_;当动词ing形式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前时，常用_.eg.He stood there,waitingfor a bus.(waiting与stood动作同时发生)Having worked for three hours,he took a rest.(work动作发生在take a rest动作前)语态上，动词的ing形式有主动式和被动式时态主动语态被动语态一般时完成时三、动词ing形式的复合结构动词ing形式复合结构由形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、人称代词宾格或名词普通格加doing构成，

3、具体形式有：形容词性物主代词（如my,his,her,its,our,your,their）+doing名词所有格（Toms,Lilys+doing）（不包括无生命的物体）人称代词宾格(如me,you,him,her,it,us,them)+doing名词+doing（如Jack,the tiger+doing）注意：动词的ing形式在句中一般做主语、宾语或表语，做主语时，只能用前两种形式，做宾语、表语时可用任何一种形式。eg.Do you mindmy/me/Jacks/Jack openingthe window?四、动词ing形式的否定式通常在其前加not，eg.Excuse me fo

4、r mynot comingon time.Step2.动词ing的句法功能一、动词ing形式作主语(动名词作主语)1动名词作主语通常有两种位置：一种位于句首，另一种it作形式主语，动名词移至后面。单个的动名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。Eg.Swimming ismy hobby.Itsa waste of timedoing such a thing.2.常用动名词做主语的句型It is/was a waste of time doing_It is dangerous/useless/fun doing_It is/was no good/use doing_It is/was hardly

5、/scarcely worth doing_It is/was worth/worthwhile doing_There is/was no sence in doing_There is/was no use/good doing_There is/was nothing worse than doing_There is/was no point(in) doing_There is no point(in) doing so._There is no sence in going ahead._It is no use crying over spilt milk._It is hard

6、ly worth communicating with her any longer._注意：当句型There is/was no表示“不允许/禁止某种行为的发生或存在”时要用动名词做主语。Eg.There is no joking about such matter.这种事开不得玩笑。当表示其它意义时不一定用动名词作主语，如There is no need to do sth“做某事没有必要”，此时用to do做主语。3.动名词和to do不定式做主语时的区别动名词做主语表示一般的或抽象的多次行为，to do不定式做主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。Eg.Playing with firei

7、s dangerous.玩火危险！(泛指玩火这件事) Be careful!To play with firewill be dangerous!小心点！玩火会带来危险。（指一次具体的行为）二、动词ing形式作宾语1.作动词的宾语。只能用动名词作主语的动词有：avoid,miss,postpone/delay避免错过少延期suggest/advise,finish,practice建议完成多练习enjoy/appreciate,imagine/fancy,cant help喜欢想象禁不住admit,deny,envy承认否定与嫉妒escape,risk,excuse/pardon逃避冒险莫原谅

8、stand,keep,mind忍受保持不介意Would you mind opening the window?2.作介词的宾语。在下列短语中，一般用动名词作介词的宾语be good at,dream of,think of,be fond of,put off,care about,be concerned about,set about,give up,feel like,aim at,be interested in,be/get used to, look forward to,lead to, devoteto,stick to,go down to,see to,object to

9、等。3.下列动词可用动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意义区别不大。如：begin,start,continue等。Eg. They began to make/making their study plan.4.love, hate,prefer,like等动词后接动名词作宾语指经常性情况，接不定式做宾语指具体的动作。Eg.I like swimming.我喜欢游泳（泛指游泳这件事） I like to swim today.今天我想去游泳。（具体的某一次动作）5.还有一类动词（短语）可接动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义差别很大。remember/regret/forget to do_reme

10、mber/regret/forget doing_try to do_try doing_mean to do_mean doing_stop to do_ be afraid to do_stop doing_ be afraid doing_6.有些结构常用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动名词。 think useless主语consider no use find +it no good+doing feel like Eg. I find it useless arguing about it.我发现争论这件事没有用。注意：在这种句子中，用it作形式宾语，而把动名词短语放在句子后面，但只

