精讲初中英语句子成分最终版课件.ppt

1、1(一一)句子成分句子成分Parts of the Sentence.,2 句子成分的概念：句子成分的概念：组成句子的各个部分就叫句子成分。英语基本句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。.,3句子成份句子成份:句子一般由两个部分组成：句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（主语部分（subject group）谓语部分（谓语部分（predicate group）句子成份：句子成份：主主 谓谓 宾宾 表表补补定定状状.,4Members of sentence:S-subjectP-predicative O-objectAttri.-attribut

2、eAdv.-adverbOc-object complement Predicate/(Verb)主主宾宾表表补补定定状状谓谓.,5一、主语（subject）主语是谓语讲述的对象，是句子的主体。表示所说的主语是谓语讲述的对象，是句子的主体。表示所说的“是什么是什么”或或“是谁是谁”。一般由。一般由名词、代词、不定代名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当，也有从句充当的现象。的现象。大多数主语都在大多数主语都在句首。句首。.,61 The room is very clean.2 We often speak English.3 Eigh

3、t is my lucky number.4 To teach them English is my job.5 Swimming is good for our health.6 What we need is food.7 The poor are everywhere in some countries.8 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作作形式主语。形式主语。It is very interesting to play the game called“treat or trick”.It took two workers a

4、bout three months to build the house.理解记忆理解记忆(名词名词)(代词代词)(数词数词)(动词不定式动词不定式)(动名词动名词)(句子句子)(the+形容词形容词).,找出下面句子的主语找出下面句子的主语1.Our school is not far from my home.2.To talk with you is a great pleasure 3.Cleaning the house needs a lot of time.4.They are our good friends.5.What he said was right.6.Eight i

5、s a lucky number in China.7.It is a great pleasure to talk with you.,78 单选：单选：1.Mary with her two daughters _ going to Shanghai for Explo 2010 next month.A.are B.was C.is D.were 2._ more exercise does good to your health.A.Do B.Does C.Did D.Doing 3._ is impossible to finish this job before Wednesday

6、.A.That B.This C.It D.They.,9二、谓语二、谓语（predicate）谓语是用来说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样。常置谓语是用来说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样。常置于主语后。谓语由于主语后。谓语由动词充当动词充当，主语和谓语在人称和数，主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。上必须保持一致。谓语动词存在多种时态和不同的语态，它是句子的核谓语动词存在多种时态和不同的语态，它是句子的核心。心。.,10He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job.He can speak Ger

7、man.,11谓语（谓语（predicate）:是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语。I love you!They went to sleep very late last night.He practises running every morning.The plane took off at 10 oclock.How often do you go shopping?Why didnt you come

8、back last night?简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成.,12 You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cough.We are sudents.That idea sounds great!复合谓语复合谓语 1.情态动词情态动词+动词原形动词原形 2.其他助动词其他助动词+动词某种形式动词某种形式 3.系动词系动词+形容词形容词.,常见情态动词：can/could 能，可以，可能 may/might 可以，可能 need 需要 must 必须，务必 will/would 表意

9、愿 should 应该 have to 不得不+动词原形动词原形作谓语作谓语.,13系动词分类：一 be动词类：am,is,are,was,were 二 感官动词类:look,sound,smell,taste,feel,三 表示变化类:become,get,turn,grow,go 四 表示延续性的动词:remain,stay,keep 五 似乎，好像:seem,appear.,1415 Open the door,please!Go and get some water for me.Dont laugh at others!Dont come back late tonight.主意祈使

10、句中的谓语部分：主意祈使句中的谓语部分：1.省略主语省略主语you2.谓语动词用原形谓语动词用原形.,16找出下列句子的谓语找出下列句子的谓语 1.I dont like the picture on the wall.2.The days get longer and longer when summer comes.3.Do you usually go to school by bus?4.Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?5.Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.6.Put away you

11、r books right now!.,17按要求找出下列句子的主谓：按要求找出下列句子的主谓：1.Trees turn green when spring comes.（主谓）（主谓）2.He broke a piece of glass.（谓）（谓）3.Dont get nervous，and help yourself to what you like（主谓）（主谓）4.Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.（主谓）（主谓）5.There are many people in the hall.（

12、主）（主）6.Would you please pass me the cup?（主谓）（主谓）主谓小测主谓小测祈使句祈使句,省略主语省略主语you.,18 1.It is difficult for me _ so much work within one night.Can you help me?A.finish B.finishing C.to finish D.finished 2.John with two of his friends _ to play basketball every Sunday afternoon.A.go B.went C.goes D.gone单选：单

