定语从句;句子成分及练习课件.ppt
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1、语法复习语法复习-句子成分及练习句子成分及练习一、句子成分一、句子成分(一)句子成分的定义:(一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和补足语、同位语和插入语插入语。二)主语:二)主语:主语主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在但在there be
2、结构、疑问句(当主语不疑结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:容词和主语从句等表示。例如:1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in
3、this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.(名词)(代词)(数词)(不定式)(动名词)(名词化的形容词)7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to learn a foreign language.(主语从句)(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
4、(三)谓语(三)谓语 谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:成。如:He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.(三)谓语(三)谓语(四)表语(四)表语 表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份,用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与
5、身份,它一般位于系动词(如它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如:及表语从句表示。例如:1.Our teacher of English is an American.(名词)(名词)2.Is it yours?(代词)(代词)3.The weather has turned cold.(形容词)(形容词)4.The speech is exciting.(分词)(
6、分词)5.Three times seven is twenty one.(数词)(数词)6.His job is to teach English.(不定式)(不定式)7.His hobby is playing football.(动名词)(动名词)8.The meeting is of great importance.(介词短语)(介词短语)9.The class is over.(副词)(副词)10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)(表语从句)(五)宾语(五)宾语 宾语(宾语(Object)表示动作的对象或承爱者,一)
7、表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.(名词)(代词、动名词)(名词、数词)4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening
8、 to popular music.7.I think(that)he is fit for his office.(名词化形容词,名词)(不定式短语)(动名词短语)(宾语从句)宾语种类宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语)双宾语(间接宾语sb.+直接宾语直接宾语sth.),),例如:例如:Lend me your dictionary,please.=Lend your dictionary to me,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等,例如:等,例如:He sent the
9、novel to William yesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,make,find,get,order,post,等,例如:等,例如:She bought a gift for her mother.(2)复合)复合 宾语(宾语宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:宾补),例如:They chose him their monitor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask,agree,care,choose,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,pla
10、n,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,等,如:等,如:He refused to lend me his bike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等,如:等,如:John has admitted breaking the window.下列动词既可接不定式,也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式,也可接动名词做宾语,但意义不同,如宾语,但意义不同,如mean,try,remember,f
11、orget 等。等。forget to do表示表示“未发生的动作未发生的动作”,forget doing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如:。如:Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了书已还给他了)(六)宾语补足语(六)宾语补足语 宾语补足语(宾语补足语(Object Complement),),用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接
12、复合宾语的动词有:合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有:tell,let,help,teach,ask,see,have,order,make等。等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:词短语和从句充当。例如:1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her enterin
13、g the room.(名词)(形容词)(副词)(不定式短语)(现在分词)(七)定语(七)定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下成分表示:定语可由以下成分表示:1.Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词(形容词)2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.(分词(分词)3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.(名词)(名词)4.His progress i
14、n English made us surprised.(代词)(代词)5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语)(不定式短语)6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词)(动名词)7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.(介词短语)(介词短语)8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句定语从句)说明说明1:当定
15、语修饰不定代词如:当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing,anything,everything,something 等时,定语要放等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。我告诉他一些有趣的事情。I tell him something interesting.说明说明2:不定式、短语或从句不定式、短语或从句作定语时,也放在被作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。修饰的名词之后。这间屋子里的男孩子们是这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。班的。The boys in the room are in Class Ten.(八)状语(八)状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,
16、说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语(Adverbial)。可由以下形式表示)。可由以下形式表示:1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He is proud to have passed the exam.(副词及副词性词组)(介词短语)(不定式短语)4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin,you must
17、continue.(分词短语)(名词)(状语从句)9种状语种类如下:1.How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(时间状语)(原因状语)(条件状语)(地点状语)(方式状语)She came in wi
18、th a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.(伴随状语)(目的状语)(结果状语)(让步状语)(比较状语)(九)同位语(九)同位语(Appositive)对前面的名)对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,通常由名词、词或代词做进一步的解释,通常由名
19、词、数词、代词或从句担任,如:数词、代词或从句担任,如:This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.(十)插入语(十)插入语(Parenthesis)对一句话)对一句话做一些附加的解释,通常有做一些附加的解释,通常有to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)等,如:等,如:To be honest,I dont quite agree with you.(定语从句定语从句)概念概念:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子子.She is the only one whos studying French.句子作定语句子作定
20、语,修饰代词修饰代词oneHe is a teacher who/that teaches us Chinese.句子作定语句子作定语,修饰名词修饰名词a teacher先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句定语从句Mary is a girl who has long hair.关系关系代词代词关系关系副词副词who,whom,whose,which,thatwhere,when,why1.被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词先行词。定定语从句一般放在先行词后面语从句一般放在先行词后面。2.引导定语从句的词叫引导定语从句的词叫关系词关系词,在句中做句子成分在句中做句子成分
21、。关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分,关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分,关系副词在句中作状语。关系副词在句中作状语。关系词的作用:关系词的作用:1.引导一个定语从句;引导一个定语从句;2.在从句中代替先行词;在从句中代替先行词;3.在从句中担任某一句子成份。在从句中担任某一句子成份。Mary is a girl.A girl has long hair.Mary is a girl who has long hair.I like music that/which I can dance to.先行词先行词关系代词关系代词定语从句定语从句I like the singer w
22、ho is beautiful.I like the movie that is funny.I still remember the first time when I met her.定语从句构成:定语从句构成:先行词先行词+关系词关系词+从句从句关系词关系词关系代词关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose关系副词关系副词:when,where,why关系代词:关系代词:指物:指物:that which whose(所有格)所有格)指人:指人:who(主主/宾格宾格)that whom(宾格)(宾格)whose(所有格)所有格)The boys who are play
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