11、限于少数句型，大多数情况下动词不定式用得更多一些。Eg. I find it difficult to finish the task.7.有些句型中，动名词形式作介词in的宾语，可是in常可省略。1)主语+have(has)trouble/difficulty a problem/a struggle +(in) doinga good time/a hard time2)主语+spend time/money(+in)+doing3)主语+be busy(+in)+doing4)主语+lose(s) no time(+in)+doingEg.We are busy(in)preparing

12、 for the examination.8.有些动词接动名词作宾语，其主动形式（doing）表被动意义，相当于动词不定式的被动形式（to be done） need(s)sb/sth want(s) doing/to be done某人/某物需要被做require(s)Thebike needs repairing/to be repaired.注意：以上三个词，只有当“需要”讲时，才能用此结构，其他意义时不成立，比如want当“想要”讲时，此结构不成立。三、动词ing形式作定语1.动词ing形式作定语的性质和位置1）表示所修饰词的性质或状态时，一般用单个的形容词性v-ing作定语，置于被修

13、饰词前anexcitingnews,andevelopingcountry,aninterestingstory2)表示所修饰词的动作，与被修饰词存在一种逻辑上的主谓关系，即表示主动意义的正在进行的动作，此时一般置于被修饰词前，而短语式动词ing形式必须置于被修饰词后，其用法相当于一个定语从句。Eg.Thesmilinglady is my teacher.=The ladywho/that is smilingis my teacher. The boylying on the groundwas a student.=The boywho/that is lying on the grou

14、ndwas a student.3)表示所修饰词的用途或功能时，意为“供之用”，（此时v-ing与所修饰词间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系）相当于一个介词for短语，此时v-ing常被置于所修饰名词前。Eg. A swimming pool=a pool for swimming A washing machine=a machine for washing2.现在分词（短语）、动名词（短语）、过去分词（短语）和动词不定式（短语）作定语的区别：1）现在分词（短语）作定语，表示该动作的主动和进行。The manmaking a callis our headmaster.2)动名词（短语）,通常表示所修

15、饰名词的用途或功能，并不存在逻辑上的主谓关系I want to buya washing machine.3)过去分词（短语）,表示动作的被动或完成。The buildingbuiltlast year is a Childrens Palace now.4)动词不定式（短语）作定语,表示将来的动作。He has an important meetingto attend.5)当名词前有the first,the secondthe last,the next,the only等词修饰时，其后置定语常用不定式，不用v-ing.He is always the first student to

16、come and the last student to leave.3.过去分词（done）与现在分词的被动语态(being done)及不定式的被动语态（to be done）作定语的区别：首先三者都含被动意义1）过去分词（done）作定语，表示被动的动作已完成。The buildingbuiltlast year is a Childrens Palace now.2）现在分词的被动语态(being done)作定语，表示被动的动作正在进行。The buildingbeingbuiltnow will be a Childrens Palace .3）不定式的被动语态（to be don

17、e）作定语，表示被动的动作将要发生。The buildingto bebuiltnext year will be a Childrens Palace .四、动词ing形式作表语1.性质和功能1）表示抽象的一般的行为，用来说明主语的内容，与主语通常是同一个概念，表语和主语可互换位置。Eg.His hobby is collecting stamps.=Collecting stamps is my hobby.2）表示主语的某种性质和特征，这时通常可以看作是形容词。Eg.The report is very encouraging.2.动词ing形式作表语与动词不定式作表语的区别动词ing作

18、表语表示抽象的、一般的动作；动词不定式作表语表示一次具体的动作或将要发生的事。Eg.His hobby is painting.(一般性动作) Today what he want to do is to paint.（具体的动作）五、动词ing形式作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语时，它与宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是其逻辑上的主语。它主要是用于以下两类动词后作宾语补足语。1.表示感觉和心理状态的动词或动词短语后用现在分词做宾语补足语,如：see,hear,feel,smell,watch,catch(碰巧发现)，find, notice,observe，listen to,look at

19、等。Tom noticed his classmate cheating in the exam.注意：1）在see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,look at等感官动词后，既可用动词的现在分词作宾补，又可用省略to的不定式做宾补。用现在分词时，表示动作正在进行，用省略to的不定式表示动作的全过程。I saw Jane getting on the bus.(表示动作正在进行)我看见Jane正在上公共汽车。I saw Jane(to) get on the bus.(表示动作完成了)我看见Jane上了公共汽车。2)当用省略to的不定式做宾补时，如果句

