译林牛津版高中英语-the-attributive-clause-(定语从句)课件-上学期.ppt

1、The Attributive Clause语法专题语法专题语法专题语法专题语法专题语法专题 :定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句Harry Pottera boy with glassesa boy who is brave and wearing glassesa brave boyattribute(adjective)(prepositional phrase)(attribute clause)Who are you?Who are you?Who are you?Who are you?I am a spaceman.A spaceman is a person.He

2、 works and travels in space.A spaceman is a person.He works and travels in space.whoHow did you come here?How did you come here?How did you come here?How did you come here?I was sent into the sky by a space craft.Space craft is a vehicle（运载（运载工具）工具）.It can travel in space.Space craft is a vehicle _

3、can travel in space.that/whichvi:iklvehicleWhen did you come here?When did you come here?When did you come here?When did you come here?I came here on Oct.15,2003.It was the day _ I was sent into the skywhen Where do you work and live?Where do you work and live?Where do you work and live?Where do you

4、 work and live?space capsule(太空舱太空舱)I work and live in a space capsule.It is a place _ a spaceman works and lives.wherecapsuleSummary1.A spaceman is a person who works and travels in space.2.Space craft is a vehicle that/which can travel in space.3.Space capsule is a place where an astronaut works.4

5、.15th Oct.2003 was the day when Yang Liwei was sent into the skyThe Attributive Clause(定语从句）The Attributive Clause(定语从句）定语从句）一一、概念、概念1.在复合句中，修饰某一在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词名词或代词的从句叫作的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句。2.定语从句所修饰的词，叫定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词先行词，定语从句放在定语从句放在先行词后面。先行词后面。3.连接先行词与定语从句的词叫连接先行词与定语从句的词叫引导词引导词:关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词aswhythat

6、 which who whom whosewherewhen4.关系代词在定语从句中可作关系代词在定语从句中可作 主语主语 宾语宾语定语定语关系副词在定语从句中只可作关系副词在定语从句中只可作 状语状语关系词通常有下列三个作用 1)引导定语从句引导定语从句 2)代替先行词代替先行词 在定语从句中作宾语在定语从句中作宾语 The car which my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake which my uncle had just boughtwhich是引导定语句的关系词是引导定语句的关系词代替先行词代替先行词the

7、 carThe car was destroyed in the earthquake主句主句(定语从句定语从句)修饰先行词修饰先行词the car3)在定语从句中担当一个成分在定语从句中担当一个成分(看先行词可以还看先行词可以还原到从句什么位置，如果要加介词才能还原，原到从句什么位置，如果要加介词才能还原，则为状语，要用关系副词则为状语，要用关系副词when,where,why)1.A spaceman is a person who works and travels in space.2.Space capsule is a place where an astronaut works.

8、antecedent 先行词先行词relative pronoun关系代词代替先行关系代词代替先行词词a person在在从句从句中做主中做主 语语 relative adverb关关系副词代替先行系副词代替先行词词a place在从句在从句中做状语中做状语 antecedent 先行词先行词二、关系代词的用法二、关系代词的用法1.指人指人且在定语从句中作主语时用在定语从句中作主语时用who(主主格格)A.The woman is a doctor.She lives next door.The woman is a doctor.B.I know lots of people.They ca

9、n speak English.I know lots of people .注意：注意：who 可用可用that替换，不能省略，但多用替换，不能省略，但多用who。who lives next doorwho can speak English .a.The boy is very friendly.He sits beside me.The boy who sits beside me is very friendly.b.Is he the man?He sells eggs.Is he the man who sells eggs?2.指人且指人且在定语从句中作动词或介词的宾语在定语从

10、句中作动词或介词的宾语时用时用whom(宾格),可替换可替换 her,him,them等。等。A.The man is called Smith.I saw him last week.The man is called Smith.B.The professor has come.You wish to see him.The professor has come.whom I saw last weekwhom you wish to see/that/that1、在口语中可用、在口语中可用who/that替换替换whom指人指人,who,that,whom在从句中作宾语可省略。在从句中作

