体格检查讲义课件.ppt
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- 体格检查 讲义 课件
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1、Physical examination(体格检查)nIntroductionnPhysical examination step by stepObservationJoint testsMuscle testsNeurological testsSpecial testsFunctional abilityPalpationAccessory movementsnCompletion of the physical examinationIntroduction目的ndetermine what structure(s)and/or factor(s)are responsible for
2、 producing the patients symptoms 确定产生症状的结构、原因nthe physical examination is an extension of the subjective examination体格检查是主观检查的延伸 Two assumptions(两个假设):nIf symptoms are reproduced when a structure is stressed,the symptoms are thought to arise from that structure.如果按压某结构使症状再发,则认为该症状来自于该结构nIf an abnorm
3、ality is detected in a structure,which theoretically could refer symptoms to the symptomatic area,then that structure is suspected to be a source of the symptoms.如果某结构发现异常(体征),理论上在部位内查到此症状,则怀疑该结构就是此症状的来源Summary of the physical examinationArea of examinationProcedureObservationInformal and formal obs
4、ervation of posture,muscle bulk and tone,soft tissues,gait and patients attitudeJoint testsIntegrity tests Active and passive physiological movements Joint effusion measurement Passive accessory movementMuscle testsMuscle strength/control/length Isometric muscle testing Muscle bulk and oedema Diagno
5、stic muscle testsNeurological tests Integrity of the nervous system Mobility of the nervous system Diagnostic testsSpecial testsVascular tests Measurement of bony abnormality Soft tissue testsFunctional abilityAs appropriatePalapationSuperficial and deep soft tissues,bone,joint,ligament,muscle,tendo
6、n and nervous tissueAccessory MovementsIncluding natural apophyseal glides,sustained natural apophyseal glides and mobilizations with movementPHYSICAL EXAMINATION STEP BY STEP Observation(视诊)nInformal and formal observation of static and dynamic postures(视诊静态和动态姿势)可获得的信息:The pathology(病理)overt pain
7、behaviour(明显的疼痛行为)and the possible factors The physical testing procedures that need to be carried out(体格检查的一部分)The possible treatment techniques(可能的治疗技术)Informal observation(非正式的视诊)n观察患者的动态和静态情况 运动状况 姿势特征 面部表情n始于主观检查及整个体格检查过程中n非正式的视诊与正式视诊可获得同样多的信息Formal observationnObservation of posture(姿势观察)n从前、侧
8、、后各个角度进行观察Ideal alignment The upper(or shoulder)crossed syndrome 肩关节上抬和后伸 肩胛骨外旋The lower(or pelvic)crossed syndrome 骨盆旋前腰椎前凸增大髋关节轻度屈曲The kyphosis-lordosis posture(驼背脊柱前弯姿势)拉长和无力:拉长和无力:颈屈肌、背部竖脊肌、腹外斜肌、腘绳肌缩短和增强:缩短和增强:颈伸肌、屈髋肌、腰部竖脊肌 Layer syndromen在背侧可见肥大和生长不足的肌肉呈“层状”变化:无力无力:肩胛骨下部稳定肌群、腰骶竖棘肌、臀大肌、腹直肌、腹横肌 肥
9、大肥大:颈部竖脊肌、斜方肌上部、肩胛提肌、胸腰椎竖棘肌、腘绳肌The flat back posture(平背姿势)颈椎轻度伸直,上段胸椎屈曲(下段伸直),腰椎前凸,骨盆后倾及髋关节伸直,踝关节轻度跖屈 髋屈肌拉长及无力,腘绳肌有力 腰椎旁肌肉变长The sway back posture 头向前姿势、颈椎轻度伸直、躯干上部屈曲增加并后移、腰椎屈曲、骨盆后倾、髋过伸并骨盆前移、膝过伸及踝中立位 屈髋肌、腹外斜肌、上背部伸肌和颈屈肌拉长、无力;腘绳肌、腹内斜肌上部纤维缩短并增强,腰椎旁肌肉增强The handedness posture 利手姿势(右)n右肩低,肩胛骨内收并右肩胛骨降低,胸腰椎向