20、子用被动语态，不定式得带to.Jane was seen to get on the bus.2.部分使役动词后用现在分词作宾语补足语，如keep,have,get,leave,make,set等The joke make her laughing.3.有些动词或动词词组，如：regard,describe,accept,think of,look on,quote等之后，可由as引出现在分词作宾补。Eg.Theydescribethe cartoonasbeing attractive.他们描述说这个动画片很吸引人。六、动词ing形式作状语(一)现在分词作状语，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、

21、让步、方式或伴随动作。作伴随状语时可转化成对应的并列句，作其他状语时可转化成与之对应的状语从句。根据v-ing的四种形式，一般时_,完成时_;一般时的被动_,完成时的被动_.作状语时按照两个依据来选择形式。1)与句中主语是主动关系还是被动关系2)与谓语动词的动作发生的先后对比形式意义doing与句中主语逻辑上的主动关系，与句中谓语动词同时发生having done与句中主语逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词发生being done与句中主语逻辑上的被动关系（动宾关系），与谓语动词动作同时发生，且一般作原因状语置于句首。having been done与句中主语逻辑上的被动关系（动宾关系），先于谓语

22、动词发生Eg.Playing in the park,I met my friend Mary.(play与met动作同时发生)Being trappedin the mountain without any food,Ifelt very hungry.(being trapped与I逻辑上的被动关系，且动作同时发生)Having finishedhis homework,he went to bed.(having finished发生在went动作之前)Having been shownaround the museum,wewere taken to the library.(二)功能

23、1.现在分词作时间状语现在分词作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。Arriving in Qingdao,I lost my way.=When I arrive in Qingdao,I lost my way.2.现在分词作原因状语现在分词作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。Not knowing her address,I have to telephone her to come.=Because I dont know her address, I have to telephone her to come.Having smoked too much,his father suff

24、ers from lung cancer.=Because he has smoked too much,his father suffers from lung cancer.3.现在分词作条件状语现在分词作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。有时会在现在分词前加if,unless,使条件更明确。(If)Studying hard,you will succeed.=If you study hard ,you will succeed.=study hard and you will succeed.(祈使句加and连接的并列句)4.现在分词作让步状语现在分词作让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从

25、句。有时会在现在分词前加连词although,even if ,even though等。(Although/Even if/Even though)Knowing all this,I still want to see it for myself.= Although/Even if/Even though I know all this,I still want to see it for myself.Having tried many times,he still cant succeed.= Although/Even if/Even though he has tried man

26、y times, he still cant succeed.5.现在分词作方式或伴随状语现在分词表示方式或伴随情况比较常见，用来说明动作发生的背景或情况，一般情况下，现在分词表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，并可以转化成简单句。Following Tom,we started to climb.=We followed Tom and we started to climb.Mark came riding a new bike.=Mark came and he rode a new bike.6.现在分词作结果状语现在分词作结果状语表示必然的结果，通常放在主句后，中间用逗号隔开，有时为

27、了突出结果，现在分词前带thus.It hasnt rained for months,（thus）making the crops hard to grow.注意：不定式和现在分词都可做结果状语，但用法和意义不同。不定式作结果状语通常指出乎意料的结果，常在不定式前加only或never,用来强调惊讶或失望；而现在分词作状语强调一种必然的因果关系。试比较：He hurried to station,only to findthat the train left.She fell off the bike,breakingher left leg.7.现在分词的独立成分作状语有些惯用的现在分词短

28、语在句中可以没有逻辑主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全局，表明说话人的态度、观点等，也可当作固定搭配记住。generally speaking一般来说 strictly speaking严格说来roughly speaking大致说来 frankly speaking坦率地说broadly speaking广义上说 narrowly speaking狭义上说personally speaking就个人而言judging from/by由判断considering考虑到 supposing/providing如果eg.Personally speaking,its a good idea.Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.Judging from her accent,she must be from Qingdao.