第三部分-专题三-推理判断题(2020高考帮·英语)课件.ppt

1、2020版高考帮配套PPT课件专题三推理判断题【高考帮英语】第三部分阅读理解A.方法帮题型全突破目录CONTENTS方法1 细节推断题的做题方法方法2 预测推断题的做题方法方法3 文章来源或读者对象推断题的做题方法方法4 写作意图推断题的做题方法方法5 态度倾向推断题和评述性推断题的做题方法B.考法帮考情全揭秘A.方法帮题型全突破方法1 细节推断题的做题方法方法2 预测推断题的做题方法方法3 文章来源或读者对象推断题的做题方法方法4 写作意图推断题的做题方法方法5 态度倾向推断题和评述性推断题的做题 方法一、题型概述在有些阅读理解材料中,作者并未把写作意图直接表达出来,考生要根据字面意思,通过

2、语篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓意,这就是推理判断题。推理判断题在阅读测试中属于难题,它要求考生在理解全文的基础上,从文章本身所提供的信息出发,运用逻辑思维,并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理和判断。推理判断题涉及的范围很广,主要包括细节推断、预测推断、对文章来源或读者对象的推断、写作意图推断以及态度倾向推断等。英语 第三部分：阅读理解题型突破二、选项特点1.正确选项的特点(1)在文章中可以找到信息支持,并且可以推断出正确选项。(2)大多含义深刻,不是常识选项。2.干扰项的特点(1)颠倒是非:选项的结果与推断出来的正确结果相反。(2)照搬原文:原文里有相关的直接信息,不需

3、要经过推断。(3)推理过度:把文章中的一些个案绝对化、扩大化。(4)无中生有:捏造原文中并不存在的信息,并以此作为依据进行推断。英语 第三部分：阅读理解三、做推理判断题时应注意的问题1.把握全文是推断的前提。把握全文内容,在彻底理解文章的基础上,从字里行间捕捉有用的提示或线索,这是推理判断的前提和基础。2.不以偏概全,不断章取义,不就事论事。对于所阅读的表面信息进行加工处理,由浅入深,从具体到抽象,从特殊到一般。通过分析、综合和判断进行深层处理,然后进行符合逻辑的推理。3.切忌用自己的观点来代替作者的观点。要忠于原文,以文章提供的线索和事实为依据,立足已知,推知未知,立足现在,推知未来。不能主

4、观臆想,凭空想象,随意揣测。英语 第三部分：阅读理解方法1 细节推断题的做题方法1.细节推断题的常见设问形式What can be inferred/concluded from the passage/text?Which of the following statements does the passage support?What does the author imply about newspapers?2.做题方法细节推断题要求考生根据短文内容推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。考生一般可根据短文提供的信息进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的内在联系,理解文章

5、的真正含义,才可能作出准确的推断。典例12018全国,D.So whats the solution(解决方案)?The teams data only went up to 2007,but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function,such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing.They found th

6、at more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.英语 第三部分：阅读理解35.What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A.Stop using them.B.Take them apart.C.Upgrade them.D.Recycle them.英语 第三部分：阅读理解解析考查细节推断。根据所给材料中的

7、but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function可推断出,文章建议用多功能的新设备来替换老旧设备,即停止使用老旧设备,故选A项。take apart拆卸;upgrade使升级;recycle回收利用。答案A方法2 预测推断题的做题方法1.预测推断题的常见设问形式What do you think will happen when/if?At the end of

8、this passage,what might the writer continue to write?What will the paragraph following the passage most probably be about?Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the following paragraph?2.做题方法有些内容文章中没有明确说明,这就要求考生根据语篇内容,对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行预测、推断。做这类题时考生应准确把握作者的写作思路,从而

9、作出比较准确的、合情合理的猜测。典例2Bees play a vital role in the world.Unfortunately,bees are dying very fast.The main purpose of keeping bees is to make honey.Honey,shockingly,isnt used for human consumption;it is essential to the insects.Bees store honey in their hives(蜂箱)in order to have energy for their flight

