跨文化交际-Unit5verbalcommun课件.ppt

1、UNIT 5 Verbal Communication 在全球化时代，要达到更高的成功几率，须努力成为具有全球视野的国际化人才。学好至少一门外语是必要的，但国际化人才最基本的素质是跨文化沟通能力。这是一种能够超越本族文化，跨越不同文化鸿沟，穿透不同文化壁垒，在多元文化的环境中游刃有余的能力。因此，你的外语语言能力必须建立在理解不同文化的价值观体系和行为规范模式之上，其最终表现是能够适应、掌控和化解多元文化环境中的矛盾和冲突。Role of Language in Cross-cultural CommunicationSynonymsIdiomsProverbs,Slang,Taboo Exp

2、ressions&EuphemismsChinglishChinglish Good good study;day day up好好学习，天天向上 People mountain;people sea人山人海 Morning three night four朝三暮四 No care three seven two ten one不管三七二十一ChinglishChinglish Heart flower angry open心花怒放（be wild with joy）American Chinese not enough美中不足（a flaw in an otherwise perfect t

3、hing）You have seed.I will give you some color to see see.有种你等着，老子给你点颜色看看（If you are a man with plenty of guts,I shall teach you a lesson.）。ChinglishChinglish Watch sister表姐（cousin）Big wine store大酒店（hotel）Big rice store大饭店（restaurant）One time sex things一次性用品（disposable goods）Bake the call-phone 烘手机（h

4、and drier）ChinglishChinglish Start a family成家（get married）White boiled water白开水（plain boiled water）Enter the mouth入口（entrance）Familiar food熟食（prepared food）Fuck goods干货（dried fruit）About LanguageAbout LanguageLanguage is part of culture.语言是文化的一部分。Communication is a culture-bond.交际是文化的纽带。About Langua

5、geAbout LanguageEvery language has different varieties/styles.每一种语言都有不同种类/不同形式。Users of language need to have sensitivity to its styles.语言的使用者需要对语言的形式很敏感。Users of language need to use the right style at the right time.语言的使用者需要在正确的时间使用正确的语言形式。Cultural Cultural Aspects of a Aspects of a LanguageLangua

6、geStyles/Varieties 形式/种类Synonyms 同义词Idioms 习惯用语Proverbs 谚语Slang,Taboo Expressions 俚语，禁忌语Euphemisms 委婉语Synonyms同义词同义词A word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or other words in a languageDifferent words which stand for the same meaningSynonyms同义词同义词 举例：walktiptoe 蹑手蹑脚地走Stride

7、大步走shuffle 拖着脚走，慢吞吞地走drag 缓慢而费力地走Synonyms同义词同义词 举例：enough:sufficient,adequate 充足的autumn:fall 秋天recalcitrant:disobedient 不服从的never-ending:everlasting 不停的Synonyms同义词同义词 区分下列同义词：jobvocation:job的正式用语profession:脑力劳动者的职业field:广义的职业“领域”occupation:与vocation意思相近specialization:具体的一个专长trade:体力劳动者的职业workSynonym

8、s同义词同义词 区分下列同义词：hobby:业余爱好avocation:需要某种培训或特殊技能才能拥有的hobbyrecreation:工作之余的消遣pastime:与recreation意思相近如何扩大英语如何扩大英语词汇量词汇量 Develop sensitivity to shades of meaning 对词义的细微差别要敏感 Learn words in groups Example:General word:walk Different ways of walking:tiptoe,stride,shuffle,drag（注意在写作时尽量少用general words）几种不同的

9、几种不同的“笑笑”laugh 笑 smile 微笑 giggle 短而间歇的笑 simper 傻笑 smirk 假笑，得意的笑 chuckle 轻笑 guffaw 狂笑 chortle 高声笑 snigger 偷笑 titter 偷笑 grin 露齿而笑 gloat 兴灾乐祸地笑几种不同的几种不同的“哭哭”cry 哭 weep 流泪 sob 呜咽 snivel 涕泪交加 blubber 哭嚎 bawl 大哭 wail 嚎啕大哭 whine 啜泣，哀鸣 crocodile tears 假哭Idioms习惯用语习惯用语 A speech form(phrase or expression)that

