2021英语外研版选择性必修第四册教用文档Unit-2.docx

1、概要写作概要是包含文本主要信息的简本，其目的是向读者提供有关文章大意的简短而清晰的报告。目前，高考试题中的概要写作要求考生根据一篇350词以内的短文，写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。概要既要用词准确，结构合理，语义连贯，不得抄写原文，又要能完全概括出文章的主旨大意。写作步骤第一步：归纳主旨大意(含段落大意)1概要写作的第一步便是阅读短文并抓取主题，进而提取主旨大意，即有关该主题的主要内容或作者在该主题上的观点或主张。归纳主旨大意，是为了整体上把握语篇要义，有利于区分主次、剔除细节信息。2确定段落主旨句时，要兼顾语篇大背景，即在全文主旨大意的统领下归纳段落主旨，将段落主旨纳入语篇主旨的架构中。不是

2、所有的段落都有现成的段落主旨句，有的段落主旨句需要根据段落内容予以归纳和概括。阅读语篇时，根据不同的文体可采取以下方法归纳主旨大意：记叙文圈出记叙文的六要素(who，when，where，what，how，why)；如果是夹叙夹议文，还要写出故事给读者带来的启示或寓意说明文找出文章要说明的对象、观点或建议议论文提取议论文的三要素(论点、论据、结论)第二步：提炼关键词1结合主旨大意，细读段落，找出每个段落的主旨句和关键词，区别段落中哪些是main ideas，哪些是supporting ideas，examples 和additional information。通常是在相对重要的句子中提炼关键

3、词。正确的关键词和关键句是概要写作最重要的内容和依据。2削减事例，尽量减少实例并省略细节。第三步：合并和改写1合并信息首先需要对信息进行分类、整合，找到信息之间的联系，再将联系紧密的信息合并在一起。同一层级的主旨句不宜合并在一起，但如果联系紧密，且没有支持的细节信息，可以考虑合并。2在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现大规模的改变(改词、换句型)。第四步：核查成文核查连贯性，优先考虑使用最短连接词(but，then，later，finally，besides，thus，therefore，yet，however)；核查标点和语法；核查词数，并最终连句成文。注

4、意事项1词数要限制在60左右。2要根据文章的体裁特点进行概要写作。3人称和时态要与所给文章中的人称和时态保持一致，但必要时也可变换成第三人称。4写作时尽可能地使用自己的语言，不得照搬照抄原文。阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Your hunger doesnt necessarily mean you are really hungry.It is an important sign of what is happening in your bodyphysically，emotionally and mentally.Sounds strange? It is true

5、and here in this article we shall discuss certain things that your hunger is trying to tell you.When you feel hungry，try to figure out if you are really hungry.Sometimes when you think that you are hungry，you might be thirsty.It is possible that you have been dehydrated(脱水)for a long time and your b

6、ody is sending a signal through your hunger.So instead of eating，go for water and quench your thirst at the earliest.If you feel hungry all the time，it could mean that you are depriving(剥夺)yourself of certain foods and hence the body is craving for these.If you are on a strict diet，then go for foods

7、 and legumes rich in protein along with complex carbohydrates(碳水化合物)like quinoa and brown rice that will take you a long time to digest and will keep you full for a long period of time.You might get hungry for a certain kind of food only at times.This is because you become emotional about certain fo

8、ods.For example，if you are happy and celebrating your anniversary，you might end up having a desire for the cake that you bought to celebrate the special occasion.This is called emotional eating.Sometimes your hunger might mean that you need to take a break.When you end up working at a stretch，and yo

9、u do not realize that your body needs rest，you can end up feeling hungry as it is a way your body is telling you to break free from work.Sometimes when you are bored or stressed out，you might feel hungry.It is the bodys way of telling you that you need a change of scene.Go out，take a walk，talk to yo

10、ur dearest friend or simply take some deep breaths.Even after this，if you feel hungry，do eat. 【参考范文】Many factors can explain why your hunger doesnt necessarily mean you are really hungry.(要点1)First，when you are thirsty and having a desire for a certain food，you will feel hungry.(要点2)Besides，you migh

11、t be hungry when you become emotional about certain foods on some special occasions.(要点3)Moreover，lack of rest or feeling bored and stressed out can also lead to your hunger.(要点4)1Life is the only fortune.Laski生命是唯一的财富。拉斯基2If you can make good use of，life is long.Seneca如能善于利用，生命乃悠长。塞涅卡3Cherish Life

12、will cherish today.珍惜生命就要珍惜今天。4Dont waste life in doubts and fears.Emerson不要把生命浪费于怀疑与恐惧中。爱默生5Life is a precious thing，death is the greatest evil.Henie生命是珍贵之物，死是最大的罪恶。海涅Compared to the universe，our lives are really short，just like a metre.But the meaning of life doesnt depend on its length but contri