11、宾语可省略。2、如果关系代词、如果关系代词who/that/whom在从句中作介词在从句中作介词的宾语，有以下几种情况：的宾语，有以下几种情况：A.如关系代词紧跟介词之后如如关系代词紧跟介词之后如:to whom/from whom/with whom 介词后只能用介词后只能用whom,不能用不能用who/that替换替换,whom不能省略。不能省略。The person to whom you talked is Mr.LiB.如如介词介词置于置于定语从句的定语从句的谓语动词之后谓语动词之后,可可用关用关系代词系代词who/that替换替换whom且且可省略。可省略。The person(w

12、ho/that/whom)you talked to is Mr Li.注意：注意：3.指物时用指物时用which/that，在定语从句中做主，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。a.We are planting trees.They dont need much water.We are planting trees which/that dont need much water.b.Have you found the keys?You lost them.Have you found the keys which/that you lost?4.that

13、指人时，相当于指人时，相当于who或或whom；指物时，；指物时，相当于相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。作宾语时可省略。()5.whose 是所有格，指人也可指物，在定语指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，可替换从句中作定语，可替换her,his,their,its等。等。A.We saw some people.Their car had broken down.We saw some people whose car had broken down.注意：注意：whose代替物，相当于代替物，相当于the+n.+of which或或of

14、 which+the+n.结构；代替人相当于结构；代替人相当于the+n.+of whom或或of whom+the+n.结构结构 B.Id like a room.Its window looks out over the sea.Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.(the car of whom )(the window of which )=of whom the car/of which the windowExercises:用关系代词填空，用括号表示可省略的关系代词：用关系代词填空，用括号表示可省略的关系代词：1.

15、The people _ we met at party were from England.who/that/whom2.Do you know anybody in the class _ is very good at English?who/that 3.This is the school _we all want to go to.that/which4.He pointed to the student about _ we talked the day before.whom()()about5.The stranger _ Dr Johnson is speaking to

16、is the dead boys father.whom()who/whom/that8.A widow is a person _ husband is dead.whose9.Do you know John _ hand-writing is very good?whose10.This is an interesting book _ he lent me to read yesterday.that/which6.The baby_youre looking after is just two months old.7.Can you pass the book _ cover is

17、 red?whose()(功能功能从句中的作从句中的作用用代替人代替人代替物代替物代替人代替人或物或物主语主语宾语宾语定语定语whowhichthatthatwhichwhomwhose(=of whom)whose(=of which)关系代词用法的几点注意事项：关系代词用法的几点注意事项：1、关系代词、关系代词who,that,which在从句中作主语时不在从句中作主语时不能省略能省略,但作及物动词的宾语时，可省略。但作及物动词的宾语时，可省略。2、关系代词、关系代词who,that,which在从句中作主语时，在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数与其所修饰的先行词必从句谓语动词的人称

18、和数与其所修饰的先行词必须一致。须一致。3、关系代词、关系代词whom,which在从句中作介词的宾在从句中作介词的宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在主、从句之间，为了语时，可以跟介词一起放在主、从句之间，为了使关系代词紧跟先行词，也可将介词放在定语从使关系代词紧跟先行词，也可将介词放在定语从句的谓语动词之后。句的谓语动词之后。4、关系代词、关系代词 who,that 在定语从句中作介词的在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词只能放在从句的谓语动词之后，宾语时，介词只能放在从句的谓语动词之后，这时这时who,that 可省略。可省略。as 作为关系代词在定语从句中的用法作为关系代词在定语从句中的用法:as在

19、引导限定性定语从句时在引导限定性定语从句时,主要用在主要用在“such/soas”和和“the sameas”的结构中的结构中,代替先行词是人或物的名词，在从句中作主语代替先行词是人或物的名词，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时一般不省略。或宾语，作宾语时一般不省略。(cf.)He is such a good teacher_ everyone respects him.（suchthat引导结果状语从句）引导结果状语从句）1.He is such a good teacher_ everyone respects/_ is respected by everyone.（定语从句）（定语从句）a