10、 is grammatically peculiar and cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elementsIdioms习惯用语习惯用语举例：have a big mouth口无遮拦，大嘴巴the salt of the earth中坚力量，精英，高尚的人 sit above the salt 坐上席Idioms习惯用语习惯用语 举例：face the music勇于承担责任，临危不惧play the game遵守比赛规则，行动光明正大Idioms习惯用语习惯用语 Its raining cats and do

11、gs.-Its raining heavily.put ones foot in ones mouth -someone blunders by saying something he should not have.Idioms习惯用语习惯用语 Translate the following English idioms into Chinese:1.lick sombodys boots 拍马屁拍马屁 2.sit at somebodys feet 寄人篱下寄人篱下 3.carry coals to Newcastle 画蛇添足画蛇添足Idioms习惯用语习惯用语 4.the pot ca

12、lling the kettle black 五十步笑百步 5.castles in Spain 白日做梦 6.the kiss of death 让某件事失败的因素;帮倒忙Idioms习惯用语习惯用语 Translate the following ten Chinese idioms into English 1.守口如瓶守口如瓶 button ones lip 2.打退堂鼓打退堂鼓 draw in ones horns 3.雷声大，雨点小雷声大，雨点小 much cry and little wool 4.大海捞针大海捞针 look for a needle in a hay stack

13、 5.黔驴技穷黔驴技穷 at ones wits endIdioms习惯用语习惯用语 6.四面楚歌四面楚歌 besieged on all sides 7.半斤八两半斤八两 the pot calling the kettle black 8.张三李四张三李四 the man in the street 9.临时抱佛脚临时抱佛脚 seek help at the last moment 10.道高一尺，魔高一丈道高一尺，魔高一丈 the more illumination,the more temptation中英文习惯用语中英文习惯用语look for a needle in a bottl

14、e of hay大海捞针at ones wits end黔驴技穷take French leave不辞而别lick ones boots拍马屁Dutch courage酒后之勇at sixes and sevens乱七八糟a piece of cake小菜一碟Idioms composed of arm,hand,and finger.lay a finger on sb:to touch sb.with the intention of harming them.put ones hand in ones pocket:to be ready to spend or give money.g

15、ive sb.a big hand applaud sb.Loudly.keep ones finger on the pulse:to know all the latest news,development.keep ones hand in:do activity in order to remain skilled at it.within arms reach;sth.which you can reach easily.ask for a womans hand;to propose marriage.put ones finger on sth.:to identify an e

16、rror,or cause of a problem.keep sb.at arms length:avoid becoming too friendly.英语习语、谚语英语习语、谚语的主要来源的主要来源 The Holy Bible 圣经the salt of the earth William Shakespeare 莎士比亚All that glisters is not gold!从圣经中来的习从圣经中来的习惯用语惯用语 an eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth 以眼还眼，以牙还牙 hide ones light under a bushel 不露风芒

17、，韬光养晦 after ones own heart 情投意合的；意趣相投的；两情相悦的；正中下怀的 the still small voice 良心的呼声 a lion in the way 拦路虎从圣经中来的习从圣经中来的习惯用语惯用语 by the skin of ones teeth 刚好；勉强；侥幸（escape by the skin of ones teeth死里逃生；劫后余生）cast pearls before swine 对牛弹琴 wash ones hands of something 洗手不干 the salt of the earth 社会中坚，高尚的人Proverb

18、s谚语谚语 A short pithy saying in frequent and widespread use that expresses a basic truth or practical preceptProverbs谚语谚语 举例：Many hands make light work.众人拾柴火焰高。As you sow,so you reap.一分耕耘，一分收获。Proverbs谚语谚语 举例：Live and let live.自己活也让别人活；待人宽,人亦待己宽；互相容忍 believing that other people should be allowed to li

19、ve their lives in the way that they want to.They seem as a society to have a very live and let live attitude towards issues like gay rights.Proverbs谚语谚语 举例：Live and let live.自己活也让别人活；待人宽,人亦待己宽；互相容忍 to accept other people as they are,although they may have a different way of life.I firmly believe in

20、live and let live,and if people dont rob,cheat or beat their wives,I have no complaints.Proverbs谚语谚语 Its no use crying over split milk.覆水难收覆水难收 Where there is smoke there is fire.无风不起浪无风不起浪Proverbs谚语谚语 Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚物以类聚 Idleness is the root of all evil.一懒生百邪一懒生百邪 There is no

