高三高考英语复习-基础写作归纳及常见错误总结(课件).ppt

1、1.1.一个黄金法则一个黄金法则与与 写作内容写作内容 中规定的内容有关的，能写一点就写一点，哪个中规定的内容有关的，能写一点就写一点，哪个是不成句子的零星的一个或几个单词，也一定要写，千万不留空是不成句子的零星的一个或几个单词，也一定要写，千万不留空格！这是基础较差考生必须记住的黄金法则。格！这是基础较差考生必须记住的黄金法则。因为从近年广东高考英语阅卷情况看，只要能写出与写作内容因为从近年广东高考英语阅卷情况看，只要能写出与写作内容相关的一个或几个单词就会给分！若能用正确的简单句表达全部相关的一个或几个单词就会给分！若能用正确的简单句表达全部内容的，可以得该题满分的内容的，可以得该题满分的

2、60%60%，即，即9 9分，这已大大超过全省的平分，这已大大超过全省的平均分了啊！均分了啊！但是若是抄试卷中阅读理解等地方的段落或句子，或者乱写一但是若是抄试卷中阅读理解等地方的段落或句子，或者乱写一些与写作内容无关的话，再写多些也是零分！些与写作内容无关的话，再写多些也是零分！2.2.五个解题步骤五个解题步骤(1)(1)仔细审题仔细审题文章主题：做什么事？文章主题：做什么事？写作原因：为何要写这篇文章？写给谁看？写作原因：为何要写这篇文章？写给谁看？内容信息：文章的内容要点？内容信息：文章的内容要点？(按照写作内容的顺序排列信按照写作内容的顺序排列信息要点，尽量不要打乱顺序息要点，尽量不要

3、打乱顺序)逻辑顺序：尽量找出信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果、转逻辑顺序：尽量找出信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、并列、条件等。折、并列、条件等。主体时态：主要用哪种时态？主体时态：主要用哪种时态？主体人称：用第几人称来写？主体人称：用第几人称来写？(2)列举提纲列举提纲根据图画或图表，图画外的所有中文说明，特别是根据图画或图表，图画外的所有中文说明，特别是内容要内容要点点，列出要点，然后根据这些内容要点，列出可能用到的关键，列出要点，然后根据这些内容要点，列出可能用到的关键词汇及句型；词汇及句型；将关健词补充成结构完整准确的句子，表述所有内容要点。将关健词补充成结构完整准确的句子，表述所有内

4、容要点。(3)连句成篇连句成篇按照上述构思后安排的写作顺序，使用恰当的连接性词语，连按照上述构思后安排的写作顺序，使用恰当的连接性词语，连句成篇。为了确保只能用五个句子，此步可能需要用到合并句句成篇。为了确保只能用五个句子，此步可能需要用到合并句子等技巧。子等技巧。(4)认真誊写认真誊写连句成篇后，还要通读检查一遍，在准确无误后，用规范的连句成篇后，还要通读检查一遍，在准确无误后，用规范的书法认真誊写，整洁书写非常重要。书法认真誊写，整洁书写非常重要。(5)再度核查再度核查查查内容信息内容信息是否是否完整。完整。查句子结构是否完整。如查句子结构是否完整。如英文句子一定要有主语和谓语英文句子一定

5、要有主语和谓语，且在且在人称和数人称和数方面要注意主谓一致；方面要注意主谓一致；两个句子之间一定要有连两个句子之间一定要有连词词。查是否有单词拼写错误、时态错误等。查是否有单词拼写错误、时态错误等。看整个语篇是否连贯。看整个语篇是否连贯。3.三个重要基础三个重要基础根据广东高考基础写作的评分标准中根据广东高考基础写作的评分标准中“句子结构准确句子结构准确”的要求，的要求，我们必须具备有关句子结构的三点基础：我们必须具备有关句子结构的三点基础：(1)掌握简单句的五个基本句型和掌握简单句的五个基本句型和there be结构。结构。所谓简单句就所谓简单句就是由一个主语是由一个主语(包括并列主语包括并

6、列主语)和一个谓语和一个谓语(包括并列谓语包括并列谓语)组成的组成的句子，即一个主谓关系的句子。句子，即一个主谓关系的句子。主谓：主谓：The sport first appeared in 1896.这项运动最早出现这项运动最早出现于于1896年。年。主谓宾：主谓宾：We did a survey among 600 students.我们在我们在600个学生中作了一次调查。个学生中作了一次调查。主谓双宾：主谓双宾：My parents bought me a pair of shoes.我我父母给我买了一双鞋。父母给我买了一双鞋。主谓宾宾补：主谓宾宾补：We painted the wal

