外研版八年级英语上册-Module-4-知识归纳(DOC 10页).docx

1、Module 4.Planes,ships and trains一、主题：交通方式(Modes of transportation)二、必背单词名词：road 路：（尤指）公路 accident 交通事故；意外事件 choice 选择 classmate 同班同学 journey 旅行；旅程动词：book 预订 park 停放（车）；泊（车）形容词：crowded 拥挤的；人数过多的副词：however 然而；但是介词：except 除之外兼类词：far adv.远；遥远 adj.远的；遥远的 close adj.（距离上）近的，接近的 adv.（距离上）接近地 outside prep.在之

2、外 adv.在外面；朝户外 n.外面；外部 adj.外部的；外表的cost v.价钱为；花费 n.价钱；成本；代价三、常用短语1、take the bus 乘公共汽车2、go to school 去上学3、by taxi 乘出租车4、what about 怎么样5、by bike 骑自行车6、so much 如此多的7、far from 远离8、take the underground 乘地铁9、be close to 离近10、the same as 和一样11、ride ones bike 骑自行车12、be careful 小心13、all the time 一直；不断地14、on on

3、es way to 在某人去的路上15、fromto 从到16、how long 多长时间17、the best way to travel 旅行的最佳方式18、by train 乘火车19、by coach 乘长途汽车20、a long time 很长时间21、by car 乘小汽车22、by ship 乘轮船23、go across 穿越24、book tickets 预订票25、get crowded 变得拥挤26、because of 因为27、have a great trip 旅途愉快28、in a hurry 匆忙29、somewhere else 其他的某个地方30、thank

4、s for 感谢四、重点句型1、形容词、副词最高级句型（1）Its the most comfortable way, but its also the most expensive.（2）He lives the farthest from school2、谈论交通方式（1）-How does Tony go to school? -He takes the underground.（2）-And what about Lingling? -Her home is the closest to school, so she walks.（3）-How about Daming? -He go

5、es by bus too（4）You can ride your bike to school, but remember to be careful all the time.3、提建议的句型：Then what about going by bike?4、表示请求的句型：Could you please tell me about the trains and ships to get there?5、“It takes sb. some time to do sth” 句型：And it takes you about twelve hours to get there.五、模块语法形

6、容词、副词的最高级（It is the fastest and the second cheapest./ The new train travels the fastest of all the trains in the world.）Module 4.Planes,ships ans trains 详细笔记1、be late for迟到eg. I was late for school/work. 我上学/工作迟到了。2、What happened?发生了什么?(教材第26页)happen不及物动词，意为“发生;出现”。无被动语态eg.The story happened in1876.

7、故事发生在1876年。【拓展】happen的常见用法sth.+ happened+时间地点状语 某时某地发生了某事happen to sb/sth. 某人/某物发生了某事happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事It happens/happened that. 碰巧egA strange thing happened in the village.村子里发生了一件奇怪的事。If anything happened to him, please let me know.万一他有什么不測，请通知我。I happened to be out when he called.他打电话时我刚好出去了

8、It happened that I had no money on me.碰巧我身上没带钱。【辨析】 happen与 take place (发生)Happen 强调某事发生的偶然性take place表示事先安排或有准备的事情或活动发生eg.I hope nothing has happened to them，我希望他们没出事。eg. The meeting will take place at 8 a m. tomorrow. 会议将于明天上午8:00举行。3、road accident道路交通事故Accident 名词，意为“交通事故；意外事件”。表示“出事故”一般用have an

9、accident.Eg. A car accident happened to her this morning.今天上午她发生了车祸。【拓展】by accident偶然Eg.I met her by accident yesterday.昨天我偶然遇到了她。4、 “”沉重的” eg. Toms bag is very heavy. Tom的书包很沉重。heavy形容词 “很多的;大量的;严重的”，表示在数量、程度等方面超出一般。副词形式为 heavily。常用于雨雪下的大，交通严重（引申意即交通拥堵） Eg. It snowed/rained heavily this morning. So