13、butions.For example，Marie Curie，in order to find the radium，she devoted her whole life to the research.Though the radioactive element had shortened her life，she never gave up her mind to serve the world.According to her story，I conclude that the meaning of life is contribution.The standard of judgin

14、g a life isnt how much he asks for but how much he gives away.One day，about ten years ago，while working at the cash register in the gift shop at my University Museum of Natural History，I saw an elderly couple come in witha little girl in a wheelchair.As I looked closer at this girl，I found that she

15、was fixed on her chair.I then realized she had no arms or legs，just a head，a neck and her upper body，dressed in a little white skirt.As the couple wheeled her up to me，I turned my head towards the girl.When I took the money from her grandparents，I looked back at the girl，who was giving me the most o

16、ptimistic smile I had ever seen.All of a sudden，her handicap was gone and all I saw was this beautiful girl，whose smile just melted me and almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of what life is all about.She took me from a poor，unhappy college student to her world：a world of smiles，love and

17、 warmth.Im a successful businessman now and whenever I think about the troubles of the world，I think about that little girl and the remarkable lesson about life that she taught me.探究发现1Try to think of the authors thought at the first sight of the disabled girl.She must have gone through lots of hard

18、ship and is leading an unhappy life.2Find out what left a deep impression on the author when he looked back at the girl.The girls most optimistic smile.3Find out what important lessons the author got from the girl.Whatever troubles we meet in the life，we should be optimistic and love the life.阅读教材P2

19、021课文，选出最佳选项1Where do you think the children find the Blue Bird?AAt Tyltyls home.BThe Land of Memory.CThe Palace of Night.DIn the forest.2What does the author want to convey?AHappiness can not be found in the forest.BThe children are too silly.CHappiness is around us if we are ready to help others.D

20、The little girl is poor.答案12ACWords and Phrasescooperate vi合作，协作教材P18It is easier to achieve something if you cooperate with someone else.如果你和别人合作，就更容易达成目标。例1The cycling team are showing their ability to cooperate with each other.这个自行车队在展示他们相互合作的能力。例2That company is difficult to cooperate with, beca

21、use they take ages to make decisions.与那家公司合作不容易，因为他们需要花很长的时间做决定。造句如果我们大家合作，我们很快就会完成。If we all cooperate，well soon finish.知识拓展cooperate with和合作cooperate to do 合作(协力)做cooperation n. 合作cooperative adj. 合作的；协作的n. 合作社cooperator n. 合作者，协力者即学即练单句语法填空He was cooperative (cooperate) and helped the police catc

22、h the criminal.We need international cooperation(cooperate) in this matter.All of the class cooperated to raise(raise) the rabbit.with的复合结构教材P20They dance merrily around the CHILDREN，then the one who appears to be the chief goes up to TYLTYL with hand outstretched.他们在孩子们周围欢快地跳舞，然后那个看起来是酋长的人，伸出手向狄蒂尔走

23、去。例1He sat there with his eyes closed.他闭目坐在那儿。例2The thief was forced into the post station with his hands tied back.贼被双手捆绑着带进了派出所。造句 物价飞涨，我们买不起奢侈品。With prices going up so fast，we can not afford luxuries.知识拓展with的复合结构主要用来说明附带情况或具体细节，在句中可作原因、方式、条件或伴随状语等，有时也可作定语。其构成形式主要有：(1)with宾语形容词；(2)with宾语副词；(3)wit

24、h宾语介词短语；(4)with宾语动词的现在分词，表示动作正在进行，且宾语与动词是主动关系；(5)with宾语动词的过去分词，表示动作已经发生，且宾语与动词是被动关系；(6)with宾语动词不定式，表示动作还未发生。即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子She had to walk home with her bike stolen(steal)With the crowds cheering(cheer)，they drove to the palace.With no one to talk(talk)to，John felt miserable.With the old man leading

25、 us(有那位老人带路)，we got to the top of the mountain easily.The village is beautiful with the trees covered with white snow(树林都披上了银装)With much work to do(有那么多的工作要做)，he went to the factory ahead of time.burst out突然发生；突然起来教材P20All the other HAPPINESSES burst out laughing.所有的幸福小精灵都突然大笑起来。例1Hearing this，the w

26、hole class burst out laughing and my deskmates face turned red.听到这个，全班同学都大笑起来，我同桌的脸变红了。例2When he reached the final line，everyone burst out crying.他说到最后一句话的时候，大家都突然大哭起来。造句 全班突然大笑起来。The whole class burst out laughing.知识拓展burst out doing(laughing/crying)burst inton.(laughter/tears)突然(大笑/大哭)起来burst in 突

27、然闯进；突然插嘴burst into. 闯入burst with anger/joy 勃然大怒/乐不可支表示“闯入”时，burst in是不及物动词短语，若加宾语需加介词on，而burst into是及物动词短语。即学即练完成句子/单句语法填空Seeing their daughters coming back，the parents burst into tears(放声大哭)He felt he would burst with anger and shame.The door opened suddenly and the children burst inevery time引导时间状