7、l white.我们把墙我们把墙漆成了白色。漆成了白色。主系表：主系表：Our spelling becomes worse.我们的拼写变我们的拼写变得更差了。得更差了。There be+主语主语(+地点地点/时间时间)There will be a football match between China and South Korea in Shanghai Stadium this evening.今晚在上海体育馆有一场中国队和韩国队之间的今晚在上海体育馆有一场中国队和韩国队之间的足球赛。足球赛。特别提醒：特别提醒：根据历年高考阅卷的情况，考生写句子最易犯的错根据历年高考阅卷的情况，考生

8、写句子最易犯的错是：不用是：不用be时却用了，或者该用时却用了，或者该用be时却没用。因此，我们须注时却没用。因此，我们须注意：意：英语句子通常要有谓语动词，否则就不完整。如表达英语句子通常要有谓语动词，否则就不完整。如表达“他很他很累累”，不能说，不能说He very tired.而要说而要说He is very tired.因为因为tired是形是形容词，句中无动词，要加上容词，句中无动词，要加上be。切记：当句子意思好像完整，。切记：当句子意思好像完整，但句中没有动词时，一定要加上但句中没有动词时，一定要加上be。当句中已有谓语动词时，若不是进行时态或被动语态，一定当句中已有谓语动词时，

9、若不是进行时态或被动语态，一定不要再用不要再用be。如表达。如表达“他昨天来过这里他昨天来过这里”，不能说，不能说He was came here yesterday.而要说而要说He came here yesterday.(2)掌握并列句的结构。掌握并列句的结构。所谓并列句就是两个或两个以上的所谓并列句就是两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子。即：简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子。即：简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词(and,but,yet,or,etc.)+简单句。如：简单句。如：Work hard,or you will fail.努力工作，否则你就要失败。努力工作，否则

10、你就要失败。I made no answer and she went away.我没有回答，接着她我没有回答，接着她就走了。就走了。She invited me,but I turned her down.她请了我，但我拒绝她请了我，但我拒绝了她。了她。(3)掌握主从复合句的结构。掌握主从复合句的结构。复合句指的是含有两个或更多的复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子，其中有一个主谓结构的句子，其中有一个(或更多或更多)主谓结构充当整个句子主谓结构充当整个句子的某一的某一(些些)成分。充当定语的句子成分。充当定语的句子(有主谓结构有主谓结构)叫定语从句，充叫定语从句，充当状语的从句叫状语

11、从句，充当主语、宾语或同位语的从句叫当状语的从句叫状语从句，充当主语、宾语或同位语的从句叫名词性从句。主句与从句之间用从属连词名词性从句。主句与从句之间用从属连词(when,before,until,unless,if,although,that,which,who,when,where,etc.)连接起连接起来。大体上可表述为以下两种结构：来。大体上可表述为以下两种结构：主句主句+从属连词从属连词+从句从句He was fond of drawing when he was a child.他还是个孩子时他还是个孩子时就喜欢画画。就喜欢画画。从属连词从属连词+从句，主句从句，主句When h

12、e was a child,he was fond of drawing.他还是个孩子时他还是个孩子时就喜欢画画。就喜欢画画。特别提醒：特别提醒：凡是有两个或多个句子凡是有两个或多个句子(有主谓关系的称句子有主谓关系的称句子)，若，若之间没有句号或分号，就必须要有连词，否则句子结构就不完之间没有句号或分号，就必须要有连词，否则句子结构就不完整。整。4.五个重要巧技五个重要巧技因只能使用五个句子，若信息点较多，我们必须使用以下方法，因只能使用五个句子，若信息点较多，我们必须使用以下方法，合并整理句子结构，才能表达完所有的信息点，也只有这样才合并整理句子结构，才能表达完所有的信息点，也只有这样才能

13、提升句子的档次。能提升句子的档次。(1)使用非谓语动词短语。使用非谓语动词短语。特别是分词短语作状语和作定语。特别是分词短语作状语和作定语。(2)使用使用with的复合结构。的复合结构。即即“with+宾语宾语+宾补宾补”。(3)用从属连词，合并为主从复合句。用从属连词，合并为主从复合句。特别要注意使用一两个限特别要注意使用一两个限制性或非限制性定语从句。制性或非限制性定语从句。(4)用并列连词，合并为并列复合句。用并列连词，合并为并列复合句。如如but,and,while(表对表对比比),for(表原因表原因)等。另外，表示等。另外，表示“正在或正要做某事，突然又正在或正要做某事，突然又发生

