2021-2022年高一英语寒假作业专题一学习语法规则.doc
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1、2021年高一英语寒假作业专题一学习语法规则名词 Nouns(n.):表示人或事物的名称。名词分为可数名词如:pen 钢笔 teacher 老师,不可数名词如:idea 主意,fire 火,air 空气。可数名词的复数要在名词后加s。名词的所有格:表示有生命的东西和表示时间、距离等名称的名词可以加s来表示所有关系,以s结尾复数名词只加, 带这种词尾的名词称为该名词的所有格。注音英语用“”表示重读符号,用“”表示名词的所有格。如my brothers book 我弟弟的书,the students chairs 学生们的椅子。 形容词Adjectives(a.):表示人或事物的特征,如:bad,
2、 beautiful 副词 Adverbs(adv.):修饰动词,形容词或其它副词,如:very, quickly 动词 Verbs:(vi. vt.):表示动作或状态如:study, be 代词 Pronouns(pron.):代替名词,数词等,如:they, one 数词 Numerals(num.):表示数量或顺序,如:five, tenth 冠词 Articles(art.):限制名词的意义,只有3个:不定冠词 a, an(在元音开头的名词前),主要用来表示不肯定的“某一个或任何一个”,一般与单数可数名词联用。定冠词 the, the (在元音开头的名词前),主要用来表示指定的人或事物
3、,以区别同类中其他的人或事物。相当于汉语中的“那个,那些,这个这些”。它既可以和单数名词,复数 名词连用,又可以和不可数名词连用。 介词 Prepositions(prep.):表示名词,代词和其它词的关系,如:in, for, of 连词 Conjunction(conj.):连结词与词或句与句,如:and, because 感叹词 Interjection(interj.):表示说话时的感情或口气,如:oh, hey 以上十类词中,前六类即名词,形容词,副词,动词,代词和数词都有实义,在句子中能独立担任一定的句子成份,称为实词。后四种即冠词,介词,联词和感叹词没有实义,都不能在句中独立担任
4、任何成份,称为虚词。 (一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。(二)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:During the 1990s, American country music has bee more and more popular.(名词)We often speak Engl
5、ish in class.(代词)One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词)To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词)The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词)When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.(主语从句)It is necessary to master a foreign la
6、nguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)(三)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系动词加表语构成。如:We are students.(四)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be
7、, bee, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:Our teacher of English is an American.(名词)Is it yours?(代词)The weather has turned cold.(形容词)The speech is exciting.(分词)Three times seven is twenty one?(数词)His job is to teach English.(不定式)His hobby(爱好)is playing foo
8、tball.(动名词)The machine must be out of order.(介词短语)Time is up. The class is over.(副词)The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)(五)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)The heavy rain prevented me from ing to school on time.(代词)How many dictionaries d
9、o you have? I have five.(数词)They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语)I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语)I think(that)he is fit for his office.(宾语从句)宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lend me your dictionary, please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:They elected him
10、their monitor.(六)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:His father named him Jack.(名词)They painted their boat white.(形容词)Their boat was painted white.Let the fresh air in.(副词)You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.(
11、不定式短语)We saw her entering the room.(现在分词)We found everything in the lab in good order.(介词短语)We will soon make our city what your city is now.(从句)(七)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词)China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分词) There are thirty w
12、omen teachers is our school.(名词)His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代词)Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语)The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词)He is reading an article about how to learn English.(介词短语) Do you know the man who is speaking on
13、 the stage?(定语从句)(八)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组)He has lived in the city for ten years.(介词短语)He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短语)He is in the room making a model plane.(分词短语)Wait a minute.(名词)Once you b
14、egin, you must continue.(状语从句)状语种类如下:How about meeting again at six?(时间状语)Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语)I shall go there if it doesnt rain.(条件状语)Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语)She came in with a di
15、ctionary in her hand.(伴随状语)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语)He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语)She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)I am taller than he is.(比较状语)(九)同位语 一个名词或代词后面有时可跟一个名词(或类似作用的其他东西),对前者作进一步解释,说明它所指的是谁是什么等,叫做同位语。名词作同位语最多。此外,还可以有形
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