英语牛津译林版八年级下册语法大全(DOC 19页).doc

1、英语牛津译林版八年级下册语法大全(UNIT1)现在完成时的重点和难点一、现在完成时的完成用法和未完成用法1. 现在完成时的完成用法现在完成时的完成用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。)现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：

2、this morning month year.，today等)连用。例如： Have you found your pen yet你已找到你的钢笔了吗2. 现在完成时的未完成用法现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。

3、)此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far到目前为止)等。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：主语have / has beenfor短语It is一段时间 since从句例如：He has been in

4、 the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的

5、动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。4、延续性动词的用法特征1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示段时间的状语连用。表示段时间的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂

6、时间的点时间状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示点时间，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：- When did you get to know Jack-Two years ago.- Then youve known each other for more than two years.-Thats righ

7、t.5、终止性动词的用法特征1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：The train has arrived.火车到了。Have you joined the computer group 你加入电脑小组了吗2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如：(1)他死了三年了。 误：He has died for three years.正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago.正：It is three years since he di

8、ed. 正：Three years has passed since he died.(2)他来这儿五天了。 误：He has come here for five days.正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago.正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示段时间的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢可以采用下面的四种方法：(1)将句中终

9、止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leavebe away, borrowkeep, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over, joinbe in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a coldhave a cold。(2)将句中表示段时间的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。(3)用句型It is+段时间

10、+since.表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。(4)用句型时间+has passed+since.表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：He hasnt left here since 1986.I havent heard from my father for two weeks.4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成not+终止性动词+until/till .的句型，意为直到.才.。如：You cant leave here until I arrive.直到我

11、到了，你才能离开这里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是点时间(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是段时间(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：When we reached London, it was twelve oclock. (reach为终止性动词)Please look af

12、ter my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如：误：How long have you come here 正：How long have you been here正：When did you come here二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对现在产生的影响。如：He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明

13、去桂林的时间)2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)3. 两种时态的区分(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是助动词have /has +过去分词。如：The film started at 7 oclock. He has been a teacher for many years.(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years a

14、go, just now, in 2002等；而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since., for.等表示一段时间的状语连用。看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别 Have you seen the film(A) Did you see the film(B)说明 你看过这部电影吗(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。 How has he done it(A) How did he do it(B)说明他是怎么做的这件事(A)句强调的是

15、他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)说明他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。三、现在完成时考点例析现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有：一、考查其构成助动词have (has) +动词过去分词构成现在完成时。如：1. Kates never seen Chinese films，_ A. has

16、nt she B. has she C. isnt she D. is she析：陈述句部分含否定词never,简略问句部分要用肯定式，又因Kates是Kate has的缩写，故选B。2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)His uncle _ posted the photos to him _.析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑问句中，故填hasnt, yet。3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So _her parents. A. has B. had C. d

17、id D. have析：so+助/系/情态动词+主语结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致，又后句的主语为her parents是复数,故选D。二、考查其用法与标志词(一)当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等时，常用现在完成时。如：1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball -_you_ your homework yetA. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished2. -_ you _anywhere befo

18、re -Yes, but I cant remember where I_A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfedC. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed析：据yet和before可知,应用现在完成时，故1题选D，2题选D。(二)当句中有for +段时间或since +点时间等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语动词必须是延续性动词，若是非延续性动词，要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如：1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice_he

19、 came to Yunnan.A. after B. before C. since D. for析：主句用的是现在完成时，而从句用的是一般过去时，故选C。2. Tom_the CD player for two weeks.A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had析：A、B、C均为非延续性动词，在肯定句中不与表段时间的短语连用，故选D。3. I_a letter from him since he left.A. didnt receive B. havent got C. didnt have D. havent heard

20、析：据since可知，应排除A、C，hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb.意为收到某人的来信，故选B。三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。如：1. -Have you ever_Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors-Yes, I have.A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to析：据句中的have，排除A，B项意为去某地了，C项意为一直呆在某地，D项意为去过某地，符合题意，故选D。2.

21、My parents _ Shangdong for ten years.A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been析：本题句中有for+段时间结构，据此可排除C，B项意为去过某地，不合题意，D项缺介词，故选A。四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。如：1. Suns aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正确的句子)析：非延续性动词与段时间连用时，除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外，还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型Its +段时间+since+从句进行句子转换。故答案为：S

22、uns aunt has been there for ten years. /Suns aunt went there ten years ago. /Its ten years since Suns aunt went there.2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改为同义句)_more than ten years _Susan _to this city.析：据上题分析，且since引导的从句要用一般过去时，故填It is, since, came。3. I wont go to the concert be