10、 I was late because of the heavy snow/rain.今天早上雪/雨下得很大，所以因为这场大雪/大雨我迟到了。 We all hate the heavy traffic.我们都讨厌拥堵的交通。5、but nobody was late ,except me.但除了我没有人迟到。except 介词，意为“除外”，常与all、every、no、nothing等词连用，所有、没有除了,除去的部分常常与整体是同类事物。【辨析】except， besides与 except forexcept“除之外”，强调所排除的不包括在内，含有“减去”的意思 -1besides“除

11、之外(还有)”，包括 besides后面的宾语在内，含有“加上”的意思 +1except for“除了”，说明整个基本情况之后，对细节加以修正，常含有“美中不足”之意Eg.We all passed the exam except Tom. 除汤姆外，我们都通过了考试。I have another blue pen besides this one. 除这支外，我还有另一支蓝色钢笔。Her composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes.除几处拼写错误外，她的作文非常好。6、Maybe I should go to sch

12、ool by taxi.或许我应该坐出租车去上学。Maybe=perhaps,副词，意为“大概；或许；可能”，在句中作状语。Eg. Maybe Mr Miller will stay here for a week.或许我应该坐出租车去上学。【注意】：与may be 区分，“情态动词+be 动词”结构，意为“可能是”,在句中作谓语，只用于句中。Eg. Tom may be at home.汤姆或许在家里。7、by taxi 乘出租车 “by+交通工具名词”表示交通方式，表示交通工具的名词用单数形式，且其前不加冠词（a/an/the）.eg.by bus by plane by train by

13、 ship【拓展】表示交通方式的常用结构用介词表达by+交通工具名词in/on+限定词+交通工具名词用动词表达take+a/the+交通工具名词walk/ ride/fly/ drive.+to+地点Eg.I go to school by bike. =I go to school on my bike=I ride to school.我骑自行车去上学。提问交通方式用how。一 How are you going there?你们将怎么去那里?一 Were going there by train.我们将坐火车去那里。8、choice 名词，意为”选择”。其动词形式为choose。Eg.

14、We are faced with a difficult choice. 我们面临着艰难的抉择。【拓展】 make choices/ a choice表示“做出选择”。Eg.I had to make a choice. 我必须做出选择。Eg.Its important to help the students make choices.帮助学生做出选择是重要的。 have no choice but to do sth表示“除了做某事别无选择”。Eg.I have no choice but to accept the fact.我别无选择，只能接受这个事实。9、Theres so muc

15、h traffic. 交通那么拥堵。（traffic n.交通 不可数名词）So much“如此多”，修饰不可数名词There is so much money in the bag.So many“如此多”，修饰可数名词复数So many students are waiting for the bus.10、Dont worry. 不用担心worry about担心 (worry v.) Dont worry about us. 不用为我们担心。We worried a lot about the bad weather.我们非常担心这坏天气be worried about 担心( wor

16、ried adj.) The girl was worried about her study.那个女孩担心她的学习。11、far from=far away from 意为“远离”，from后接表示地点的名词或副词。Eg. Mr Wang lives far from the station.王先生住的离车站远。 He lives the farthest from school, so he takes the understand.他住的离学校最远，因此他坐地铁。12、close v.“关；关闭” 反义词：open“打开” adj.“亲密的” a close friend 一个亲密的朋友

17、 “（距离上）近的，接近的”=near,反义词是far，意为“远的，遥远的” 常用短语：be close to “离近” be far from “离远” adv.”接近；靠近；紧挨着” eg. I live close to school.我住的离学校近。Eg. The two buildings are close togethe.两座建筑物相距很近。My home is close to the zoo.我家离动物国近。The bank is far from the station.银行离车站远。13、be the same as.和一样 eg.Oh, your skirt is th

18、e same as hers.be different from 和不同 eg.My cousins bike is different from mine.14、but its so crowded ! 但公共汽车太拥挤了！Crowded adj.拥挤的；人数过多的 常用短语：be crowded with “挤满了”Eg. In spring this place is crowded with visitors.春天，这个地方挤满了游客。【拓展】crowd n.人群；群众 the crowd群众；老百姓crowds of people 许许多多的人15、You can ride your

