转录水平的调控课件.ppt
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1、二、转录水平的调控(一)原核生物的操纵子模型(一)原核生物的操纵子模型1.乳糖操纵子乳糖操纵子1.乳糖操纵子乳糖操纵子大肠杆菌生长需要碳源大肠杆菌生长需要碳源,常见的是糖常见的是糖类类,最方便利用的是葡萄糖最方便利用的是葡萄糖,但有些条件但有些条件下培养基中并无葡萄糖,仅有半乳糖等糖下培养基中并无葡萄糖,仅有半乳糖等糖类,这时分解它们的酶类必须合成,才能类,这时分解它们的酶类必须合成,才能利用半乳糖。利用半乳糖。当葡萄糖与乳糖共存,情况比当葡萄糖与乳糖共存,情况比较复杂,分解它们的酶类必须不较复杂,分解它们的酶类必须不合成合成。降解物基因活化蛋白降解物基因活化蛋白CAP(catabolic g
2、ene activate protein,CAP),与与cAMP形成形成复合物结合于启动子部位,引起复合物结合于启动子部位,引起DNA构象构象的变化,促进的变化,促进RNA聚合酶与启动子结合,聚合酶与启动子结合,使转录的起始更加频繁,是一种正调控。使转录的起始更加频繁,是一种正调控。当有葡萄糖存在时,其分解代谢产物可抑当有葡萄糖存在时,其分解代谢产物可抑制腺苷酸环化酶活性,激活磷酸二酯酶活制腺苷酸环化酶活性,激活磷酸二酯酶活性,性,cAMP含量下降,使含量下降,使CAP失活。失活。cAMP-CAP-DNAEver since the function of CRP as an activato
3、r of transcription was established,a great deal of work has been done to try and understand exactly how this occurs.Does CRP activate transcription directly?In other words,does it assist RNA polymerase to recognize the promoter by means of direct protein-protein contacts between CRP and RNA polymera
4、se?ORDoes CRP activate transcription indirectly?Since CRP bends and thus distorts the DNA double helix when it binds,is it possible that increased RNA polymerase binding is a result of structural changes in the DNA?A third possibility is that some combination of both direct and indirect effects migh
5、t be responsible for activation at individual promoters.We can now distinguish 3 classes of CRP-activated promoter:CLASS IClass I CRP-activated promoters require only CRP for activation and the CRP binding site is located upstream of the promoter.The prototype CLASS I CRP-activated promoter is the l
6、ac operon promoter(lacP1).This CRP-binding site is centred 61.5 bp upstream of the startpoint of transcription.CLASS IICLASS II CRP-activated promoters require only CRP for activation and the CRP binding site overlaps the promoter.In these promoters,the CRP binding site appears to replace the usual-
7、35 region of the promoter.The prototype CLASS II CRP-activated promoter is the gal operon promoter(galP1).This CRP-binding site is centred 41.5 bp upstream of the startpoint of transcription.CLASS IIICLASS III CRP-activated promoters require additional regulator proteins as well as CRP for activatio
8、n.The location of the CRP binding site can be quite variable though it is typically more than 90 bp upstream of the startpoint of transcription.There is no prototype CLASS III CRP-activated promoter since they all have different requirements by way of additional regulator proteins.Examples of CLASS
9、III CRP-activated promoters are the araBAD promoter and the malK promoter2.色氨酸操纵子色氨酸操纵子 大肠肝菌培养在只含无机盐及单一大肠肝菌培养在只含无机盐及单一碳源的培养基中,大肠杆菌细胞内可以碳源的培养基中,大肠杆菌细胞内可以测出色氨酸合成的酶系测出色氨酸合成的酶系,如果在培养基如果在培养基中加入色氨酸中加入色氨酸,大肠杆菌中色氨酸合成大肠杆菌中色氨酸合成的酶系就明显降低。色氨酸存在时的酶系就明显降低。色氨酸存在时,阻阻止了色氨酸合成酶系的形成止了色氨酸合成酶系的形成,细菌可直细菌可直接利用色氨酸接利用色氨酸,而不用
10、自己合成而不用自己合成,这种减这种减少酶量的现象称为酶合成的阻遏。少酶量的现象称为酶合成的阻遏。翻译过程对转录的调节翻译过程对转录的调节衰减作用衰减作用(弱化作用弱化作用)E.Coli的色氨的色氨酸合成酸合成翻译过程对转录的调节翻译过程对转录的调节衰减作用衰减作用(弱化作用弱化作用)色氨酸色氨酸mRNA的的5端有端有162核苷酸核苷酸的前导序列,当的前导序列,当RNA的合成启动后除的合成启动后除非缺乏色氨酸,否则大部分非缺乏色氨酸,否则大部分mRNA仅仅合成合成140核苷酸即停止。前导肽能编码核苷酸即停止。前导肽能编码一小段一小段14肽,其终止区具有潜在的茎肽,其终止区具有潜在的茎环构象和成串
11、的环构象和成串的U,表现出转录终止位,表现出转录终止位点的特征。前导点的特征。前导RNA链有链有4个区域彼此个区域彼此互补,可形成奇特的二级结构,有些互补,可形成奇特的二级结构,有些情况下出现终止子结构。情况下出现终止子结构。转录与翻译偶联是原核生物的特征。转录与翻译偶联是原核生物的特征。原核生物翻译结束原核生物翻译结束mRNA上有特殊的上有特殊的终止子结构。终止子结构。衰减作用衰减作用(弱化作用弱化作用)的意义的意义E.ColiE.coli Bacterium 弱化子系统主要是对外源色氨酸浓度弱化子系统主要是对外源色氨酸浓度作出反应,维持浓度的恒定。作出反应,维持浓度的恒定。色氨酸浓度色氨酸
12、浓度 tAUG-AAA-CGC-GUU-CAA-UUU-AAA-CAC-CAC-CAU-CAU-AUG-AAA-CGC-GUU-CAA-UUU-AAA-CAC-CAC-CAU-CAU-CAC-CAU-CAU-CCU-GACCAC-CAU-CAU-CCU-GACMet-Thr-Arg-Val-Gln-Phe-LysMet-Thr-Arg-Val-Gln-Phe-Lys-His-His-His-His-His-His-His-Pro-Asp-His-His-His-His-His-His-His-Pro-Asp-a leader coding region3.The Histidine Opero