13、选：Its adj.for sb to do sth.做某事对某人来说是做某事对某人来说是的的 形式主语形式主语真正的主语真正的主语 to finish.,19 3._ up early,or you will miss the early bus.A.Got B.Get C.Getting D.Gets 4._ up early is good for your health.A.Got B.Get C.Getting D.Gets 5.Wow!The cake tastes _!Can I have one more?A.well B.deliciously C.bad D.good 祈使

14、句，谓语动词用原形祈使句，谓语动词用原形动名词做主语动名词做主语感官动词感官动词+adj.,20三、表语三、表语(predicative)表语用以说明主语表语用以说明主语是什么是什么或或怎么样怎么样，它一般位于系动，它一般位于系动词之后，构成词之后，构成主系表结构主系表结构，说明主语的状况，性质，说明主语的状况，性质，特征等。特征等。表语可以由名词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、介表语可以由名词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、介词短语、句子等充当。词短语、句子等充当。.,常见的系动词：1.表状态：be 2.表感官：look,sound,smell,taste,feel 3.表变化：become,g

15、row,turn,fall,get,go,fall 4.表持续,保持：keep,remain,stay 5.表似乎,像：seem，appear.,21221.My father is a teacher.（名词）（名词）2.You look younger than before.（形容词）（形容词）3.I am ten.（数词）（数词）4.Everyone is here.（副词）（副词）5.They are at the theatre.（介词短语）（介词短语）6.My job is to teach them English.（不定式）（不定式）7.That is why he didn

16、t come to school yesterday.（从句）（从句）.,找出下列句子的表语找出下列句子的表语 1.We are the master of our future.2.The old man felt very sad.3.Our country will become stronger 4.My father kept silent.5.Your words seemed right.6.The drink tastes quite wonderful.7.In spring the trees turn green.8.The boy is very clever.9.No

17、 one remains young forever.10.The girl has become skillful.,2324四、宾语四、宾语（object）宾语表示宾语表示动作动作所涉及所涉及的的对象对象，内容内容或或承承受受者。者。宾语宾语 宾语由名词、代词、不定式、宾语由名词、代词、不定式、V-ing、从句充当。、从句充当。动词动词+宾语宾语 （read book）介词介词+宾语宾语 (The book is good for us.).,25 动宾:表示行为的对象，放在及物动词或者介词之后。表示行为的对象，放在及物动词或者介词之后。I like China.He hates you.

18、How many do you need?We need two We should help the old and the poor.I hope to see you again.Did you write down what he said?介宾介宾：介词后面的宾语：介词后面的宾语He is afraid of her-his headteacher.Under the snow,there are many rocks.注意：人称代词要用注意：人称代词要用宾格宾格I decided to go with _.A.he B.his C.her D.they E.she.,261.He

19、never forgives others for their mistakes.(名词名词)2.He often helps me.（代词）（代词）3.He likes to sleep in the open air.（不定式）（不定式）4.The Americans enjoyed living in China.（现在（现在分词）分词）5.I believe that they can finish the work in time.（宾语从句）（宾语从句）.,27He gave me a book yesterday.Give the poor man some money.双宾结构

20、：间接宾语双宾结构：间接宾语(sb)+直接宾语直接宾语(sth)接双宾结构的动词有：接双宾结构的动词有：give,offer,lend,send,pass,show,bring,take,sell,write,buy,fetch,find,get,makeI think it hard to finish this difficult job before Sunday.it做形式宾语做形式宾语，真正的宾语真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式是后面的动词不定式注意以下情况：注意以下情况：.,找出下列句子的宾语找出下列句子的宾语1.My brother hasnt done his homework.2

21、.People all over the world speak English.3.How many new words did you learn last class?4.Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.5.The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,2829直接宾语和间接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象

22、。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。用名词或代词来充当。如：如：We brought them some food.主主 谓谓 间宾间宾 直宾直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或或 for。.,30五、宾语的补足语（五、宾语的补足语（object complement）英语中英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能

23、表达完整的意还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思思。我们把我们把“宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。复合宾称为复合宾语。复合宾语表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。语表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.,311.If you let me go,Ill make you king.2.Dont make your hands dirty.3.We found Li Ming out when we arrived.4

24、.Make yourself at home.5.I saw a girl go into the building.6.The boy ordered the dog to lie down.7.The boss kept them working all day.8.Yesterday he got his leg broken.（名词）（名词）（形容词）（形容词）（副词）副词）（介词短语）（介词短语）（省略（省略to的不定式的不定式）（带（带to的不定式）的不定式）（现在分词）（现在分词）（过去分词）过去分词）.,32在英语中在英语中,常见的常见的“宾语宾语补足语宾语宾语补足语”的结构有

25、：的结构有：“宾语宾语+名词名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：。常用于改结构的动词有：call,name,make,find,choose,think,leave等。等。We call him Jack.They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语宾语+形容词形容词”。常见的动词有。常见的动词有think,believe,leave,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等。如：等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone

26、.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?.,33“宾语宾语+副词副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。关系。常见的副词有：常见的副词有：down,up,here,there,home,in,out,anywhere等。如：等。如：Let him in/out.Mr.Li drove us home.When got there,we found him out.“宾语宾语+介词短语介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状介词短语

27、作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如：态，两者有主表的关系。如：We found everything in good order.We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.,34“宾语宾语+不定式不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种：A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim.B 要求不带to 的不定式 let,make,see,hear,watch等 T

28、he boss made the workers work 12 hours a day.I often hear him read English in his room.C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother(to)do housework.“宾语宾语+现在分词现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“宾语宾语+过去分词过去分词

29、”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。I had my bike stolen.The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood.,35 形式宾语形容词We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr.Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it w

30、as ten years ago.,找出句子中的宾语补足语找出句子中的宾语补足语1.She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.2.He asked her to take the boy out of school.3.She found it difficult to do the work.4.They call me Lily sometimes.5.I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.,3637 1.My brother hasnt done his homewo

31、rk.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your job.How many new words did you learn last class?找出下列句子的宾语找出下列句子的宾语.,385.Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?6.The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.7.They made him monitor of the

32、 class.8.Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.9.They think it impossible to get to the station in such a short time.,39六、定语（六、定语（attributiveattributive）定语用来修饰名词或代词定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而等都可以充当定语。因

33、为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。.,401.The black bike is mine.2.Whats your name?3.They made some paper flowers.4.The boys in the room are in Class Three.5.I have lots to eat and drink.6.The tall boy who is standing there is Pete

34、r.形容词作定语形容词作定语名词作定语名词作定语代词作定语代词作定语介词短语作定语介词短语作定语不定式作定语不定式作定语定语从句定语从句.,41 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语后置定语”。修饰不定代词修饰不定代词 something,anything,nothing,something,anyone,somebody,anybody,nobody 的定语的定语必须后置。如：必须后置。如：Well go to have something English.If

35、you dont know the answer,ask someone else.Do you have anything important to tell me?介词短语介词短语作定语时要后置。如：作定语时要后置。如：Do you know the boy behind the tree?The students in the room are all my friends.I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.,42动词的不定式动词的不定式 作定语时要后置作定语时要后置 What abou

36、t something to drink?I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.nearby,below,downstairs等个别方位词等个别方位词作定语时要后置。作定语时要后置。We are at the top of the hill.Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.,找出下列句子的定

37、语找出下列句子的定语1.The black bike is mine.2.Whats your name?3.I have five books.4.They made paper flowers.5.The book in the room is Jack.6.It is a swimming pool.7.Do you know the sleeping boy.,4344七、状语（七、状语（adverbialadverbial）用来修饰动词、形容词或副词或全句的句子成用来修饰动词、形容词或副词或全句的句子成分。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、条件、目的、分。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、条

38、件、目的、方式、程度等。方式、程度等。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或句子充当通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或句子充当。（若在同一句子中出现多个不同状语，常见的（若在同一句子中出现多个不同状语，常见的4 4个个的顺序为：方式状语、目的状语、地点状语、时间的顺序为：方式状语、目的状语、地点状语、时间状语。）状语。）.,45状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。句中。如：如：He did it carefully.They missed me very much.Without his help,we couldnt work it out.In ord

39、er to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.When I was young,I could swim well.,1.Tom runs quickly.2.I get up at six every day.3.I play soccer very well.4.In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.5.Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.6.The boy needs a pen to do his homework.,46 找出下

40、列句子的状语找出下列句子的状语1.We arrived at Shanghai at six yesterday.2.She didnt go to the party because of the rain.3.Mr Smith lives in America.4.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.5.He was so tired that he fell asleep quickly.6.I am taller than he is.,47同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明

41、的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard.We all are students.Carol,an American teacher,will come toour school.,48独立成分 有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分 感叹词感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词肯定词:yes 否定词：否定词：no 称呼语称呼语:mum,dad。插入语插入语:一些句中插入的 I think,I believe,等。如:The story,I think,has never come to the end 情态词情态

42、词:表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然等。.,4950副词作状语的位置：副词作状语的位置：放在句中修饰动词，通常是放在句中修饰动词，通常是be动词之后，实义动词之动词之后，实义动词之前，助动词和实义动词之间，如前，助动词和实义动词之间，如usually,often，sometime，seldom，never，also，only，ever，still放在句末修饰动词，如放在句末修饰动词，如very much，a lot，quickly，fast，high，slowly修饰形容词或副词时反复在它们前面，如修饰形容词或副词时反复在它们前面，如very good，so early有的副词在句子中位置灵活，如有的副词在句子中位置灵活，如already，only，sometime.,