19、 bike to school， but remember to be careful all the time.你可以骑自行车去上学，但记着始终要小心。all the time意为“一直;不断地”，相当于 always或the whole time。Eg. Accidents like this happen all the time.此类事故经常发生。I keep on writing articles all the time我一直在坚持写作。【拓展】time的相关短语In time及时 on time准时 ahead of time提前at a time每次 from time to

20、time有时;偶尔16、plan v.计划；打算 plan to do sth 计划/打算做某事 Eg. They plan to visit Hong Kong this year.今年他们计划去香港旅行。 n.计划；方案 make a plan 制定计划，后可接介词for，表示计划的对象。 Eg. It is necessary to make a plan for the summer vacation. 制定一个暑假计划是有必要的。17、Could you please tell me about the trains or ships to get there?你能告诉我去那里的火车

21、或轮船的信息吗？Colud you please do sth? 是一个表示表示请求的句型，意为“你能吗”/请你好吗”，语气非常委婉，相当于“Would you please do sth.?”.18、 n.书 eg. Books are our good friends. 书籍是我们的好朋友。book v.预订，其后接的宾语多是与住、行有关的ticket、room和hotel等词。 Eg. I booked a room of a hotel for my parents on the Internet. 我在网上为父母预定了宾馆的房间。18、Remember that parking in

22、 Amsterdam is very expensive, so stay outside the city centre and travel in by bus or by train.记住，在阿姆斯特丹停车很贵，因此住在市中心外面，坐公共汽车或火车去里面旅行。(1)park作动词，意为“停放(车);泊(车)”，可作不及物动词也可作及物动词Eg.Ben parked across the street.本把年停在了街对面。Eg.Lets find a place to park our car.我们找个地方停车吧。【拓展】park还可作名词，意为“公园”。Eg.We went for a

23、walk in the park.我们去公国散步了2) outside此处作介词，意为“在之外”。其反义词是 inside，意为在里面”。Eg.You can park your car outside our house.你可以把你的汽车停在我们房子的外面。【拓展】outside作名词时，意为“外面;外部”。Eg. The outside of the house is very old.这座房子的外围很古老。outside作副词时，意为“在外面;朝户外”。Eg.Would you please wait outside?你在外面等一等好吗?19、And it takes you about

24、 twelve hours to get there.并且你要花大约十二个小时才能到达那里。(教材第28页)(1)本句为 It takes(sb) some time to do sth”句型，意为“做某事花费(某人)多长时间”。it作形式主语，后面的动词不定式(短语)作真正的主语。Eg.It usually takes me one hour to do my homework.我通常花一小时做家庭作业。(2)take动词，意为“需要时间;费时”。Eg.The journey to the airport takes about half an hour.到机场大约需要半小时。20、 How

25、ever，it will not cost as much as going by train.然而，它不会像乘火车一样花费那么多。(教材第28页)(1) however副词，意为“然而;但是”，可以位于句首、句中和句末。通常要用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。Eg.He lives a hard life. However, he feels happy.他过着艰苦的生活，然而，他觉得幸福【辨析】 however与buthowever副词，意为“然而;但是”，必须用逗号与句子其他部分隔开but连词，意为“但是”，直接引出分句，其后一般不使用逗号，表示转折Eg. My father knows tha

26、t it is not good to smoke. However, he cant give up smoking.我的父亲知道吸烟不好。然而，他戒不了烟。Eg. I called you, but you did not answer. 我给你打过电话，但你没接。(2)cost作动词，意为“价钱为;花费”，其过去式为cost。cost还可作名词，意为“价钱;成本”。Eg.The computer costs three thousand yuan. 这台电脑花了3000元Eg.The cost of living in big cities Is high.大城市里的生活费用高。【归纳】

27、cost， spend，pay与take表“花费时的常用句型Sth.cos词汇主语句型结构cost事物Sth.cost(s) sb. some money.spend人Sb.spend(s) some time/money doing sth.Sb.spend(s) some time/money on sth.pay人Sb.pay(s) some money for sth.takeItIt takes/took sb. some time to do sth.Eg.The present cost me ninety yuan.=I spent ninety yuan buying the

