管理学基础history module.ppt

1、College of Public Management SCAU1History ModuleCollege of Public Management SCAU2The Pre-modern Era Ancient massive construction projects Egyptian pyramids Great Wall of China Michelangelo,the manager?College of Public Management SCAU3Adam Smiths Contribution To The Field Of Management Wrote the We

2、alth of Nations(1776)Advocated the economic advantages that organizations and society would reap from the division of labor:Increased productivity by increasing each workers skill and dexterity.Time saved that is commonly lost in changing tasks.The creation of labor-saving inventions and machinery.C

3、ollege of Public Management SCAU4The Industrial Revolutions Influence On Management Practices Industrial revolution Machine power began to substitute for human power Lead to mass production of economical goods Improved and less costly transportation systems became available Created larger markets fo

4、r goods.Larger organizations developed to serve larger markets Created the need for formalized management practices.College of Public Management SCAU5Classical Contributions Classical approach The term used to describe the hypotheses of the scientific management theorists and the general administrat

5、ive theorists.Scientific management theoristsFredrick W.Taylor,Frank and Lillian Gilbreth,and Henry Gantt General administrative theoristsHenri Fayol and Max WeberCollege of Public Management SCAU6Scientific Management Frederick W.Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management(1911)Advocated the use

6、 of the scientific method to define the“one best way”for a job to be done Believed that increased efficiency could be achieved by selecting the right people for the job and training them to do it precisely in the one best way.To motivate workers,he favored incentive wage plans.Separated managerial w

7、ork from operative work.College of Public Management SCAU7Taylors Four Principles of Management1.Develop a science for each element of an individuals work,which replaces the old rule-of-thumb method.2.Scientifically select and then train,teach,and develop the worker.(Previously,workers chose their o

8、wn work and trained themselves as best they could.)3.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed.4.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers.Management takes over

9、 all work for which it is better fitted than the workers.(Previously,almost all the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the workers.)Exhibit HM-1College of Public Management SCAU8Scientific Management Contributors Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Bricklaying efficiency improve

10、ments Time and motion studies(therbligs)Henry Gantt Incentive compensation systems Gantt chart for scheduling work operationsCollege of Public Management SCAU9General Administrative Theory General administrative theorists Writers who developed general theories of what managers do and what constitute

11、s good management practice Henri Fayol(France)Fourteen Principles of Management:Fundamental or universal principles of management practice Max Weber(Germany)Bureaucracy:Ideal type of organization characterized by division of labor,a clearly defined hierarchy,detailed rules and regulations,and impers

12、onal relationshipsCollege of Public Management SCAU10Fayols Fourteen Principles of ManagementExhibit HM-2 Division of work Authority Discipline Unity of command Unity of direction Subordination of the individual Remuneration Centralization Scalar chain Order Equity Stability of tenure of personnel I

13、nitiative Esprit de corpsCollege of Public Management SCAU11Webers Ideal BureaucracyExhibit HM-3 Division of Labor Authority Hierarchy Formal Selection Formal Rules and Regulations Impersonality Career OrientationCollege of Public Management SCAU12Human Resources Approach Robert Owen Scottish busine

14、ssman and reformer who advocated for better treatment of workers.Claimed that a concern for employees was profitable for management and would relieve human misery.Hugo Munsterberg Created the field of industrial psychologythe scientific study of individuals at work to maximize their productivity and

15、 adjustment.Psychology and Industrial Efficiency(1913)College of Public Management SCAU13Human Resources Approach Mary Parker Follett Recognized that organizations could be viewed from the perspective of individual and group behavior.Believed that individual potential could only be released by group

16、 association.Chester Barnard Saw organizations as social systems that require human interaction and cooperation.Expressed his views on the“acceptance of authority”in his book The Functions of the Executive(1938).College of Public Management SCAU14Hawthorne Studies A series of studies done during the

17、 1920s and 1930s that provided new insights into group norms and behaviors Hawthorne effect Social norms or standards of the group are the key determinants of individual work behavior.Changed the prevalent view of the time that people were no different than machines.College of Public Management SCAU

18、15Human Relations Movement Based on a belief in the importance of employee satisfactiona satisfied worker was believed to be a productive worker.Advocates believed in peoples capabilities and were concerned with making management practices more humane.Dale Carnegie Abraham Maslow Douglas McGregorCol

19、lege of Public Management SCAU16The Quantitative Approach Operations Research(Management Science)Evolved out of the development of mathematical and statistical solutions to military problems during World War II.Involves the use of statistics,optimization models,information models,and computer simula

20、tions to improve management decision making for planning and control.College of Public Management SCAU17Social Events That Shaped Management Approaches Classical approach The desire for increased efficiency of labor intensive operations Human resources approach The backlash to the overly mechanistic

21、 view of employees held by the classicists.The Great Depression.The quantitative approaches World War IICollege of Public Management SCAU18What is the Process Approach?Management theory jungle(Harold Koontz)The diversity of approaches to the study of managementfunctions,quantitative emphasis,human r

22、elations approacheseach offer something to management theory,but many are only managerial tools.Process approach Planning,organizing,leading,and controlling activities are circular and continuous functions of management.College of Public Management SCAU19The Systems Approach Defines a system as a se

23、t of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole Closed system:a system that is not influenced by and does not interact with its environment Open system:a system that dynamically interacts with its environmentStakeholders:any group that is affected by org

24、anizational decisions and policiesCollege of Public Management SCAU20The Organization and Its EnvironmentExhibit HM-4College of Public Management SCAU21 The Contingency Approach The situational approach to management that replaces more simplistic systems and integrates much of management theory Four popular contingency variables Organization size(coordination)Routineness of task technology(task complexity dictates structure)Environmental uncertainty(change management)Individual differences(managerial styles,motivational techniques,and job design)Exhibit HM-5