食品工艺-食品加工-第二章-果蔬的罐藏工艺课件.ppt
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1、第二章第二章 果蔬罐藏工艺果蔬罐藏工艺The process of fruit and vegetable canningSummary Canning food:means sterilizing it and keeping it sterile be sealing it in containers made from either glass or tin.罐藏技术是法国人罐藏技术是法国人尼古拉尼古拉阿培尔阿培尔发明的。发明的。1806年世界上第一批罐藏食品问世。年世界上第一批罐藏食品问世。中国是世界上最早使用陶器罐藏食品的国家。中国是世界上最早使用陶器罐藏食品的国家。Sterile:
2、Destroy harmful organismsVacuum(1)The remnants Microbes spores cannot grow;(2)To prevent oxidation caused by various chemical reactions。2.1 Canning principlesterilevacuum1、Sealing the container immediately after heat processing and making it impossible for destructive organisms to invade the food an
3、d re-infect it.2、Sealing creates a vacuum inside the container.This vacuum protects the color and flavor of the product,helps to retain the vitamin content,prevents rancidity(酸败)due to oxidation.2.1 Canning principle一、一、Canning and microorganismsUnder the normal canning condition,heat may be applied
4、 for destruction of mildew and microzyme(酵母菌).Bacteria is the most important microorganism that leads to corrosion of can.2.1 Canning principle二二、Determination of sterilizing F value of canning1、Significance of canning products sterilizing(1)kill the microorganisms caused corrosion and produced toxi
5、n.(2)have cooking effect,improve the texture,taste and appearance,reach the edible requirement.Intention of sterilizing is different from that of bacteriology,the later refers to kill all microorganisms,but the former only reach the condition of commercial aspsis(商业无菌)(商业无菌).2.1 Canning principle2、S
6、electing of sterilizing object 芽孢的耐热性比营养体强,若有芽孢菌存在时,则应以芽孢菌作为主要的杀菌对象。By determining that bacterial heat resistance changed with medium pH,there followed the classification of foods into groups,such as acid and nonacid foods.2.1 Canning principlepH4.5;Low acidity food,clostridium botulinum(肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌)和a
7、liphatic bacillus(脂肪芽孢杆菌)are the main object of sterilization,harder to kill2.1 Canning principleF值值(sterilizing intensity),sterilizing efficiency value F值:在恒定的加热标准温度条件下(121或100)杀灭一定数量的细菌营养体或芽孢所需要的时间(min)That is to say,under the constant heating temperature(121 or 100),the number of minutes required
8、 to kill certain quantities bacteria vegetative cell or spore.2.1 Canning principle若若以纵坐标为单位细胞数或芽孢数(取对以纵坐标为单位细胞数或芽孢数(取对数值数值),以横坐标为热处理时间,得到一,以横坐标为热处理时间,得到一直线直线热力致死速率曲线或加热致死速热力致死速率曲线或加热致死速度曲线度曲线。D值值的定义就是在一定的处理环境中和在的定义就是在一定的处理环境中和在一定的热力致死温度条件下某细菌数群中一定的热力致死温度条件下某细菌数群中每杀死每杀死90%原有残存活菌数时所需要的时原有残存活菌数时所需要的时间
9、间。D值:值:直线横过一个对数循环时所需要的直线横过一个对数循环时所需要的时间时间,实际反映了细菌的死亡速率。实际反映了细菌的死亡速率。1234D值和耐热性值和耐热性D值越大,细菌的抗热力越强。值越大,细菌的抗热力越强。2.1 Canning principleTDT值值:即加热致死时间(Thermal death time),在某一恒定温度(热力致死温度)条件下,将食品中的一定浓度的某种微生物活菌(细菌和芽孢)全部杀死所需要的时间(min),一般用TDT值表示。与热力致死速率曲线一样,若以热处理温度为横坐标,以热处理时间(TDT值)为纵坐标(取对数值),就得到一条直线,即加热致死时致死时间曲
10、线间曲线。TDT值对数Z值和耐热性值和耐热性2310TDT以1/10或10倍改变时所需提高或降低的温度Z值,也即直线横过一个对数循环所需要改变的温度。Z值越大,细菌具有越强的耐热性。值越大,细菌具有越强的耐热性。2.1 Canning principle Influencing factors of sterilizationMicrobial species and quantities the more microorganism and endospore the greater resistance to heat Drying can increase the resistance
11、to heat of endospore,and frozen weaken the thermal resistance.10001001098.9110121杀杀灭灭时时间间(分分)芽孢液浓度与杀灭时间芽孢液浓度与杀灭时间温度温度100000/ml1000/ml10000/mlInfluencing factors of sterilization (1)pH value(2)Sugar,starch,protein,fat,and low concentration of salt solution-Protection (3)low concentration of salt solu
12、tion-Inhibition The chemical composition of foodInfluencing factors of sterilization加加10%砂糖砂糖杀灭时间(分)杀灭时间(分)糖液浓度与芽孢杀灭时间关系糖液浓度与芽孢杀灭时间关系温度温度不加砂糖不加砂糖Influencing factors of sterilization含油脂食品含油脂食品杀灭时间(分)杀灭时间(分)油脂与芽孢杀灭时间关系油脂与芽孢杀灭时间关系温度温度不含油脂食品不含油脂食品Influencing factors of sterilization(1)Canned container t
13、ypes and model(2)食品种类和装罐状态:食品种类和装罐状态:流质流质对流传热快,糖液、盐水、调味液浓度增加传热速度降低;固体固体传导传热慢,半流质 浓度稠度增加,传热慢;装填松紧。初温与杀菌关系:初温与杀菌关系:提高初温易达到杀菌的预期效果。Heat transfer and heat transfer rate:Influencing factors of sterilization Sterilization pot forms and the location of the cans:Influence the steam flow。Rotary(20-30 r/min)s
14、terilization pot can shorten the time;stand type sterilization will cause excessive cooking and insufficient sterilization Influencing factors of sterilizationThe process of fruit and vegetable canningSelectingGrading CleaningPeeling and Segmenting)Blanching CanningExhaustingSealing SterilizingCooli
15、ngSelectingSelectingSoaking(浸液浸液)BlanchingBlanching is the process wherein the a vegetable or fruit,is plunged into boiling water,removed after a brief,timed interval,and finally plunged into iced water or placed under cold running water.BlanchingBlanching theory Minimal enzyme deactivation Minimal
16、reduction in microorganismsCell death Become permeable Intercellular gasses removedAlters wavelength of light reflected(brightenscolor Minimizing enzyme activation Inhibition of microorganismsBlanching theoryTheory of BlanchingDevelopment of BlanchingCell deathBecome permeableIntercellular gasses re
17、movedAlters wavelength of light reflected(brightenscolorSodium carbonate(0.125%w/w)or calciumoxide added to protect chlorophyllCannerHarmless,cantReact with foodconvenient to carry and eatgood sealinggood corrosion resistance easily for an industrial productionText in hereThe process of canningTypes
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