13、n:An Attenuator2 阿拉伯糖操纵子阿拉伯糖操纵子 阿拉伯糖阿拉伯糖(arabinose)是另一个可以是另一个可以为代谢提供碳源的五碳糖。在大肠杆为代谢提供碳源的五碳糖。在大肠杆菌中阿拉伯糖的降解需要菌中阿拉伯糖的降解需要3个基因:个基因:araB、araA和和araD,分别编码,分别编码3个酶个酶:araB基因编码核酮糖激酶基因编码核酮糖激酶(ribulokinase),araA编码编码L-阿拉伯糖阿拉伯糖异构酶异构酶(L-arabinose isomerase),araD编码编码L-核酮糖核酮糖-5-磷酸磷酸-4-差向异构酶差向异构酶(L-ribulose-5phosphate
14、-4epimerase)。与与araBAD相邻的是一个复合的相邻的是一个复合的启动子区域和一个调节基因启动子区域和一个调节基因araC,这,这个个AraC蛋白同时显示正、负调节因蛋白同时显示正、负调节因子的功能。子的功能。AraBAD和和araC基因的转基因的转录是分别在两条链上以相反的方向进录是分别在两条链上以相反的方向进行的。在标准的遗传学图谱上,行的。在标准的遗传学图谱上,araBAD基因簇从启动子基因簇从启动子PBAD开始向开始向左进行转录,而左进行转录,而araC基因则是从基因则是从Pc向向右转录右转录。AraC蛋白以蛋白以Crep与与araO1的的结合阻遏自身基因的调节并结合阻遏自
15、身基因的调节并控制着自身的合成。控制着自身的合成。有葡萄糖无阿拉伯糖有葡萄糖无阿拉伯糖无葡萄糖有阿拉伯糖无葡萄糖有阿拉伯糖阿拉伯糖和葡萄糖都很低或阿拉伯糖和葡萄糖都很低或都很高的情况下,都很高的情况下,araBCD的的转录都被阻遏。转录都被阻遏。5.Quorum Sensing:An Activator(群体意识)群体意识)There exists a species of squid(鱿鱼)(鱿鱼)the squid has evolved a light organ in which it cultures a very pure,very dense population of a ba
16、cteria called Vibrio fischeri.This bacteria produces a substance called luciferase,which glows with the same intensity as the moon.Euprymna scolopes swimming Euprymna scolopes hatching Euprymna scolopes ventral view of light organIn this ventral cross-section of Euprymna Scolopes,the symbiotic light
17、-emitting photophore is the black and silver,two-lobed structure in the center.Courtesy of Margaret McFall-Ngai.bobtail squid 4This Hawaiian bobtail squid(Euprymna scolopes)has silvery tissue around and across its eye.These reflective,silvery tissues of the eye and skin are made of the same unusual
18、proteins that help make the squids flashlight work.4This Hawaiian bobtail squid(Euprymna scolopes)is a night active predator that buries in the sand during the day and comes out at night to forage.This adult specimen,which is preparing to bury for the day,has silvery tissues around its eyes and blue
19、-silver tissues in its skin due to proteins called reflectins.4Protein-based reflectors appear to be unique to squid,octopus and other members of the cephalopod class of marine animals.Most cephalopods have big heads,large eyes,grabbing tentacles and sacs filled with ink.4Close-up of the eye of a Ha
20、waiian bobtail squid(Euprymna scolopes).When Vibrio fischeri is not in the squids light organ,it does not need to be making luciferase,since glowing will not help it or anything else.On the other hand,when inside the light organ,it is to the bacterias advantage to glow,because then the squid will no
21、t get eaten and will feed it,away from competition from any other kinds of bacteria.So how can the bacteria know that it is in a light organ in order to turn on synthesis of luciferase?4The Hawaiian bobtail squid has a built-in flashlight on its underside which is beamed downward by stacks of silver
22、y reflector plates which are made from an unusual family of proteins,according to new research.4The squids light producing organ is powered by glowing bacteria with stacks of the reflector plates surrounding the light organ.This glowing flashlight serves as a spotlight during feeding in the dark oce
23、an.Vibrio fischeri grown for 24 hours on Photobacterium sea water agar Transmission Electron micrograph of Vibrio fischeri quorum sensing4 Each bacterium is continuously secreting a unique small molecule called VAI(Vibrio fischeri autoinducer)that can diffuse readily through the cell membrane.Thus,t
24、here is a declining concentration of the small molecule in a growing circumference around the bacterium.When there are many bacteria around,the local concentration of the small molecule will be very high4.The genes for making luciferase are contained in the lux operon.A DNA binding site(luxO)near th
25、e lux promoter(luxP)binds a protein called luxR.This protein somehow calls RNA polymerase over when it is bound to the DNA,thus increasing transcription of the DNA and making more polymerase.Thus,luxR is a transcriptional activator of the lux operon.It is important to note that LuxI is the gene that
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