10、muscles and for heating the hives in the winter.They collect pollen(花粉)which supplies protein for young bees to grow.According to ,the production and quality of agricultural crops as a result of pollination by bees have increased a lot.These insects are responsible for over 70 kinds of the fruits an

11、d vegetables we eat today,including apples,英语 第三部分：阅读理解grapes,beans and broccoli(西兰花).So if they are so valuable to agriculture,why do they keep dying off?A key factor seems to be pesticides(杀虫剂).Bees who are exposed to pesticides suffer from the damage to their neurological(神经系统的)functions,specific

12、ally to their memory or behavior.And thats why the majority of worker bees disappear and leave behind a queen bee,plenty of food and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees and the queen bee.There are several other causes of the decline of bees,including the destruction of natural h

13、abitat,like woodlands,forests and other habitats for bees.The climate change is also a factor in the decline of the bees population.英语 第三部分：阅读理解 Actually,there are a variety of methods to help the bees population grow.One way is to start your own organic garden by planting bee-friendly plants.Pestic

14、ides are used in both industrial practices and even in your home,so it is best to find organic seeds.35.What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?A.Another way to save bees.B.Other tips for choosing seeds.C.More methods to plant green organic fruits.D.Causes of the decline

15、 of the bees population.英语 第三部分：阅读理解解析考查推理判断。本文是一篇说明文,探讨蜜蜂减少的原因并给出增加蜜蜂数量的方法和建议。第五段开头介绍有多种方法可以帮助增加蜜蜂的数量。一种方法是种植有利于蜜蜂的植物来启动自己的有机花园。其中第二句 One way is to start your own organic garden by.,暗示下文将介绍其他能帮助增加蜜蜂数量的方法。答案A英语 第三部分：阅读理解方法3 文章来源或读者对象推断题的做题方法1.文章来源或读者对象推断题的常见设问形式Where would this passage most likely b

16、e found?In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be found?Where does this text probably come from?Where is the passage most likely from?2.做题方法文章来源或读者对象推断题要求考生具备一定的常识。因此考生本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普知识、小说、童话、广告、教材、说明书、旅游指南、操作指南等有基本的了解,这样才能在做题时根据文章的特点选出答案。英语 第三部分：阅读理解 典例32018江西六校联考,ALu

17、xury(奢华的)Costa Rica This grand adventure through Costa Rica offers the perfect combination of luxury travel and thrilling encounters with the natural world.Travelers will visit the impressing Arenal Volcano,the magical Monteverde Cloud Forests,and the mysterious Manuel Antonio National Park.23.This

18、passage is intended for.A.English learners B.travelers liking adventures C.exchange students D.senior citizens英语 第三部分：阅读理解解析考查推理判断。根据文章内容,特别是选段中的第一句话This grand adventure through Costa Rica offers the perfect combination of luxury travel and thrilling encounters with the natural world可知,本文是向喜欢冒险的人介绍哥

19、斯达黎加探险之旅。答案B英语 第三部分：阅读理解方法4 写作意图推断题的做题方法1.写作意图推断题的常见设问形式What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?Why does the author mention the fact.?What does the writer of the story want to tell us?2.做题方法 写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述,揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接表明自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实,客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求

20、考生不但能理解文章的大意,同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。一般来说,我们可以通过分析文章的文体特点,理解作者的词句选择和识别文章的语气来推断出作者的写作意图。英语 第三部分：阅读理解 典例42016丙卷(全国III),CIf you are a fruit grower or would like to become one take advantage of Apple Day to see whats around.Its called Apple Day but in practice its more like Apple Month.The day itse

21、lf is on October 21,but since it has caught on,events now spread out over most of October around Britain.Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see,and often taste,a wide variety of apples.To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermar

22、kets,it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence,such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.Although it doesnt taste of anything special,its still worth a英语 第三部分：阅读理解try,as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的)Cats Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.There

23、are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette,but youll need a warm,sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it,so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.At the events,you can meet expert growers

24、and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions,and because these are family affairs,children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games.英语 第三部分：阅读理解 Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit,including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园).If yo

25、u want to have a real orchard experience,try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale,near Faversham in Kent.11.What is the authors purpose in writing the text?A.To show how to grow apples.B.To introduce an apple festival.C.To help people select apples.D.To promote apple research.英语 第三部分：阅

