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类型解析考研英语阅读中长难句教学课件.ppt

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    1、解析解析考研考研英语英语 阅读中的长难句阅读中的长难句He who is good at reading will conquer the world.七七长难句的基本特征长难句的基本特征长难句的基本语法结构长难句的基本语法结构 通常情况下,长难句的基本语法结通常情况下,长难句的基本语法结构有形式主语或宾语、强调结构、非构有形式主语或宾语、强调结构、非限定性定语从句、同位语从句、倒装、限定性定语从句、同位语从句、倒装、虚拟语气、省略等。虚拟语气、省略等。长难句的基本特征长难句的基本特征1.1.从句又多又长从句又多又长:一个主句带多个从句,从句中又含一个主句带多个从句,从句中又含有从句有从句 应

    2、对方法:先抓主干,找出复杂句中最核心的主谓应对方法:先抓主干,找出复杂句中最核心的主谓宾语,再层层扩展宾语,再层层扩展2.2.句子中带有长长的插入成分句子中带有长长的插入成分:用插入语来交代某句用插入语来交代某句话是谁说的,或者是说话人的身份,或者是解释说话是谁说的,或者是说话人的身份,或者是解释说明前面的内容明前面的内容 应对方法:理解句子主干时,可以先不要理会插入应对方法:理解句子主干时,可以先不要理会插入语,先把主句的意思看完整,然后再看插入部分语,先把主句的意思看完整,然后再看插入部分3.3.分词状语,独立主格结构的干扰分词状语,独立主格结构的干扰 应对方法:主句最重要的特征就是有完整

    3、的应对方法:主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构,尤其是独立的谓语部分,一个看主谓结构,尤其是独立的谓语部分,一个看似句子的结构,如果没有独立的谓语部分,似句子的结构,如果没有独立的谓语部分,它就不是句子,而是分词短语或独立主格结它就不是句子,而是分词短语或独立主格结构,可以跳过暂时不看构,可以跳过暂时不看4.4.通常是三种情况的混合通常是三种情况的混合 应对方法:从前向后,抓住独立的谓语部分,应对方法:从前向后,抓住独立的谓语部分,从而区分出主句和分词状语,再根据从句的从而区分出主句和分词状语,再根据从句的连接词,区分出主句和从句,层层扩展理解,连接词,区分出主句和从句,层层扩展理解,插入语

    4、在哪个层次,就放在哪个层次中理解。插入语在哪个层次,就放在哪个层次中理解。分割结构分割结构 分割结构是一种修辞手段,在英语句子中,特别是分割结构是一种修辞手段,在英语句子中,特别是在书面语中,比较常见。分割结构就是指把英语句在书面语中,比较常见。分割结构就是指把英语句子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开,一部分子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开,一部分留在句子的原来位置,另一部分远离原来位置。留在句子的原来位置,另一部分远离原来位置。例句分析:例句分析:The best books are treasuries of good The best books are treasuries of

    5、 good words,the golden thoughts,which,remembered and words,the golden thoughts,which,remembered and cherished,become our constant companions and cherished,become our constant companions and forters.常见的分割结构形式常见的分割结构形式 常见的分割结构形式有同位语或同位语常见的分割结构形式有同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分割,定语或定语从句与从句与先行词的分割,定语或定语从句与先行词的分割,主语与谓语的

    6、分割,谓语先行词的分割,主语与谓语的分割,谓语与宾语的分割,某些词语与其所要求的介与宾语的分割,某些词语与其所要求的介词或不定式词或不定式to to分割等分割等 。分割的两个原则分割的两个原则 英语的分隔应遵循英语的分隔应遵循尾重原则尾重原则(应当把长而(应当把长而复杂的成分放在句末,从而使结构平衡匀称,复杂的成分放在句末,从而使结构平衡匀称,以避免主语部分太长,谓语部分太短)和以避免主语部分太长,谓语部分太短)和句尾句尾信息焦点原则(信息焦点原则(把新信息把新信息,即语义重点放在句子即语义重点放在句子末尾)。阅读时要注意把原来属于一个整体的末尾)。阅读时要注意把原来属于一个整体的各部分找出来

