英美国家概况(英国部分)Unit-7-Social-welfare课件.ppt

1、The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Unit 7 Unit 7Social Welfare Social Welfare The United Kingdom of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Great Britain and Northern Ireland Ireland Think about these questions before we start:What does“cradle to grave”mean?What is the

2、 role played by the“NHS”?Do you know current forms of British social welfare?Warming-up Activities Warming-up Activities ContentsContents Personal Social Services in BritainHousing and Urban Policy Social SecurityHealth CareIVIVEducation and Social PolicyV VIIIIIIThe Beveridge scheme The Beveridge s

3、cheme comprehensiveness comprehensiveness classes of insurance classes of insurance flat rate benefits flat rate benefits flat rate contributions flat rate contributions adequacy adequacy unified administration unified administration Social Security Social SecurityThe Beveridge scheme The Beveridge

4、scheme comprehensiveness comprehensiveness classes of insurance classes of insurance flat rate benefits flat rate benefits flat rate contributions flat rate contributions adequacy adequacy unified administration unified administration Social Security Social SecurityIncome supplementsIncome supplemen

5、tsSocial security for unemployed peopleSocial security for unemployed peoplePensionsPensions Social Security Social SecurityChild BenefitChild BenefitThe basic arguments for Child Benefit are:The basic arguments for Child Benefit are:-it is paid to the mother,who may have no-it is paid to the mother

6、,who may have no other incomeother income-it is not means-tested and takeup is very-it is not means-tested and takeup is very high high-it is simple to administer-it is simple to administer-it avoids problems like the poverty trap and-it avoids problems like the poverty trap and stigmastigma-it help

7、s to protect the position of the-it helps to protect the position of the working poor.working poor.Social Security Social SecurityThe arguments against are:-it is not well targeted.-the redistribution is horizontal from people without children to people with children-rather than vertical,from rich t

8、o poor.Child Benefit may redistribute from a poor single person to a better-off family.Social Security Social SecurityAfter 1948,three departments were responsible for personal social services:health departments,responsible for public health and various aspects of social care;welfare departments,res

9、ponsible for residential care and help to elderly and disabled people;Childrens departments,responsible for child care.Personal Social Services Personal Social Services Slopping out,1938.Victorian prisons had no toilets in cells.Following repeated legal action in the last ten years,toilet facilities

10、 have now been introduced in nearly all British prisons-but late in 2011,2000 cellsAfter 1948,three departments were responsible for personal social services:health departments,responsible for public health and various aspects of social care;welfare departments,responsible for residential care and h

11、elp to elderly and disabled people;Childrens departments,responsible for child care.Personal Social Services Personal Social Services Child care policyCommunity care policyServices to criminal justice Personal Social Services Personal Social Services Since 2001,these objectives have been replaced by

12、 aims which have more to do with community based punishment:the service is intendedto protect the public to reduce offending to provide for theper punishment of offenders to ensure that offenders are aware of the effects of crime,and to rehabilitate offenders.Personal Social Services Personal Social

13、 Services Owner-occupationOwner-occupationThis expansion has led to other problems,This expansion has led to other problems,includingincludingfinancial hardship when incomes are unstable financial hardship when incomes are unstable difficulty with the finance companies working difficulty with the fi

14、nance companies working at the lower end of the market at the lower end of the market legal problems legal problems structural problems,because the houses are structural problems,because the houses are often inferioroften inferiorvulnerability to market fluctuations,vulnerability to market fluctuati

15、ons,particularly since the deregulation of the particularly since the deregulation of the market in the late 1980smarket in the late 1980s Housing and Urban Policy Housing and Urban Policy housing,and the housing it replacedA hostel for homeless people in the 1930sSocial housing Social housing Priva

16、te rented housingPrivate rented housingProblem estatesProblem estates Housing and Urban Policy Housing and Urban Policy An unpopular estate,emptied in preparation for demolitionAn unpopular estate,with burnt out carExamples of problems in poor areas are:Examples of problems in poor areas are:Vandali

17、sm.Vandalism.Rubbish.Rubbish.Home maintenance.Home maintenance.Lack of community facilities.Lack of community facilities.Empty housing.Empty housing.Design.Design.Housing and Urban Policy Housing and Urban Policy Urban deprivation and the inner citiesUrban deprivation and the inner citiesThe basic c

18、riticisms of inner city policy are:The basic criticisms of inner city policy are:the majority of poor people do not live in the the majority of poor people do not live in the inner cities.inner cities.the majority of people living in the inner cities the majority of people living in the inner cities

19、 are not poor.are not poor.the definition of deprived areas has been the definition of deprived areas has been suspect.suspect.the indicators used-like car ownership-the indicators used-like car ownership-have a bias towards urban areas.have a bias towards urban areas.even if the premises of area-ba

20、sed policies are even if the premises of area-based policies are accepted,there are major concentrations of accepted,there are major concentrations of deprivation on the edges of cities.deprivation on the edges of cities.Housing and Urban Policy Housing and Urban Policy Prior to 1948,health services

21、 were mainly based on three sources:Charity and the voluntary sector.Private health care.Hospitals were fee paying or voluntary;primary care was mainly fee-paying or insurance-based.The Poor Law and local government.Poor Law hospitals were transferred to local government by the 1930 Poor Law Act.Hea

22、lth care Health careThe NHS in principleThe NHS in principleThe NHS and the hospitalsThe NHS and the hospitalsThe organisation of the NHSThe organisation of the NHS Health care Health careNurses demonstrate over low pay,1982Educational standards A series of conservative critiques of the education sy

23、stem in the 1970s argued thatthe abandonment of selection had been destructive;discipline in schools had been eroded;new teaching methods had failed.By contrast,the schools inspectorate made a very different set of criticisms of schooling:Comprehensives had imitated grammar schools instead of develo

24、ping their own kind of curriculum.Exams dominated the curriculum unreasonably.Virtually all schools let down the less able pupils.Education and social policy Education and social policyReforms in educationReforms in education There have been three main trends in recent There have been three main tre

25、nds in recent reforms.reforms.Centralisation.Centralisation.Assessment by outcomes.Assessment by outcomes.The use of“initiatives”.The use of“initiatives”.Education and social policySummary and ReflectionSummary and ReflectionRelate to what you have learned in Chapter 10,state your own understanding of the following questions:1.What is NHS?What are its core principles?2.What are the Reforms in education in Britain mainly about?3.Who is Beveridge?What is his contribution to British society?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland