语言学方法论课件.ppt
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1、Chapter One IntroductionNanjing University I.Definition of ResearchNanjing University 1.Having good questionsSignificantOriginalAnswerableNanjing University 2.Enjoying a Systematic ApproachResearch should follow a set of procedures which are clearly described and can be fully justified.Remember:no a
2、pproach is perfect.Nanjing University 3.Obtaining Valid AnswersThe claimed answer is the only answer that we can obtain.e.g.a relation between L2 learners vocabulary size and their reading amount Vocabulary Nanjing University II.Research ProcessDeveloping research questions reading the literature se
3、lecting research design collecting data analyzing data writing thesis/dissertationNanjing University III.Classifications of ResearchTheoretical vs.practical research(aims of research)Theoretical:aiming at developing or testing theories rather than at resolving practical issues.Practical:aiming at so
4、lving concrete problems.Chapter TwoResearchingNanjing University I.Developing research questions 1.ProceduresIdentifying a research topic;Narrowing down the topic;Reviewing the literature and discussing with other researches;Forming questions:general/specificNanjing University 2.Problems in question
5、 formationProblem one:no research ideaSolutions:1.Personal experience2.Attending conferences and talking with other researchersNanjing University 2.Problems in question formationProblem 2:topic being too broadProblem 3:questions not worth investigationProblem 4:questions like a shopping listNanjing
6、University II.Reading the literature1.Sources of Literature1.Indices2.Unpublished papers(conference papers,manuscripts etc.)3.Journals4.Books1)Textbooks2)Dictionaries and encyclopedias3)Monographs4)CollectionsNanjing University 2.Procedures for reviewing the literature1)Constructing a working biblio
7、graphy via manual search and computer searcha.Arranged alphabeticallyb.Containing the name of the author,the title,facts about publication,page numbers.Nanjing University 3.Deciding the scope1)Long-shot,medium-shot and close-up review:Long-shot:background reviewMedium-shot:a description of empirical
8、 studies on the topic in generalClose-up:the details of some specific studiesNanjing University Deciding the scope2)Decide what is for the detailed readingNanjing University 4.Summarizing the informationRead backwards,beginning with the most recent one and moving back to the old ones.Chapter threeRe
9、search DesignNanjing University 1.Fundamental conceptsPopulation and sampleVariablesLevels of measurement Nanjing University 统计分析的基本概念统计分析的基本概念总体、个体和样本总体、个体和样本变量变量Nanjing University Fundamental conceptsPopulation and samplePopulation:whatever the researcher is studying.Sample:a representative portio
10、n of the whole target population,which is typically obtained through random sampling.Nanjing University 总体、个体和样本总体、个体和样本总体(总体(population):由研究任务决定的研究事物或人的全体。:由研究任务决定的研究事物或人的全体。个体(个体(individual):构成总体的每一个单位。:构成总体的每一个单位。样本(样本(sample):为了调查总体的性质而从总体中抽出的这部分个体。:为了调查总体的性质而从总体中抽出的这部分个体。样本大小的合适性:样本大小的合适性:地区性研究
11、:地区性研究:500-1000 全国性研究:全国性研究:1500-2500描述性研究:样本数占总体的描述性研究:样本数占总体的10%,如果总体本身小,样本数占总体的,如果总体本身小,样本数占总体的20%。相关性研究:相关性研究:30人以上。人以上。因果比较研究:各组因果比较研究:各组30人以上。人以上。实验研究:各组至少实验研究:各组至少15人以上,人以上,30人以上最为合适人以上最为合适Nanjing University Relation between population and sampleDraw a sample from the population;Generalize th
12、e results from the sample back to the population.Nanjing University VariablesVariable is a feature that must be varied from person to person or from object to object.Independent and dependent variables:Independent variable can be a cause which produces change in the dependent variable;Independent va