    7、。各部分找出来。疑难长句的理解疑难长句的理解 提高疑难长句的理解能力不仅对应试提高疑难长句的理解能力不仅对应试阅读理解阅读理解部分部分重要,而且对重要,而且对应试翻译应试翻译和和综合填空综合填空部分同样重要,因此部分同样重要,因此在这方面也要花大力气练习。在这方面也要花大力气练习。理解疑难长句,关键的问理解疑难长句,关键的问题是首先把握住句子的主干框架题是首先把握住句子的主干框架。只有这样,才能把握。只有这样,才能把握住各句子成分之间的结构和逻辑关系,才可能抓住句子住各句子成分之间的结构和逻辑关系,才可能抓住句子的核心意思。这时,即使有个别单词不认识,也不会严的核心意思。这时,即使有个别单词不

    8、认识,也不会严重影响对整个句子的基本理解。重影响对整个句子的基本理解。其次,要达到对疑难长其次,要达到对疑难长句的正确理解,考生必须学会利用上下文提供的线索把句的正确理解,考生必须学会利用上下文提供的线索把握词语的确切含义握词语的确切含义,具体地说,就是要学习利用某个句,具体地说,就是要学习利用某个句子的上一句和下一句提供的词语上的线索,达到对这个子的上一句和下一句提供的词语上的线索,达到对这个句子更确切的理解。这也是我们不主张考生脱离文章的句子更确切的理解。这也是我们不主张考生脱离文章的上下文、孤立地分析疑难长句的原因。上下文、孤立地分析疑难长句的原因。英语长句的分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。英

    9、语长句的分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。1 1)划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句)划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;2 2)划出所有介词短语(位于)划出所有介词短语(位于bebe动词后的除外)动词后的除外)3 3)名词性从句看作一个整体)名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词 4 4)非谓语动词结构看作一个整体)非谓语动词结构看作一个整体 5 5)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干 6 6)分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。)分析从句的结构和非谓语动词

    10、的内部结构。句子种类句子种类 简单句简单句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句长难句之朝花夕拾篇长难句之朝花夕拾篇(1)We took pity on the people in the disaster-hit(1)We took pity on the people in the disaster-hit area in Yushu and many students raised money for area in Yushu and many students raised money for them.them.(2)Having suffered a number of health pr

    11、oblems,(2)Having suffered a number of health problems,former Olympic President Samaranch died on April former Olympic President Samaranch died on April 21 in Barcelona.21 in Barcelona.(3)The Internet is an exciting tool that not only(3)The Internet is an exciting tool that not only puts vast informa

    12、tion at your fingertips but puts vast information at your fingertips but expands options.expands options.a simple sentence a compound(复合)sentence a coordinate(并列)sentenceSamaranch diedSamaranch died _ _ _m 结构分析法结构分析法明晰句子结构,把握句子的基本框架。明晰句子结构,把握句子的基本框架。A.A.判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句;判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句;B.B.找出句子的主

    13、干成分找出句子的主干成分(主语和谓语主语和谓语),分清,分清句子附属成分,理解句子大意。句子附属成分,理解句子大意。C C.层层分析,层层剥离层层分析,层层剥离句句 子子判判 断断简单句简单句并列句并列句复合句复合句主主 干干并列连并列连词词从属连从属连词词 句子较长,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环句子较长,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环相扣。不管句子有多长有多复杂,它只由两部分相扣。不管句子有多长有多复杂,它只由两部分构成,即主干和修饰成分。构成,即主干和修饰成分。主干主干是整个句子的骨是整个句子的骨架,主要指架,主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构主谓宾结构或主系表结构。而修饰成。而修饰成分在句中只起

    14、修饰或补充主干的作用,它既可以分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用,它既可以是单词,也可以是短语,更常见的则是从句,尤是单词,也可以是短语,更常见的则是从句,尤其是定语从句和状语从句。其是定语从句和状语从句。我们应通过仔细分析,将每个修饰成分划出来,我们应通过仔细分析,将每个修饰成分划出来,找出句子的主干,这样整个句子结构就清晰了。找出句子的主干,这样整个句子结构就清晰了。Schools across China are expected to hire Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this