14、另一件事发生另一件事”的句型在写作中也经常用到：的句型在写作中也经常用到：was/were doing sth.whendid;was/were about to do sth.whendid;was/were on the point of doing sth.whendid(5)一些特殊句型。如使用强调句、倒装句、感叹句、一些特殊句型。如使用强调句、倒装句、感叹句、there be开头的句子、以开头的句子、以it作形式主语或形式宾语的句子等。作形式主语或形式宾语的句子等。5.运用关连词语运用关连词语篇章结构连贯是三大评分标准之一，因此，我们在写作时，除篇章结构连贯是三大评分标准之一，因此，

15、我们在写作时，除按逻辑组合信息点外，还必须学会灵活运用连接性词语。除上按逻辑组合信息点外，还必须学会灵活运用连接性词语。除上述提到的并列连词和从属连词之外，特别推荐使用以下连接性述提到的并列连词和从属连词之外，特别推荐使用以下连接性词语：词语：(1)表起始：表起始：first of all,to begin with,in my opinion,according to,as far asIm concerned,as you know等。等。(2)表递进：表递进：besides,whats more,moreover,furthermore,whats worse=to make thing

16、s worse=worse still,in addition to,still,even等。等。(3)表并列：表并列：also,as well(as),or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also,and,and then,bothand等。等。(4)表因果：表因果：therefore,as a result(of),thanks to,due to,owing to等。等。(5)表强调：表强调：above all,indeed,surely,certainly,of course,at least,obviously等。等。(6)表解释：表解释：that

17、is to say,in other words,believe it or not,to tell you the truth等。等。(7)表比较：表比较：just as,just like,in the same way,more or less,similarly,instead等。等。(8)表空间：表空间：on the left/right,to the left/right of,on one side ofon the other side of,at the foot/top/end of,in the middle/centre of等。等。(9)表时间：表时间：at firs

18、t,in the beginning,next,then,later,now,about two months later,after a while,soon,afterwards,since then,meanwhile,in the end,at last,finally,for the first time,after that,the next moment,up to now,before long,from then on,sooner or later等。等。(10)表总结：表总结：in short,in a word,in conclusion,in general,in b

19、rief,generally speaking,on the whole,to sum up,in all等。等。(11)表转折或对比：表转折或对比：yet,however,otherwise,on the other hand,on the contrary,in spite of,after all,in fact,as a mater of fact等。等。(12)表列举或举例：表列举或举例：for one thingand for another(thing);first(ly),second(ly),third(ly),finally/last but not least(最后但同最

20、后但同等重要的等重要的);for example/instance,takefor example,such as,that is,as follows,and so on等。等。(13)常用的放在句首，修饰整个句子的连接性副词常用的放在句首，修饰整个句子的连接性副词：(un)luckily,(un)fortunately,hopefully,naturally,strangely,apparently,in this way等。等。写作中常见错误：写作中常见错误：1).动词与主语关系不清动词与主语关系不清误：误：I saw an old man going out of City Park

21、and was about to cross Park Road.正：正：I saw an old man going out of City Park and he was about to cross Park Road.误：误：But the car ran off immediately instead of stopping to apologize to the man.正：正：But the driver drove off immediately instead of stopping to apologize to the man.误：误：The park should ch

22、arge the entrance fee.正：正：The entrance fee should be charged for parks.正：正：People should pay for the entrance fee if they go to the parks.2).主谓不一致主谓不一致误：误：Father and I am going to visit her.正：正：Father and I are going to visit her.误：误：There had many people on the bus.正：正：There were many people on the

23、 bus.3).时态、语态混用时态、语态混用误：误：The meal is so nice that we all enjoyed it very much.正：正：The meal was so nice that we all enjoyed it very much.误：误：The old man knocked down by the car and injured badly.正：正：The old man was knocked down by the car and injured badly.4).句子成分残缺句子成分残缺误：误：The young man running in

24、 the street fast.正：正：The young man was running in the street fast.误：误：They think whether go to college or not doesnt matter.正：正：They think it makes no difference whether they go to college or not5).中文式英语中文式英语误：误：Next month have a sports meeting.正：正：Next month we will have a sports meeting.误：误：Have s