20、sasthat注意：注意：as在句中分别作宾语、主语，而在句中分别作宾语、主语，而 that不作不作成分。成分。suchsuch2.This is the same watch _()I have lost.在在“the sameas”结构中结构中,as 可用可用 that，as/that 在从句中作宾语在从句中作宾语;但意思将发生变化：但意思将发生变化：the sameas 指一类，指一类，the samethat 指同一个。指同一个。asthatthe same三、关系副词三、关系副词 when,where,why 的用法的用法1、指时间时用指时间时用when，修饰表示时间的先行，修饰表示

21、时间的先行词词time/moment/day/season/year等等。I still remember the day.On the day I first came to Beijing.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.Well never forget the year.In the year we were born.Well never forget the year when we were born.关系副词可以转换成关系副词可以转换成介词介词+which,介词的选择介词的选择取决于和先行词的搭配。取决

22、于和先行词的搭配。(on which)(in which)2.指地点指地点时用时用where，修饰表示地点的先行，修饰表示地点的先行词词place/house/city/country/world等等。This is the house.We lived in the house last year.This is the house where we lived last year.The factory is in the west of the city.His father works in the factory.The factory where his father works

23、is in the west of the city.(in which)(in which)=3.指原因指原因时时用用why，先行词只有，先行词只有reason.why只能只能 转换成转换成for+whicha.The reason why he said this is quite clear.b.Thats one of the reasons why I asked you to come.。(for which)(for which)=关系副词关系副词被代替的被代替的先行词先行词在从句中在从句中的作用的作用When表示时间表示时间的名词的名词时间状语时间状语Where表示地点表示地点

24、,场合等的场合等的名词名词地点状语地点状语Whyreason原因状语原因状语(=at,on,in,during which)(=in,at,which)(=for which)Exercises:1.Do you know the reason _ I came late?why2.Is there a shop around _ we can get fruits?where3.Can you still remember the day _ you joined the Party?when4.Is this the university _ your brother studied fi

25、ve years ago?where5.Whats the name of the place _ you spent your holiday?where6.The reason _ Im phoning you is to invite you to a party.why注意：注意：1、不要一看到先行词是时间或地点就用、不要一看到先行词是时间或地点就用when 或或where.2、应该把先行词试着放入定语从句的主语或宾、应该把先行词试着放入定语从句的主语或宾语的位置上，能放进去，就用语的位置上，能放进去，就用that 或或which，放，放不进去，则用不进去，则用where或者或者whe

26、n。Multiple choice:1.Do you know the reason1.Do you think the reason _ he gave is believable?2.Do you know the reason _ he was late today?3.Do you still remember the days _ we spent in Qingdao?4.Do you still remember the days _ we spent the summer holiday in Qingdao?5.I still remember the chicken far

27、m _ we visited three months ago.6.Would you please find a place _ I can put my bike?that/whichwhythat/whichwhenExercises:which/thatwhere四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1、限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与先行词的关系紧密，是句子与先行词的关系紧密，是句子中不可缺少的部分。如去掉中不可缺少的部分。如去掉,语义就不完整语义就不完整,故不能故不能用用逗号逗号隔开。翻译时译成先行词的定语隔开。翻译时译成先行词的定语“的的”。Her

28、 brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to collegeAll the books that have pictures in them are well written.她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（不只一位哥哥）（不只一位哥哥）（书有带图画和不带图画两类）（书有带图画和不带图画两类）Her brother，who is now a soldier，always encourages her to go to coll

29、ege2、而非限定性定语从句（或叫描述性定语从句）、而非限定性定语从句（或叫描述性定语从句）是对主句的一个补充、附加说明或解释，如去是对主句的一个补充、附加说明或解释，如去掉，主句意思仍很清楚。其特点是掉，主句意思仍很清楚。其特点是:A、逗号与逗号与主句隔开主句隔开 B、从句中指物的引导词只用从句中指物的引导词只用which;指人的引导词指人的引导词，在从句中做，在从句中做主主语，用关系代词语，用关系代词who;在从句中做在从句中做宾宾语，用关系代词语，用关系代词whom。通。通常译成主句的并列句。常译成主句的并列句。她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（只