    15、year as short-50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers,almost three times the number term teachers,almost three times the number hired last year,to help reduce unemployment hired last year,to help reduce unemployment pressures.(2009 pressures.(2009 江苏江苏)介词短语介词短语时间状语时间状语介词短语介词短语同位语同位

    16、语过去分词做定语过去分词做定语定语定语长难句之分门别类篇长难句之分门别类篇1.1.带有较多成分带有较多成分 的简单句的简单句不定式做状语不定式做状语Schools are expected to hireSchools are expected to hire college graduates college graduates去枝叶去枝叶,留主干。留主干。2.2.含有多个从句的复合句含有多个从句的复合句Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marria

    17、ge,it wasnt unusual to hear a man say that he didnt know that his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.找从属连词找从属连词,分析从句分析从句,理解句意。理解句意。并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法 先读懂并列句,再看主从复合句先读懂并列句,再看主从复合句 you ask people to name one person you a

    18、sk people to name one person had the greatest effect on the English had the greatest effect on the English language,you will get answers like language,you will get answers like“Shakespeare”,“Samuel Johnson”,“Shakespeare”,“Samuel Johnson”,and“Webster”,and“Webster”,none of these men had any effect at

    19、all none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man didnt even speak compared to a man didnt even speak EnglishWilliam,the Conqueror.EnglishWilliam,the Conqueror.butbutIf Ifwhowhowhowho3.3.含有插入语的句子含有插入语的句子这种句子的特点是在正常的这种句子的特点是在正常的句子中句子中插入一些或长或短的插入一些或长或短的成分或句子成分或句子,比如,比如同位语(从句)、同位语(从句)、非限制性定

    20、语从句、状语从句、分词、插入语非限制性定语从句、状语从句、分词、插入语等等等等,打断读者的思路,割裂前后之间的语义,打断读者的思路,割裂前后之间的语义,造成理解上的困难。我们称之为造成理解上的困难。我们称之为“打岔打岔”。有。有时有时有逗号或破折号逗号或破折号分开,分开,忽略插入成分忽略插入成分,直奔句子主题直奔句子主题.The lack of right male(The lack of right male(男性的男性的)role models in many)role models in many of their livesof their livesat home and parti

    21、cularly in the school at home and particularly in the school environment(environment(环境环境)means that their means that their peerspeers are the are the only people they have to judge themselves against.only people they have to judge themselves against.译文:在他们很多人的生活中,如在家里,尤其译文:在他们很多人的生活中,如在家里,尤其是在学校,缺少

    22、合适的男性榜样,这就意味着他是在学校,缺少合适的男性榜样,这就意味着他们只好对照自己的们只好对照自己的同龄人同龄人来评判自己。来评判自己。Science has become Science has become so so important in the modern important in the modern world,world,with its procedures so highly standardized with its procedures so highly standardized and so widely accepted,and so widely acce

    23、pted,that that it is included among it is included among modern social institutions.modern social institutions.随着科学研究程序达到高度标准化并被广随着科学研究程序达到高度标准化并被广泛接受,在当今世界上,科学已变得如此泛接受,在当今世界上,科学已变得如此重要,以至被纳入现代社会制度之中。重要,以至被纳入现代社会制度之中。4.4.成分省略成分省略 The magazine is female-targeting The magazine is female-targeting beca

    24、use young guys generally wont because young guys generally wont pick up a magazine that appears to be pick up a magazine that appears to be directed at females,whereas girls usually directed at females,whereas girls usually will.will.把握大意把握大意,找出上文对应找出上文对应信息信息,补充省略成分补充省略成分 Before 1066,in the land we

    25、now call Before 1066,in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.major language groups.5.5.倒装句倒装句确定主语确定主语,调整语序调整语序,把握大意把握大意.Before 1066,in the land we now call Before 1066,in the land we now call Great Britai