26、读理解解析考查写作意图。通读全文可知,作者向读者介绍了一个节日苹果节。答案B英语 第三部分：阅读理解方法5 态度倾向推断题和评述性推断题的做题方法1.态度倾向推断和评述性推断题的常见设问形式What is the authors opinion on.?Whats the writers attitude towards.?What do we know aboutin the passage?What does the author think about.?2.做题方法态度倾向推断题旨在考查考生是否了解作者或文中人物对某人/事物所持的观点或态度,它要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上,对观点

27、或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。评述性推断题要求考生对文章所交代的人或事进行评价,此时要注意作者对相关人或事的细节描写。要正确把握文章字里行间的意思,切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点。另外,要特别留意那些描写环境、气氛的语言以及表达感情、态度或观点的词语。3.常见的表达作者态度的词语有:(1)表示积极态度的词有:support(支持),supportive(支持的),approve(赞成),approving(赞同的),for(支持),in favor of(支持),optimistic(乐观的),positive(积极的),pleasant(令人愉快的),humorous(幽默的),confi

28、dent(自信的),impressive(给人印象深刻的),praise(赞扬)等。英语 第三部分：阅读理解(2)表示消极态度的词有:disgusted(厌恶的),disgusting(令人厌恶的),disapproving(不赞同的),critical(批判的),negative(否定的),doubtful(怀疑的),disappointed(失望的),pessimistic(悲观的),opposed(反对的),uncaring(冷漠的)等。(3)表示中立的词有:objective(客观的),factual(根据事实的),neutral(中立的),impartial(不偏不倚的)等。英语 第

29、三部分：阅读理解 典例52017丙卷(全国III),C.The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today,the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk,deer

30、,and coyote populations are down,while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.英语 第三部分：阅读理解11.What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowst

31、one wolf project?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.解析考查观点态度。本文是一篇说明文。介绍黄石国家公园在经历几年的争议后,终于把灰狼重新引入公园,以保持公园内的生态平衡。根据选段最后一句话的a valuable experiment可知,作者认为这项工程很有价值,因此他的态度应当是积极肯定的。答案B英语 第三部分：阅读理解B.考法帮考情全揭秘 推理判断题在高考阅读理解中考查的频率最高,因为这类题型涉及的文章内容可能是一句话或几句话,也可能是一个或两三个段落,甚至是整篇文章,所以这种题型的难度比较大,也是考生容易失分

32、的一种题型。其设问特点为:1.考查暗含的信息,文章中没有明说。2.在原文中一定可以找到暗示。3.设问含义深刻,不像细节题那么直白。4.正确选项既符合逻辑又与文章内容一致。英语 第三部分：阅读理解Passage 1 2018浙江6月,A体裁:说明文 话题:英国作家狄更斯 词数:314 难度:建议时间:6分钟高考真题In 1812,the year Charles Dickens was born,there were 66 novels published in Britain.People had been writing novels for a century most experts d

33、ate the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719 but nobody wanted to do it professionally.The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages;the literacy(识字)rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors,often with something like By a英语 第三部分：

34、阅读理解lady.Novels,for the most part,were looked upon as silly,immoral or justplain bad.In 1870,when Dickens died,the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher,famous and beloved,who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters

35、from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim were held up as moral touchstones.Today Dickens greatness is unchallenged.Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂)of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.How did Dickens get to the top?For all the feelings readers attach t

36、o英语 第三部分：阅读理解stories,literature is a numbers game,and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age,from 1837 to 1901;today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them.Its partly true that Dickens style of writing attracted

37、audiences from all walks of life.Its partly that his writings rode a wave of social,political and scientific progress.But its also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what mix of talent,ambition,energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguish

38、ed writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches,it is possible and important for our own culture to understand how he made himself a lasting one.英语 第三部分：阅读理解21.Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century?A.They were difficult to understand.B.They were popu

39、lar among the rich.C.They were seen as nearly worthless.D.They were written mostly by women.22.Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress.A.his reputation in France B.his interest in modern artC.his success in publication D.his importance in literature23.What is the authors purpose