30、有一位哥哥）（只有一位哥哥）(cf.)All the books，which have pictures in them，are well written3.关系代词关系代词which,who,whom在限制性定语从句在限制性定语从句中作宾语可以省略。关系代词中作宾语可以省略。关系代词which,who,whom,as在非限制性定语从句中作宾语也不能在非限制性定语从句中作宾语也不能省略。省略。The engineer，_ I met in the office，worked very hard.The engineer_ I met in the office worked very hard

31、.所有的书都带插图，这些书都得很好。所有的书都带插图，这些书都得很好。whowhomthatwhom()（书只有一种）（书只有一种）4.在在of which/whom之前可以使用表达数之前可以使用表达数量或定位的数词或代词。量或定位的数词或代词。1)I am doing different types of exercises,all of _are quite helpful to my health.2)Many people,some of _are not overweight,are going on diets.3)There are 54 students in my class

32、,three of _come from US.whichwhomwhom5.which和和as引导非限制性定语从句时都可以指引导非限制性定语从句时都可以指代替整个主句，对其进行说明。代替整个主句，对其进行说明。as引导的这种引导的这种定语从句可位于主句定语从句可位于主句前前面，或插在主句面，或插在主句中中间，间，或位于主句或位于主句后后面，通常均由逗号将其与主句隔面，通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开开,可译为可译为“正如正如.”,“正象正象”；而；而which引导引导的这种定语从句的这种定语从句只置于主句之后只置于主句之后，可译为，可译为“而而这一点这一点”。其后的谓语动形式应用单数形式。其后的谓

33、语动形式应用单数形式。3)They won the game,_we hadnt expected.1)_is known to all，China is a socialist country.2)They won the game,_we had expected.Asaswhich4)The sun warms the earth,_makes it possible for plants to grow.which2.非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列Summary(非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句)which关系副词：关系副词：关系代词：关系代词：when5

34、.We cant miss the relative words3.The non-restrictive attributive clause can be left out.4.We cant use“that”in it.1.Comma（逗号）（逗号）(非限制性定语从句可以被省略非限制性定语从句可以被省略)（非限制性定语从句中不可以用（非限制性定语从句中不可以用that)（非限制性定语从句中关系代词不可以被省略）（非限制性定语从句中关系代词不可以被省略）whowhom whose aswhere 1.Jim passed the driving test,_ surprised ever

35、ybody in the office.A.which B.that C.this D.it2.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80%_ are sold abroad.A.of which B.which of C.of them D.of thatExercises:4I walked in our garden,_ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.(2005,辽宁卷辽宁卷)A.which B.when C.where

36、D.that 3.Great changes have taken place in that school.It is no longer what it was 20 years ago,_ it was so poorly equipped.(2005，安徽卷，安徽卷)A.when B.which C.what D.that五五.特别提示特别提示关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的人称和数保持一致动词要和先行词的人称和数保持一致。He is the(only)one of the boys in our class who _learned

37、 French.This is one of the books which _written by Charles Dickens.werehasone ofthe(only)one避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的部避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的部分不可在从句中复现分不可在从句中复现 The factory where he works there is a large one This is the factory which we visited it last Sunday.A.I dont know the foreigner_ whom my teacher shook

38、hands.How to choose the right prepositions.Find out which verb the preposition is used with.For example:B.He is the man _whom you should give your thanks.tothe Attributive Clause with prepositions介词介词+关系代词关系代词withA.He stood by the window，_ which he could see what was happening outside.Find out which

39、 noun or pronoun the clause modifies(修饰修饰).For example:B.The farm _which we worked ten years ago isnt what it used to be.onthrough.Find out the meaning of the clause.For example:A.The pen _which he is writing now was bought yesterday.B.The gas _which we can not live is called oxygen.(He is writing w

40、ith the pen.)(We can not live without the gas.)withwithoutFill in the blanks using“prep+whom/which”.1.The book _ I heard was written twenty years ago.2.The people _ the man spoke werent listening.3.The film _ I fell asleep was very boring.of/about whichto/with whomduring which5.The little creature _