    26、n lived peoples belonging to two Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.major language groups.5.5.倒装句倒装句确定主语确定主语,调整语序调整语序,把握大意把握大意.长难句之长难句之 方法总结篇方法总结篇 1.1.带有较多成分的简单句带有较多成分的简单句-去枝叶,留主干。去枝叶,留主干。2.2.含有多个从句的复合句含有多个从句的复合句 -找从属连词找从属连词,分析从句分析从句,理解句意。理解句意。3.3.含有插入成分的句子含有插入成分的句子 -

    27、忽略插入成分忽略插入成分,直奔句子主题。直奔句子主题。4.4.倒装句倒装句-确定主语确定主语,调整语序调整语序,把握大意。把握大意。5.5.成分省略成分省略 -把握大意把握大意,找出对应信息找出对应信息,补充省略成分。补充省略成分。分析:是状语从句,是主句,分析:是状语从句,是主句,是是withwith引导的介词短语作状语,修饰谓语。引导的介词短语作状语,修饰谓语。这样,把整个句子划为这样,把整个句子划为3 3个意群,可以大个意群,可以大大提高阅读速度。大提高阅读速度。When two cars travelling at 30 When two cars travelling at 30 m

    28、h hit each othermh hit each other,an unbelted an unbelted driver would meet the windshield driver would meet the windshieldwith a force equal to diving headfirst with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 into the ground from a height of 10 meters.meters.1.意群阅读法意群阅读法2

    29、.2.剥丝抽茧法剥丝抽茧法先跳读修饰成分或附加成分,找出句子的主干并理解其意义;然后再分层理解修饰成分或附加成分。如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的主从复合句,可这样处理:先分清主句与从句,然后弄清从句的性质,即弄清它是什么从句。是名词性从句,还是状语从句,或是定语从句。另外,有一点要提醒同学们,在处理长难句时,如果既能正确理解句意,又能将其准确地译成中文,那是最好了。但是,对于有些长难句,要在较短时间内(如在参加考试时)将其译成中文比较困难,此时只要能正确理解其意思就行了,3.3.良好习惯多尝试分析长难句并找出20个长难句进行朗读并背诵。长难句之长难句之 实战演练篇实战演练篇 Mobile ph

    30、one SIM cards which are put in the Mobile phone SIM cards which are put in the collars(collars(项圈项圈)of elephants automatically send a text)of elephants automatically send a text message when they get too close to farms,allowing message when they get too close to farms,allowing wildlife workers to dr

    31、ive them off rather than shoot wildlife workers to drive them off rather than shoot them.them.I was discussing this problem recently with a I was discussing this problem recently with a colleague who had been beating his head against colleague who had been beating his head against the wall for month

    32、s trying to get a story about a the wall for months trying to get a story about a mysterious“dark force”in cosmology(mysterious“dark force”in cosmology(宇宙学宇宙学)past editors at New Yorker.past editors at New Yorker._ _ _ _ 经典例题(经典例题(20012001年考研完型填空第二段)年考研完型填空第二段)In a significant tightening of legal co

    33、ntrols over the press,In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor,will introduce a draft bill Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor,will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and that will propose making payments to w

    34、itnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.given to a case before a trial begins.分析分析:第一,划出定语从句和状语从句第一,划出定语从句和状语从句:that will propose:that will propose making payments t

    35、o witnesses illegal and will strictly making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity/that can be given to a case control the amount of publicity/that can be given to a case/before a trial begins./before a trial begins.长难句之小试牛刀篇长难句之小试牛刀篇 第二,划出介词短语:第二,划出介词短语:In

    36、a significant tightening of In a significant tightening of legal controls over the presslegal controls over the press 第三,句子的结构分析第三,句子的结构分析:(1 1)主干结构是主语()主干结构是主语(Lord IrvineLord Irvine含同位语含同位语the Lord the Lord ChancellorChancellor)+将来时谓语(将来时谓语(will introducewill introduce)+宾语(宾语(a a draft billdraft b