40、 in writing the text?A.To remember a great writer.B.To introduce an English novel.C.To encourage studies on culture.D.To promote values of the Victorian age.英语 第三部分：阅读理解命题分析 素养解读本文通过对英国作家狄更斯文学创作历程的介绍,让学生了解国外优秀作家及其背景文化,激发学生阅读相关作品的兴趣,增加对世界优秀文化的理解和认同,并能够自主学习和领悟世界文化的多样性和丰富性。本文还要求学生在阅读的同时,对篇章的写作意图进行分析和推理

41、,以此培养学生的逻辑思维能力。这主要体现了文化意识和思维品质这两个学科核心素养。试题分析22题是细节推断题,需要学生根据文章细节,通过语意转化和分析,才能得出答案。23题是意图推断题,需要学生总体把握文章内容,才能推断出作者的写作目的。英语 第三部分：阅读理解庖丁解牛 文章结构第一段:18世纪早期的英国,由于多种原因,文学并不受人待见。第二段:狄更斯死后被世人看作最早的专业作家,他在文学方面有着杰出的成就。第三段:狄更斯的写作风格和特色造就了他的文学界泰斗地位。熟词生义plain常见义:n.平原本文义:adv.绝对地,非常英语 第三部分：阅读理解 难句突破句式分析:本句是一个复合句。要注意as

42、引导的是时间状语从句,而主句中的and important for our own culture是插入语。句意:但是随着狄更斯200周年诞辰的到来,我们有可能弄懂他是如何让自己永垂不朽的,这对我们自己的文化来说很重要。英语 第三部分：阅读理解【答案与解析】本文介绍了伟大的英国作家狄更斯的创作历程和他伟大的原因。21.C考查细节理解。根据第一段中的Novels,for the most part,were looked upon as silly,immoral or just plain bad可知,在18世纪的英国,小说被人们看作是愚蠢的、不道德的和非常糟糕的,所以选C项。22.D考查细节

43、判断。根据第二段内容,尤其是 Today Dickens greatness is unchallenged.Removing him from.the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa可推知,狄更斯的伟大是不容置疑和无可辩驳的,把他从英国文学的名人堂中移出,就如同卢浮宫把蒙娜丽莎卖掉一样。由此可推断出,此处是在强调狄更斯在英国文学史上的重要性。英语 第三部分：阅读理解23.A考查写作意图。根据文章最后一段中的No one will ever knowsuch a distinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary

44、 of his birth approachesa lasting one可推知,作者写本文主要是为了纪念伟大的英国作家狄更斯。英语 第三部分：阅读理解Passage 2 2017乙卷(全国),B体裁:记叙文话题:救助野生动物词数:291 难度:建议时间:6分钟高考真题I work with Volunteers for Wildlife,a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley.Trying to help injured,displaced or sick creatures can b

45、e heartbreaking;survival is never certain.1 However,when it works,it is simply beautiful.I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown.She had found a young owl(猫头鹰)on the ground.When I arrived,I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl.It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.英语 第三部分：阅读理解I examined the

46、 chick(雏鸟)and it seemed fine.If I could locate the nest,I might have been able to put it back,but no luck.2 My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.The homeowner was very helpful.A wire basket was found.I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comforta

47、ble.I placed the chick in the nest,and it quickly calmed down.Now all that was needed were the parents,but they were absent.I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks.These advertise the presence of chicks to adults;they might also encourage our chick to start calling as we

48、ll.I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed英语 第三部分：阅读理解home to see what news the night might bring.A nervous night to be sure,but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all!The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings.I drove over and saw the c

49、hick in the nest looking healthy and active.And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all LUNCH!The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.英语 第三部分：阅读理解24.What is unavoidable in the authors rescue work according to paragraph 1?A.Efforts made in vain.B.Getti

50、ng injured in his work.C.Feeling uncertain about his future.D.Creatures forced out of their homes.25.Why was the author called to Muttontown?A.To rescue a woman.B.To take care of a woman.C.To look at a baby owl.D.To cure a young owl.英语 第三部分：阅读理解26.What made the chick calm down?A.A new nest.B.Some fo