28、语从句教材P21.you will see him every time you go to the window.每一次你走向窗户时，你就能看见他例1Her motto was “Every time I open my mouth，I put my foot in it.”她的座右铭是“每次我一开口，我都会说错话。”例2Every time he arrived home，wed greet him at the door.每一次他到家时，我们都会在门口迎接他。造句 每次他们去跳舞，都会不欢而散。 Every time they went dancing they ended up in

29、a bad mood.知识拓展(1)every time是名词词组作连词，引导时间状语从句，相当于whenever，意为“每当”，从句谓语常用一般现在时或一般过去时。(2)名词词组作连词用而且能引导时间状语从句的还有： any time“任何时候”， next time“下次时”， the last time“最后一次”， the序数词time“第次”。(3)the瞬间名词(moment/minute/instant/second)意为“一就”(4)on/upon doing sth.“一就”即学即练完成句子The first time (第一次)he came to the city，he

30、decided to settle there.You are welcome to come back any time (任何时候) you want to.lean v前俯(或后仰)；倾斜；倚靠；靠在；靠置；使斜靠教材P21Enter NEIGHBOUR BERLINGOT，a little old woman leaning on a stick.邻居Berlingot，一位瘦小的老太太拄着拐杖进来了。例1The tower is leaning slightly.那座塔稍微有点倾斜。例2I have a friend who always seemed to lean slightl

31、y to the left all the time.我有一个朋友，他似乎总是微微向左倾斜。造句 她倚靠着她儿子的手臂缓慢行走。She walked slowly，leaning on her sons arm.知识拓展(1)lean against/on倚着；靠着(2)lean on/upon 依赖；依靠(3)lean to sth. 倾向于即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子Can I lean my bike against the wall?He always leans on me for help(依赖我帮助)address n地址；称呼；致辞；讲话；演讲v.称呼；发表演说；写地址；处理

32、/解决问题教材P21Stepping to the front of the stage and addressing the audience.走到舞台前面，向观众致辞。例1He addressed the crowd gravely.他严肃地向观众致辞。例2He is due to address a conference on human rights next week.他下星期将在一个大会上发表关于人权的演说。造句 他马上就要在大会上发表演说了。He is going to address the meeting in a minute.知识拓展(1)address sth.(to

33、sb.) 在给某人的信上写上地址(2)address sb. 向某人致辞/向说话(3)address sb.as/to be. 称呼某人为即学即练写出address 的含义Most people call me Bob.How do I address you？ 称呼Mr.Howard gave an address on economic strategies in Asia. 演讲There is a letter addressed to you. 写地址The next meeting will address the problem of truancy. 解决标题归纳题记叙文、说明

34、文和议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。设问形式常有：(1)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?(2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text?(3)What is the best title for this passage?(4)The most suitable title of this passage is 一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括准确而又简短；针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目能引发读者的阅读欲望。解题

35、技巧1“高度概括”定标题(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。2文章标题三特点(1)形式一般为单词、短语或句子，短语居多；(2)短小精悍，精确性强；(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。典例Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider th

36、at hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter，including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.Americans use more than 100 billion thin fil

37、m plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台)The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds，plasticbag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to ma

38、ke the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers arguments：many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags，which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look a

39、t，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is，the longer its life and the more plasticbag use it cancels out.However，longerlasting reusab

40、le bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists dont dispute(质疑) these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for yea

41、rs.What is the best title for the text?APlastic，Paper or NeitherBIndustry，Pollution and EnvironmentCRecycle or Throw AwayDGarbage Collection and Waste ControlA本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。文章对这三个方面进行了对比，Plastic，Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，适合作为标题，故选A。对点训练AIf a city wants

42、to hold the Olympics，it must submit a proposal to the IOC.After all proposals have been submitted，the IOC votes.If no city with the fewest votes is eliminated(淘汰)，the voting continues，until a majority winner is determined.Typically，the Games are awarded several years in advance，allowing the winning

43、city time to prepare for the Games.In selecting the site of the Olympic Games，the IOC considers a number of factors，and chiefly among them is which organizing committee seems most likely to stage the Games effectively.The IOC also considers which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games.For

44、instance，Tokyo，the host of the 1964 Summer Games，and Beijing，that of the 2008 Games，were chosen in part to popularize the Olympic movement in Asia.Because of the growing importance of television worldwide，the IOC in recent years has also taken into account the host citys time zone.Whenever the Games

45、 take place in the USA or Canada，for example，American television networks are willing to pay specially higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events live in the best viewing hours.Once the Games have been awarded，it is the duty of the local organizing committeenot th

46、e IOC or the NOC of the host citys country to provide them with money.This is often done with a part of the Olympic television revenues(收入)，and corporate sponsorships，tickets sales，and other smaller revenue sources.In many cases there is also direct government support.Although many cities have gained amounts of money by ho