    37、ill););(2 2)thatthat引导的定语从句修饰引导的定语从句修饰draft bill,draft bill,其中,其中,will will propose propose 是第一个谓语,是第一个谓语,making payments to witnesses making payments to witnesses illegalillegal是一个动名词短语做宾语,在动名词短语内部,是一个动名词短语做宾语,在动名词短语内部,payments to witnessespayments to witnesses做做makingmaking的宾语,的宾语,illegalillegal是宾

    38、补;是宾补;第二个谓语是第二个谓语是will strictly control,the amount of will strictly control,the amount of publicitypublicity是它的宾语。是它的宾语。that can be given to a case before that can be given to a case before a trial beginsa trial begins是孕含有一个时间状语从句(是孕含有一个时间状语从句(before a before a trial beginstrial begins)的定语从句,修饰)的定语从

    39、句,修饰publicitypublicity。1.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make 1.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible t

    40、o combine few American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.farmers with high yields.结构分析结构分析:句子的主干是句子的主干是This will be particularly trueThis will be particularly true。sincesince引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词代词thatthat引导的定语从句,修饰引导的定语从句,修饰the high-energy

    41、 the high-energy American fashionAmerican fashion。在定语从句中,。在定语从句中,thatthat做主语,做主语,makesmakes做谓语,做谓语,it it做形式宾语,不定式短语做形式宾语,不定式短语to combine few to combine few farmers with high yieldsfarmers with high yields则是真正的宾语(不定式短语内则是真正的宾语(不定式短语内部部to combineto combine是主干,是主干,few farmersfew farmers是宾语,是宾语,with hig

    42、h with high yieldsyields是状语),是状语),possiblepossible做宾语补足语。做宾语补足语。thisthis指代前句指代前句中提到的这种困境。中提到的这种困境。energy pinchenergy pinch译为译为“能源的匮能源的匮乏乏”;infashion;infashion译为译为“用用方法、方式方法、方式”。译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏,高译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏,高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去,能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。而这

    43、种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。2.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative 2.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative mattermatter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fai

    44、r”comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”parison.结构分析结构分析:句子的主干是句子的主干是we must be surewe must be sure。sincesince引导引导原因状语从句原因状语从句the assessment of intelligence is a the assessment of intelligence is a comparative mattercomparative matter。主句中又有。主句中又有thatthat引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句that the scale with wh

    45、ich we are comparing our subjects that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparisonprovides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此宾语从句。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词中又套嵌一个由介词with+whichwith+which引导的定语从句引导的定语从句with with which we are comparing our subjectswhich we are comparing our subj

    46、ects修饰先行词修饰先行词the the scalescale。scalescale在此处意为在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准尺度、衡量标准”。译文:既然对智力的评估相比较而言的,那么我们必译文:既然对智力的评估相比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所用的尺须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所用的尺度能够提供度能够提供“有效的有效的”或或“公平的公平的”比较。比较。3.In general3.In general,the tests work most effectively when the the tests work most effectively when t

    47、he qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.can be not well defined.结构分析结构分析:句子的框

    48、架是句子的框架是the tests work most effectively the tests work most effectively whenand least effectively whenwhenand least effectively when。andand连接两个并列连接两个并列分句,每个并列分句中皆有一个分句,每个并列分句中皆有一个whenwhen引导的时间状语引导的时间状语从句分别说明从句分别说明work most effectivelywork most effectively和和andand(workwork)least least effectivelyeffe

    49、ctively。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句whatpredictedwhatpredicted。the teststhe tests是主句的主语,是主句的主语,workwork为动词为动词做谓语。做谓语。qualitiesqualities在此处是可数名词,不译为在此处是可数名词,不译为“质量质量”,而译为而译为“特征特征”。defineddefined不能直译为不能直译为“被定义为被定义为”,而应译为主动语态而应译为主动语态“界定界定”。译文:一般来说,当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定译文:一般来说,当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时,测试最为有效

    50、时,测试最为有效;而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时,测试效果最差。确界定时,测试效果最差。4.For example4.For example,they do not compensate for gross social they do not compensate for gross social inequalityinequality,and thus do not tell how able an and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been h

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