28、 present.=I spent ninety yuan on the present.I paid ninety yuan for the present.这件礼物花了我九十元。Eg.It took me 30 minutes to get to school我用了半个小时的时间到达学校。21、but you may have to wait for hours at the airport because of bad weather. 但因为恶劣的天气你可能不得不在机场等数小时。Because of 是介词短语，意为“因为”，后接名词（短语）、代词或者动词ing形式作宾语。Eg.I d

29、idnt go to school yesterday because of illness.因为生病我昨天没有去上学。【辨析】 because of与 becausebecause of短语介词，后接名词(短语)、代词或动词ing形式作宾语because连词，后接句子，引导原因状语从句，常用于回答why引导的问句Eg.We didnt go to the beach because of the heavy rain.=We didnt go to the beach because it rained heavily.因为雨下得很大，所以我们没有去海滩。22、动词不定式（短语）常位于名词、

30、不定代词之后作定语。Eg. I have many letters to write.我有许多信要写。Eg.There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。23、in a hurry 匆忙；急忙Eg. They left in a hurry.他们匆忙离开了。24、somewhere else 别的某个地方somewhere不定副词，意为“某处；在某处；到某处”。Eg. I,m not going home yet. I have to go somewhere else first.我还不准备回家，我必须先去其他某个地方【拓展】与形容词连用时，形容词必须放在

31、somewhere之后。Eg.The birds are flying somewhere warm.这些鸟正飞往暖和的地方25、本单元语法：形容词、副词的最高级对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时，可以用形容词、副词的最高级形式来表达。1.形容词和副词最高数的构成形容词、副词最高级也有规则变化和不规则变化两种情况，其中规则变化又有两种方式一种是在词尾加est，另一种是在单词前面加most.具体变化规则如下表：(1)规则变化类别构成方法原级最高级单音节和少数双音节单词一般在词尾加-esttalltallesthardhardest以字母e结尾的词直接加-stlargelatelargestlat

32、est以重读闭音节结尾的词，若末尾只有一个轴音字母，应先双写这个轴音字母，再加-estBighotBiggesthottest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,先把y变成i，再加-estBusyearlyBusiestearliest大部分双音节和多音节单词在单词前加mostdangerousmost dangerouscarefullyMost carefully(2)不规则变化原级最高级Good/wellbestBad/ill,badlyworstMany/muchmostLittleleastfarFarthest/furthest2.形容词和副词最高级的常用句型(1)the+形容词/副词的最

33、高级+in/of/ among(比较范围短语)。形容词最高级前通常要加定冠词the，但副词的最高级前可加也可不加.The red car runs(the) fastest of the five这辆红色的小汽车在这五辆中跑得最快。(2)以who、 whose、 which开头的表示三者或三者以上之间选择的疑问句。Who writes Chinese (the) most carefully, Tom, Tony or Mike?汤姆、托尼和迈克三个人中，谁写汉语最认真?(3) one of+the+形容词最高级十可数名词复数+ in/of/among(比较范围短语)。Shanghai is

34、one of the Largest cities in the world.上海是世界上最大的城市之一(4)the+序数词十形容词最高级”结构，表示“第几(长、大、远.)The Yellow River is the second Longest river in China黄河是中国的第二长河。(5)比较级形式表达最高级含义的句型比较级+than+ any other+名词单数This book is more difficult than any other book. This book is the most difficult of all.所有书当中这本最难。比较级+than+

35、the other+可数名词复数Asia is bigger than the other continents on earth.亚洲是地球上最大的洲。no、 nothing、 nobody、 never等含有否定意义的词十比较级I have never read a more interesting novel=It is the most interesting novel I have ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的小说。3、注意事项形容词的最高级前有物主代词或名词所有格修饰时，不加the。Eg. Bill is my elder brothers best friend.比尔是我哥哥最好的朋友。有些形容词和副词本身就表示“最”之意，因此没有最高级形式。常见的如favourite。Eg.English is her favourite subject.英语是她最喜欢的科目。形容词的最高级前不用the，而用a/an，这时不表示“最”，而表示“很，非常”Eg.It is a most difficult problem. =It is a very difficult problem这是个很难的问题