41、 scientists are interested is known as ET.6.The gun _ he was shot was never found.4.The pen _ she wrote that book can now be seen in a museum.with whichin whichwith which2.2.根据先行词与介词搭配根据先行词与介词搭配的常规来确定介词的使用。的常规来确定介词的使用。3.根据整个从句句意的要求根据整个从句句意的要求来确定介词的使用来确定介词的使用。Some tips:1.当关系代词作当关系代词作 look for,look af

42、ter,take care of等不能等不能拆开使用的短语动词的宾语拆开使用的短语动词的宾语时时,介词不能提前。介词不能提前。(如果把如果把它们拆开，那么这些短语就失它们拆开，那么这些短语就失去了原来的含意。去了原来的含意。)这就是我在找的那本书这就是我在找的那本书.This is the book(which/that)Im looking for.The boy(who/whom/that)I referred to in my last letter has joined the army 在我上一封信中提到的那个男孩已经参军在我上一封信中提到的那个男孩已经参军了。了。关系代词指物时在下

43、列情况中通常用关系代词指物时在下列情况中通常用that:B.先行词为先行词为all,little,few,everything,nothing,something,anything,等不定代词时。等不定代词时。Dont throw away anything _may be of use.anythingthatIll do all_ I can to help you.thatallA.当先行词有当先行词有“人人”又有又有“物物”时时 They are talking about the factory，the leaders and the workers _they visited ye

44、sterday.thatthe factory，the leadersand the workersD.先行词被先行词被all,no,any,every,little,much,the very,the only等修饰词修饰时等修饰词修饰时.Mary is the only girl _likes playing football.You are the very man_ can do the job well.Ive read all the books _are about this matter.thatthatthatallthe onlythe veryC.先行词为序数词或形容词先

45、行词为序数词或形容词最高级最高级修饰时。修饰时。This is the first step _we should take.thatthe firstThis is the most interesting film _Ive ever seen.the mostthatE.当主句为当主句为 who或或which引导的特殊疑问句时引导的特殊疑问句时Hes no longer the person_ he used to be.F.在双表结构中，关系代词只能用在双表结构中，关系代词只能用 thatWho is the girl _is talking with your teacher?tha

46、tthatWhobes先行词为人时须用先行词为人时须用who 的情况的情况 A.当先行词为当先行词为anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody表示人的不表示人的不定代词时定代词时Anyone _has eyes in his head may see it clearly.whoAnyoneWhich is the pencil _you used just now?thatWhich C.先行词为如先行词为如he，that,those,the one(指人指人),one,ones时时 Those _want to go please

47、put up your hands.D.在在there be开头的句中先行词为人时开头的句中先行词为人时 There is an old man _wants to see you.He _does not reach the Great Wall is not a true manwhoHewhoThosewhoThere is an old manHer brother,_is eighteen years old，is a PLA man who,isB.指指“人人”的非限制性定语从句中，先行词在的非限制性定语从句中，先行词在从句中做主语时从句中做主语时指物时，只宜用指物时，只宜用whi

48、ch的情况的情况 介词前置介词前置,指物时指物时,必须用必须用which 在非限定性定语从句中指物时在非限定性定语从句中指物时My borrowed pen,_ is Johns,is missing.在非限定性定语从句中在非限定性定语从句中,修饰整个句子。修饰整个句子。(与与as区别：前面发生的事产生后面结果用区别：前面发生的事产生后面结果用which)He failed in the test,_made his teacher very unhappy 避免重复当先行词为避免重复当先行词为that时或一个句子中有两时或一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个用了个定语从句，其中一个用了that

49、，另一个宜用，另一个宜用whichThat _you borrowed is out of date.whichwhichwhich the way+定语从句，定语从句，the way做从句做从句状语时，通常省略关系词或用状语时，通常省略关系词或用that/in whichThe way(that/in which)he is doing the experiment is very funny.HomeworkHomeworkGo over what we reviewed today.Finish the exercises on JIE TI CE SHI JUAN(语法语法 P8-11 P39-41)