23、cause I _my ticket.A. lost B. dont lose C. have lost D. is coming析：因我丢了票的动作发生在过去，而且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果，符合现在完成时所表示的含意，故选C。(UNIT2)过去进行时（注意when while as引导的时间状语从句。）(UNIT3)被动语态复习三步曲被动语态是动词语态的一种形式,表示主语是动作的承受者。在历年的中考题中,都有一定数量的考查被动语态的题目。因此,有必要对被动语态进行系统复习。第一曲:掌握被动语态的结构被动语态由助动词+及物动词的过去分词构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词b

24、e的变化上,同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。现将初中阶段常见的几种时态的被动语态总结如下:1. 一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are+done(指及物动词的过去分词,下同)如:English is used all over the world.2. 一般过去时的被动语态:was/were+done如: The picture was painted two years ago.3. 现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are+being+done如: The flowers are being watered by them now.4. 现在完成时的被动语态:have(ha

25、s)+been+done如:The room has been cleaned.5. 一般将来时的被动语态:will/be going to+be+done如:The work will be finished tomorrow.6. 含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+done如:Your homework must be handed in today.其它几种特殊句型：It is said that . It is well known that . It is reported that.have sth done第二曲:掌握主动语态变被动语态的方法把主动语态变为被动语态时,应走好

26、以下三步:1)主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语; 2)主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式; 3)主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构的谓语动词之后。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时,by短语可以省略。请看示范:主动语态:My brother repaired that bike yesterday. 主语 谓语动词宾语其余部分被动语态:That bike was repaired (by my brother) yesterday. 主语 谓语动词 by+宾语其余部分对于主动语态变为被动语态方法的考查,主要在句型转换题目中出现。只要能够按照上面

27、介绍的方法去做,一般是能够做对的。第三曲:注意主动语态变为被动语态的几种特殊句型1. 含有短语动词的被动语态一般来说,只有及物动词才有被动语态。另外,许多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,后面也可加宾语。在变被动语态时,注意不可丢掉后面的介词或副词,常见的这类短语动词有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等。如:The old people should be taken good care of.2. 含有双宾语的动词的被动语态含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时,应将其中一个宾语改为被

28、动结构的主语,另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语,直接宾语(指物)不变。另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语,间接宾语(指人)不变,这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for。如:My father gave me a new book on my birthday.I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (间接宾语作了主语)A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接宾语作了主语)3. 带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态带有

29、复合宾语(宾语和宾语补足语)的主动语态变为被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动语态的主语,原来的宾语补足语不动。同时,如果宾语补足语是省略to的动词不定式,变为被动语态时,必须加上不定式符号to,这类动词有make, let, see, hear, watch等。如:We find English very useful. English is found very useful. 宾语宾补I often hear him sing in his room. He is often heard to sing in his room. 宾语 宾补4.有的动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义,这类动词有: w

30、ash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel等。如:The books sell well. The food tastes good.以上四种情况在中考题目中经常出现,同学们在碰到类似题目时,应首先分析属于哪种情况,然后再根据掌握的知识来做题。二、被动语态考点归纳1. 主动语态改为被动语态时，被动语态应和主动语态的时态保持一致。如：We speak English . （改为被动语态） English _ _ by us.分析此句主动语态为一般现在时态，被动语态也应用一般现在时态，因此，答案应是is spoken。2. 注意被动语态的谓语结构。一般现在时是：am

31、/ is / are + ；一般过去时是：was / were + ；现在完成时是：have / has / been + ；现在进行时是：am / is / are / + being + ；含有情态动词的是：情态动词be + 。有诗曰：被动语态须注意，谓语不离be。主谓一致别忘记，进行易丢一个be。（注：过去分词）。如：We must take good care of our eyes. （改为被动语态） Our eyes must _ _ good care of.分析此句中含有情态动词must，那么，我们根据情态动词be+.的公式可知，答案应是be taken。3. 注意句中主谓语的

32、一致关系。如：Tea _ （grow）in southeast of China and India.分析此句中主语tea是不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词应用单数形式。而此句说明的又是一自然现象，因此就应用一般现在时态。所以，答案应是is grown。4. 注意复合宾语的变化。如：They couldnt make the cow go. （改为被动语态）分析the cow go 在句中作make的复合宾语。一般情况下，变为被动语态后，宾语补足语的结构形式、所处位置原封不动地保存下来，但make / have / let / see / watch / hear 等后原可省的to要还原回来。显然

33、，此句中，the cow go 中省去的to应还原回来，因此答案应是The cow couldnt be made to go.5. 注意双宾语的变化。如：Mr Smith showed the students two pictures yesterday . （改为被动语态）Two pictures _ _ _ the students by Mr Smith.分析变为被动语态时，双宾语中的任何一个皆可变为主语，一般变直接宾语，但间接宾语前必须加上介词to或for。此句中显然是把直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，那么，间接宾语前须加上介词to，所以答案应是were shown to。6. 注意短