13、riable can be a predictor which is used to predict the dependent variable.Nanjing University Example OneHypothesis:L2 learners who have done six revisions of the same composition progressed faster than those who simply wrote six different compositions without revisionsIndependent variable:methods of
14、 teaching writingMethod 1:multiple revisionsMethod 2:multiple compositions without revisionDependent variable:Improvement in L2 writingNanjing University Example 2Hypothesis:Students way of learning English is determined by their beliefs about what can lead to success in learning.Learners beliefs ab
15、out English learningLearners way of learningNanjing University Moderator variableA moderator variable is measured to see whether it modifies the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.Nanjing University ExampleHypothesis:Using L1 in the process of learning English h
16、as a negative effect on the students learning outcomes but it has a stronger negative effect on adults than children.The use of L1(I)Learning outcomes(D)Age(M)Nanjing University Control variablesVariables whose effects are neutralized or kept constant In a study on the effects of outside reading on
17、the development of reading comprehension abilities,the researcher purposely selected all the students who had scores above 80 on CET-4.Overall English proficiencyNanjing University Intervening variablesAny variables that are not measured in a study but produce effect together with the independent an
18、d moderator variables on the dependent variables,usually used to explain the relationship between independent and dependent variablesNanjing University 统计分析的基本概念统计分析的基本概念变量(变量(variables):指个人或事物可以变化的特性。:指个人或事物可以变化的特性。变量特征:离散性、变异性和规律性变量特征:离散性、变异性和规律性离散性:研究者通过观察或测量而获得的数据,离散性:研究者通过观察或测量而获得的数据,都是分散的数字形式。
19、都是分散的数字形式。变异性:研究者在相同条件下采取相同的观测方变异性:研究者在相同条件下采取相同的观测方法,得出的观测结果不同。法,得出的观测结果不同。规律性:波动在一定范围内出现规律性:波动在一定范围内出现Nanjing University 变量的类型变量的类型根据变量的不同功能划分:根据变量的不同功能划分:自变量自变量(independent variable):对其他变量产生作用的变量,统计:对其他变量产生作用的变量,统计学上一般用学上一般用x表示表示因变量(因变量(dependent variable):受其他变量影响或作用的变量,统计:受其他变量影响或作用的变量,统计学上一般用学上
20、一般用y表示表示调节变量(调节变量(moderator variable):特殊的自变量,调节因变量与主要:特殊的自变量,调节因变量与主要自变量之间的关系,对自变量与因变量之间的关系产生影响自变量之间的关系,对自变量与因变量之间的关系产生影响控制变量(控制变量(control variable):为防止对研究产生影响而固定、中立:为防止对研究产生影响而固定、中立或消除的变量或消除的变量介入变量(介入变量(intervening variable):解释自变量和因变量之间的关系:解释自变量和因变量之间的关系Nanjing University 变量的类型变量的类型努力程度和学习成绩的关系在多大程
21、度上受到专努力程度和学习成绩的关系在多大程度上受到专业方向的影响,其受试者是中级外语水平的学生业方向的影响,其受试者是中级外语水平的学生Nanjing University Levels of MeasurementNominal scale:name objects or classify objects(sex,marital status,mother tongue,nationality,occupation etc.)Nanjing University 变量的测量层次变量的测量层次Levels of Measurement定类测量(定类测量(classificatory or no
22、minal measurement):也称做名义测量。变量的值没):也称做名义测量。变量的值没有大小之分,只代表研究对象的不同类型。只具有大小之分,只代表研究对象的不同类型。只具有是与否,或是等于或不等于的数学特质。如性有是与否,或是等于或不等于的数学特质。如性别,别,0=男生,男生,1=女生,或女生,或1=男生,男生,2=女生。女生。0、1、2无大小之分。无大小之分。Nanjing University Ordinal ScaleAn ordinal scale provides information about the relative amount of some trait poss
23、essed by objects,in addition to naming it.Nanjing University 变量的测量层次变量的测量层次Level of Measurement定序测量(定序测量(ordinal or ranking measurement):决定次序,决定次序,把研究对象从高到低或从大到小进行把研究对象从高到低或从大到小进行排列。如:受教育程度排列。如:受教育程度1-5进行排列,分别代表小进行排列,分别代表小学、初中、高中、大学和研究生程度,这里的学、初中、高中、大学和研究生程度,这里的1、2、3、4、5之间有大小之分。之间有大小之分。Nanjing Unive
24、rsity Interval scaleProviding information about the distance between two attributes,equal distances between two consecutive points on the scale.Nanjing University 变量的测量层次变量的测量层次Level of Measurement定距测量(定距测量(interval measurement):确定距离的:确定距离的多少。不仅可以知道两个不同变量值之间存在差多少。不仅可以知道两个不同变量值之间存在差异,而且还可以比较高低,确定它们之间
25、的差距。异,而且还可以比较高低,确定它们之间的差距。如:学习成绩:好、中、差(如:学习成绩:好、中、差(3、2、1)90、75、45Nanjing University 变量的测量层次变量的测量层次Level of Measurement定比测量(定比测量(ratio measurement):最高一级的测:最高一级的测量等级,具有乘除的数学特质。外语研究中所使量等级,具有乘除的数学特质。外语研究中所使用的统计方法很少要求达到定比的测量层次。用的统计方法很少要求达到定比的测量层次。Nanjing University 2 Quantitative and QualitativeDefiniti
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