2021高考英语一轮复习第三编专题三概要写作学案新人教版.doc
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1、 概要写作概要写作是新高考中两种新型写作形式之一,将在英语一年两考中与读后续写于不同考次不定期交替考查。该题型提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。所提供短文的体裁没有限制,但以说明文和议论文为主,偶有夹叙夹议文、记叙文或其他文体。这是因为概要写作核心考查的是对文章脉络的梳理能力和观点总结能力。而这两种能力更容易在说明文和议论文中考查。因此了解议论和说明文体的特点,对于帮助考生在概要写作中找准要点,提高解题能力大有裨益。特别注意事项注意所给文章的体裁和时态。合理安排篇幅比例,同原文保持协调,即应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节。注意要点之间的衔接。要学会
2、判断段落与段落之间,句子与句子之间的逻辑关系,要用适当的关联词语贯通全文。切忌抄袭原句,或将原文细节作为中心。不排斥使用原文中的某些词句,但至少应做一些同义替换,若能做到结构上的转换将更理想。注意检查词数、拼写和标点等问题,因为这些都是评分的考虑事项。自主训练在学习教材时逐段概括段落大意或者复述课文,或者在做阅读理解的过程中概括文章的主要内容和段落大意,这能够在一定程度上为概要写作打下良好的基础。基础训练熟练掌握并运用单词、短语和句型,在基础词汇和句法知识上下功夫,加强同义转述和句子重构方面的训练。专题化训练有计划地进行适度专题训练有利于快速掌握概要写作的要点和方法,冲破对该题型的不适感。平时
3、可多关注往年的高考阅读文章,进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。可按文体和题材分类训练,增强对文章上下文连贯性的把握。另外,还要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。概要写作一般遵循以下四个解题步骤:第一步剖析原文,抓住大意概要写作题首先要做的也是“读”。“读”的目的是确定文章的体裁和主题,明确篇章结构。要根据意义划分文中的自然段,掌握自然段的大意,意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。第二步剪枝存精,找到关键全文的结构了然于胸后,然后要做的就是对文中内容的处理。处理的目的是删除次要内容,保留主要内容。文中描述性的语言、细节和列举的示例都属于需要剪掉的“枝”,可一带而过。剩余的部分要仔细研读,与主题句相关的关键词
4、句更要标注出来,重点关注,最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。并且每段的首尾句有可能是主题句。第三步组织语言,转换表达在这一步中,我们可采用同义替换、语义转换、要点组织、巧用关联词等方法来灵活准确地表达,以达到语言表达独立性的要求。第四步修正定稿,检查细节初稿完成后,要检查要点是否齐全,各要点是否表达准确;检查是否有语法、拼写和标点符号等错误;还要检查词数是否符合要求。阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However,_there_is
5、_nothing_fixed_about_attitudes_to_dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By
6、1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king o
7、rdered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit of dirt was longlived, dirt_has_no_longer_been_regarded_as_a_nice_neighbor_ever_since_the_18th_century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and han
8、d washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too
9、far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many firsttime parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages_children_to_play_in_the_dirt_to_build_up
10、_a_strong_immune_system._And_the_latter_position_is_gaining_some_ground. 解题步骤1.剖析原文,抓住大意本文为一篇议论文,全文共分四段,每段中心大意如下:第一段:论述人们对于身体上的污垢的态度不一致。第二段:论述在16世纪早期,人们认为身体上的污垢是阻挡疾病的屏障。第三段:论述从18世纪开始,人们开始认为洗去身体上的污垢对健康有利。第四段:论述现在的专家认为在泥土里玩耍可以增强人体的免疫力。2.剪枝存精,找到关键在完成上一步后,接下来要做的就是,提取主要内容,找到主题词句,并用提纲形式标注出来。3.组织语言,转换表达接下来
11、要做的就是采用同义替换、语义转换、要点组织、巧用关联词等方法来灵活准确地表达,以达到语言表达独立性的要求。要点1:第一段的主题句可概括为要点1。可将主题句中的there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt改为People have mixed opinions towards dirt。其中,nothing fixed等同于mixed,attitudes等同于opinions。要点2:第二段的主题句可概括为要点2。可将主题句中的thought改为believed,block out disease改为prevent people from gett
12、ing ill。要点3:第三段的主题句可概括为要点3。主题句可整合为However, since the 18th century, people have been told that cleaning away dirt is good to health.要点4:第四段的主题句可概括为要点4。原文中的encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.可整合为some experts believ