34、语动词中的小词。如：The old men and the children _ in our country.A. must take good care B. must be taken good careC. must be taken good care of D. must take good care of分析短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，应当做一个词来看待，变成被动语态后，小词不能丢弃。因此，此题答案应是C。(UNIT5)直接引语变间接引语一、句式的变化1. 陈述句变为以that引导的宾语从句。that在口语中常省略She said,Our train will arrive i

35、n five minutes.She said (that) their train would arrive in five minutes.He said,Im very busy. He said (that) he was very busy.2. 一般疑问句变成if/whether引导的宾语从句。He said,Can you swim,John He asked John if he could swim.The teacher said,Have you all understood me The teacher asked if we had all understood hi

36、m.If/whether的用法主要区别点:a. whether可与or (not)连用I dont know whether he will come or not.b. 与介词连用：We are talking about whether he will win.c. 与不定式连用：I cant decide whether to go with you.3. 特殊疑问句变为由who/what/when等疑问词引导的宾语从句。George said,When will you get back from Shanghai,MikeGeorge asked Mike when he would

37、 get back from ShanghaiHe said,Where are you going He asked where I was going.4. 祈使句变为动词不定式。表示命令时常用tell;表示请求时常用ask。Dont变为notThe teacher said to the boy,Open the window . The teacher told the boy to open the window.His father said to him,Dont leave the door open. His father told him not to leave the

38、door open.5 .反意疑问句，变为由if/whether引导的宾语从句。She asked me,You have seen the film, havent you She asked me if/whether I had seen the film.6. 选择问句，变为whether.or.I asked him,Will you stay at home or go to a film tonightI asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.7. 直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语时可用

39、what或how引导，有时也可用that引导。She said,What a lovely day it is! She said what a lovely day it was.She said that it was a lovely day.二、时态的变化附：时态不变的几种情况：1. 如主句谓语动词为一般现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态。He says,Im very busy today. He says (that) he is very busy today.He will say,I have watered the flowers. He wil

40、l say (that)he has watered the flowers.2. 直接引语如果是客观真理，事实，格言等内容时，变间接引语时，时态不变。例：He said: Light travels much faster than sound. 他说：光传播的速度要比声音快得多。He said that light travels much faster than sound3. 直接引语是书信、新闻报道等相关内容时，变间接引语时，时态不变。4. 直接引语说的是一个人习惯的动作时，变间接引语时，时态不变。5. 转述正在进行的对话时，变间接引语时，时态不变。6. 直接引语有具体的表示过去的时

41、间时，变间接引语时，时态不变。7. when 和 since 引导的时间状语从句时，变间接引语时，时态不变。否则：如主句谓语动词为过去时，则间接引语中的动词应由现在时变为过去时一般现在时一般过去时 一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时 一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时三、时间状语的变化now then last monththe month before toightthat night todaythat daythree days ago three days before tomorrow the next day this weekthat weeknext monthth

42、e next month yesterdaythe day before the day after tomorrowin two days例：She said, I went there yesterday. 她说，我昨天去那儿了。She said that she had gone there the day before. 她说她前一天去那儿了。四、人称的变化直接引语变为间接引语相当于把直接引语变为宾语从句。因此直接引语的人称要做相应的变化。直接引语的主语为第一人称时，变为间接引语要和主句的主语保持一致。He said: I will go to Beijing tomorrow. He

43、 said that he would go to Beijing the next day.直接引语的主语为第二人称时，要和主句的宾语保持一致。例：He said to me: You will leave tomorrow. He told me that I would leave the next day.直接引语是第三人称为主语时，变间接引语时不变。例：He said to me: My sister will leave tomorrow. He told me that his sister would leave tomorrow.He said to us: They wan

44、t to come. He told us that they wanted to go.五、其它变化指示代词的变化 thisthat thesethoseShe said: I will come this morning.她说，我今天上午来。She said that she would go that morning. 她说她那天上午去。地点状语的变化 herethereHe said, My sister was here three days ago.他说：我姐姐三天前在这儿。He said that his sister had been there three days befo

45、re. 他说他姐姐三天前去那儿。谓语动词的变化 come goShe said, I will come here tomorrow. 她说，我明天来这。She said that she would go there the next day. 她说她第二天去那儿。中考宾语从句常见错误例析宾语从句是中考的考点，也是英语学习中的难点。现将宾语从句的常见错误作一归纳、分析。一、连接词的错误例1：He asked _ there was a bookshop in the street A. that B. what C. how D. whether错解：A剖析：ask 表明了宾语部分含有询问意思。而that不能引导疑问语气的句子。引导一般疑问句通常用whether或if。 正解：D例2：Tell me _ you will go with us or stay at home.