10、左凸,骨盆侧倾(右侧高),右髋内收并轻度内旋,左髋外展并左足部分旋前n拉长、无力:拉长、无力:左躯干肌、右髋展肌、左髋内收肌、右腓骨长肌和短肌、左胫骨后肌、左踇长屈肌及趾长屈肌,右阔筋膜张肌可不无力。n缩短、增强:缩短、增强:右躯干肌、左髋展肌、右髋收肌、左腓骨长肌和短肌、左胫骨后肌、右踇长屈肌及趾长屈肌,左阔筋膜张肌通常增强,以及髂胫束紧张。skin creases at various spinal levels(不同脊柱水平的皮肤皱褶)n检查是否有脊柱椎间过度活动:椎间被动附属运动(passive accessory intervertebral movement,PAIVM)椎间被动生
11、理运动(passive physiological intervertebral movement,PPIVM)肩胛骨活动延迟及下旋伴肱骨内旋:n菱形肌、肩胛提肌、胸小肌的肌肉长度以及斜方肌和前锯肌中下部纤维的肌肉控制n纠正异常的不对称的姿势n观察患者相同的姿势和习惯性的/重复的动作Sustained postures and habitual movements neck pain when sitting habitual movement pattern lumbar spine pain Observation of muscle form nmuscle shape肌肉形状,bulk
12、大小 and tone质地,comparing the left and right sides(左右对比)注意利手(handedness)和平面的不同n受压下,姿势肌(postural muscles)缩短,而相位肌(phasic muscles,产生运动的肌肉)无力施加压力下肌肉反应施加压力下肌肉反应肌肉倾向于变紧肌肉倾向于变软弱咬肌、颞肌、二腹肌和枕骨下肌肉、肩胛提肌、大、小菱形肌、斜方肌上部、胸锁乳突肌、胸大肌、胸小肌、斜角肌、上肢屈肌、竖棘肌(特别是胸腰部和颈部)、腰方肌、梨状肌、阔筋膜张肌、股直肌、腘绳肌、短收肌、胫骨后肌、腓肠肌前锯肌、斜方肌中下部纤维、颈深屈肌、下颌舌骨肌、肩胛
13、下肌、上肢伸肌、臀大肌、臀中肌和臀小肌、腰深多裂肌、髂腰肌、股中间肌和外侧肌、胫骨前肌和后肌Observation of soft tissues 软组织ncolour and texture of the skin皮肤色泽nScars疤痕nabnormal skin creases 异常皮肤皱褶n swelling 水肿n effusion 渗出n反射性交感神经营养不良Observation of gait 步态nThe clinician observes the gait from the front,behind and at the side,looking at the pelvi
14、s,hips,knees,ankles and feet.常见的异常步态nantalgic gait(疼痛步态)narthrogenic gait(关节源步态)ngluteus maximus gait(臀大肌步态)nTrendelenburgs sign(摇摆步态)nshort leg gait(短腿步态)ndrop foot gait(垂足步态)nstiff knee or hip gait(膝或髋僵硬步态)Observation of the patients attitude and feelings(态度和情感)nThe age,gender and ethnicity of pat
15、ients and their cultural,occupational and social backgrounds will all affect the attitudes and feelings they have towards themselves,their condition and the clinician.n病人的年龄、性别种族和文化、职业及社会背景影响其对自己、疾病和医生的态度和感觉nPatients may feel apprehensive,fearful,embarrassed,restless,resentful,angry or depressed in
16、relation to their condition and/or the clinician.They may,for example,have had several,possibly conflicting explanations of their problem.Unrealistic thoughts and beliefs affect the patients response to health problems and treatmentn关系到病情和/或医生,病人可表现为理解、害怕、不安、不能休息、怨恨、愤怒或沮丧。他们可有数个可能是互相矛盾的有关其问题的解释。不确实际
17、的想法和信心影响患者对健康问题和治疗的应对Joint tests nJoint integrity tests(关节完整性检查)nactive and passive physiological joint movements(关节主动和被动生理运动)njoint effusion(关节渗液)Joint integrity tests关节完整性检查关节完整性检查n应在体检早期进行详细的检查以确定关节的稳定性n有任何不稳定均可能影响进一步检查Active and passive physiological joint movement n生理运动(physiological movement)是
18、指能主动完成的运动。如:髋关节或盂肱关节的屈、伸、外展、内收、内旋和外旋n主动检查:由患者产生运动,不但可检查关节,还可检查产生运动的肌肉n被动检查:由医生支持肢体并使其产生运动,以使关节在肌肉放松下被检查n关节功能允许两个骨头之间全范围(full-range)无摩擦(friction-free)的运动n正常的关节在全范围主动运动中无疼痛感,在加压后医生能感觉到运动阻力n关节功能障碍(Joint dysfunction)可表现为运动范围减小(hypomobile)或增大(hypermobile)异常的运动阻力(在整个运动范围或运动范围末),疼痛和肌肉痉挛(muscle spasm)The ai
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