25、ome students think that college is so expensive that common families cant afford it.正：正：Have Some students think that the college tuition is so high that common families cant afford it.6).名词单复数不分名词单复数不分误：误：He will give a talk on American film.正：正：He will give a talk on American films.误：误：He is one o

26、f the best player in our school.正正:He is one of the best players in our school.7).赘词现象严重赘词现象严重误：误：At last,the lost boy returned back.正：正：At last,the lost boy returned.误：误：On one day,he went to the cinema.正：正：One day,he went to the cinema.2.机械翻译机械翻译修改前：修改前：My hobbies are swimming,skating,collecting s

27、tamps,pop music.修改后：修改后：In my spare time,I enjoy listening to pop music and collecting stamps.My favorite sports are swimming in summer and skating in winter.修改前：修改前：In the daytime,we took lessons and had to do our homework.In the evening,we had to do our homework.修改后：修改后：We have to go to school eve

28、n at weekends and do much homework both in the daytime and in the evening.误：误：In the past ten years,the village has taken place great changes.正：正：In the past ten years,great changes have taken place in the village.3.句子之间的逻辑关系不清句子之间的逻辑关系不清 误：误：It hit the old man down but the driver,a woman,didnt stop

29、 her car.Finding she had caused an accident,the woman sped her car to flee away.The old man and I saw the cars number.Its AC864.The old man couldnt move,I decided to help him.正：正：It hit the old man down but the driver,who was a woman,didnt stop her car.Finding she had caused an accident,the woman sp

30、ed her car to flee away.Fortunately,I saw the cars number.Its AC864.Noticing the old man couldnt move,I decided to help him.4.画蛇添足画蛇添足、过多的长句使句子复杂化（语言、过多的长句使句子复杂化（语言不简洁）不简洁）修改前：修改前：A famous sportsman was giving a speech which was rather interesting.修改后：修改后：A famous sportsman was giving an interesting

31、 speech.修改前修改前 Nowadays,some people are still cutting down trees without permission.The air pollution is becoming more and more serious which is caused by buses and cars.Whats more,so many rivers are polluted by dirty water which is from factory.In addition,sandstorm struck us now and then,from whic

32、h we suffered a lot.修改后修改后 Nowadays,some people are still cutting down trees without permission.As a result,people have to suffer sandstorms now and then.Whats more,as buses and cars give off a lot of poisonous gases,the air is getting dirtier and dirtier.Moreover,there are many rivers polluted by d

33、irty water from factories.The situation is becoming more and more serious.修改前：修改前：As soon as came in,we heard some voice made by instruments.There were some students playing piano violin and so on.修改后：修改后：As soon as we came in,we heard a piece of beautiful music played by the students by different i

34、nstruments,such as,piano,violin and so on.5.过于简单的句子使文章缺少逻辑过于简单的句子使文章缺少逻辑 性，可读性。性，可读性。修改前修改前Yesterday,there was a policeman in the street.He stopped a car.The car was at the corner.It looked like a Honda.There was a boy on the sidewalk.He was riding his bicycle.The bicycle was a two-wheeler.The car n

35、early knocked down the boy.修改后修改后Yesterday,a policeman stopped a carHonda at the corner of the street,because it nearly knocked down a boy who was riding a two-wheel bicycle on the sidewalk.修改前修改前Suddenly,a car run quickly from the third street and turned to the west.The car didnt stop and hit the o

36、ld man.The driver didnt stop and have a look.The car ran away quickly.The car was yellow and the driver was a woman.修改后修改后Suddenly,a car turned west from the 3rd Street to the Park Road.It hit the old man,but it didnt stop and ran away quickly.I noticed the car was yellow and the driver was a woman.

37、6.正确使用从句为文章增色正确使用从句为文章增色修改前：修改前：We study in the new teaching building.It makes everyone excited.We walk in the building.We are happy.We can enjoy many paintings and handwritings.We use our own works to decorate it.It is cool.Our school provides us convenience.It is the goal of our school.The cabinet

38、 is an example.We bring many things to school.We can put them in the cabinet.There is hot water too.How can we keep the teaching building clean and beautiful?We are discussing it.修改后：修改后：That we are studying in the new teaching building makes everyone excited.Even walking in the building brings us h

39、appiness for we can enjoy many paintings and handwritings.It is cool that we use our own works to decorate it.To provide us convenience is the goal of our school.The cabinet is an example.What we bring to school can be kept in it.Besides,whenever we are thirsty there is hot water.Now,how we can keep the teaching building clean and beautiful is being discussed.