13、e that exposure to some dirt may help make our immune system strong, though。原文中的to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system可改为exposure to some dirt和make our immune system strong。同时注意在各要点之间,根据意义可使用however,though等关联词,以使文章逻辑合理,行文连贯。4.修正定稿,检查细节检查要点是否齐全,各要点是否表达准确;检查是否有语法、拼写和标点符号等错误;检查词数是否符合要求。
14、核实无误后,工整地誊写到答题卡上。精彩范文People have mixed opinions towards dirt. (要点1) In the early 16th century, people in some European countries, France, for example, thought that dirt on the skin could prevent people from getting ill. (要点2) However, since the 18th century, people have been told that cleaning away
15、dirt is good to health. (要点3) Nowadays, some experts believe that exposure to some dirt may help make our immune system strong, though.(要点4)以上四步解题流程中,第一步体现的是高度概括的能力,第二步体现的是删除细节、分清主次的能力,这两步是前提,而第三步(组织语言,转换表达)是取得高分的关键,这一步主要体现在以下三方面:同义替换概要写作要求使用自己的语言来表述与原句同样的意思。做题时在找出文中的要点后,我们可使用词词替换(指同义词和近义词或用反义词的否定形式
16、来替换)、词性转换(指用同一个单词或短语的不同形式去表达同样的意思)、单词与词语或词组与词组替换及句式替换(指运用句式、语态等的转化及反向表达等手法)的方法来达到语言独立性的要求。同义替换的能力直接影响评分,是取得高分的重要一环。调整句式除了用同义替换外,我们还可采用对句式进行机动灵活调整的方式来达到预期的目标。句式调整的方式很多,要恰如其分地运用,重在平时的积累和训练。如,我们可用反向表达、压缩长句(或长词组)、简单句整合、特殊句式等手法。巧用衔接词在写概要写作的时候,要准确表达原文的意思,就要充分考虑文章所体现的逻辑关系,以增加文章的连贯性和流畅性,不用或误用衔接词都会使文章显得生硬难懂。
17、平时我们要注意表并列、递进、因果、转折、对比等衔接词语的积累。此外, 在一些文本中,有时某个段落的意思并不与前面那段有直接关系,而是与整篇文章有关系,如结尾的总结段落或开篇的段落。这时,当我们用一句话来概括该段落往往可以在句前加一些副词或短语来引出表达的观点或事实。Type 1议论文议论文的概要主要是找出“中心句支撑句结论句”。不过并不是所有的议论文都有结论句,但中心句和支撑句肯定是有的,其中最重要的是找准中心句。Test 1阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。In modern society there is a great deal of argument about c
18、ompetition. Some value it highly, believing that it is beneficial for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad, believing that it sets one person against another and that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people. I have taught many children who hold the belief tha
19、t their selfworth relies on how well they perform at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often lifeanddeath affairs. In their singleminded pursuit (追求) of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.However, while some seem to be lost in the
20、desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching the
21、se young people, I often observe a desire to fail in them. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse:“I may have lost, but it doesnt matter because I really didnt want to try.” What is not usually admitted by them is the belief that
22、if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that ones selfrespect relies on how well one performs in compar
23、ison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (消失) can they discover a new meaning in competition. 写作指导文章大意:对于竞争人们持有截然不同的态度,然而作者认为这两种观点都有失偏颇。要点提炼:1提出问题:人们对于竞争的态度截然不同:有人高度赞赏;有人极力反对;2用具体事例说明:在有些人看来,成功高于一切;3然而,有些人却持有截然不同的态度:抵触竞争、
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