21、 rose without a thorn.甘瓜苦蒂甘瓜苦蒂 物无全美物无全美Proverbs谚语谚语 All good things must come to an end.天下没有不散的宴席天下没有不散的宴席 The proof of the pudding is in the eating.亲身下河知深浅亲身下河知深浅 Live and let live.得饶人处且饶人得饶人处且饶人Proverbs谚语谚语 Other countries,other manners.十里不同俗十里不同俗 What we lose on the swings,we gain on the roundabo

22、uts.失之东隅，收之桑榆失之东隅，收之桑榆SlangSlang俚语俚语Language occurring chiefly in casual(sometimes playful)speechtypically short-lived speech(coined)deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness,humor,irreverence,or other effectLanguage peculiar to a group;jargonSlang俚语俚语 举例:no diceIm not going to

23、 do dumdumidiotchicka young unmarried woman;少女nerda person that is intelligent but not sociable;书呆子Slang俚语俚语 dead duck-complete failure no-diveimpossible hotpopular goes bananasis angry freaking outlosing control hit it offhave a good friendship come it-behave rudelyTaboo禁忌语禁忌语A ban or inhibition re

24、sulting from social custom or emotional aversionCommonly associated with bodily parts or natural bodily functions禁忌语禁忌语 举例：piss,shitswearwordsbloody;bastardEuphemism委婉语委婉语 The act,or an example,of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive委婉语委婉语 举例:in the

25、family way怀孕pass away死casketpush up the daisieslittle girls roomspend a pennyon the heavy sidephysically handicappednot all thereafter a long illnessin the family waytired and emotionalpest control officerBe economical with the truthlet you go Cancer Mentally subnormal Drunk Rat catcher Lie Crippled

26、 Dismiss Fat Pregnant Be dead Go to the lavatory Coffin toiletWhat is communicative competence?An integrative ability that includes a.linguistic knowledge of the cultureb.cultural knowledge behind the languagec.intercultural awarenessd.behavioral flexibility or adaptability municative skills and str

27、ategies.I.When,what and how to say in cross cultural communication?1.the culture of conversation:a rich point(p.161)Definition:A rich point is something in one culture that makes it difficult to be connected with another culture.Examples:-the conversation between the Mexican and American businessmen

28、(p.161)-a Swedish championship skier interviewed on TV(p.162)(American way;Chinese way:)-a young American executive presenting to a group of Germans(p.159)-What does Japanese“Hai”mean?How does an American understand it?Meaning:When to say,what to say and how to say differ from culture to culture.The

29、 cultural relativity of communication -When to say Athabaskan Indians consider it inappropriate to talk to strangers.Have negative stereotypes of non-Athabaskans as ridiculously garrulous(talkative in an unfavorable sense)and also hypocritical.Americans would consider it awkward to have a long perio

30、d of silence when having a conversation.Conclude that Indians are uncooperative,even stupid.-What to say EG.A conversation between Susan and Mrs Zhang,her mother in law,at the airport when leaving China.The husband is interpreting for them.Susan:Mrs.Zhang,come to New York if you want.Husbands transl

31、ation:妈妈，您可一定要来纽约看看。Mother:不去了，给你们添麻烦。Husbands translation:Oh,it depends on the physical condition.Susan:Yes,oh thanks for your delicious food,I like them very much.Husbands translation:谢谢妈妈给我们做了那么多好吃的。Mother:自家人谢什么，苏珊，你以后可不要再减肥了，身体健康才最重要哪！Husbands translation:Its my pleasure,Susan,I hope you become

32、 even more beautiful.Susan:Thank you!The same to you.Husbands translation:谢谢妈妈，我祝您身体健康。Mother:谢谢，谢谢。-Pacing and pausingMeaning:How fast do you speak?How long do you wait following another speakers utterance,before concluding the other has no more to say?-Listenrship(eye contact)Whites:maintain gaze

33、when listening and break their gaze when speakingBlacks:maintain gaze when speaking and break their gaze when listening White listeners think blacks are overbearing.White speakers think the blacks are not paying attention.-Indirectness Meaning:Only a part of meaning resides in the words spoken;the l

34、argest part if communicated by hints,assumptions,and listeners filling-in from context and prior experience.Eg.A Greek wife(or daughter):Can I go to the marketplace?Husband or father:(never say no)If you want,you can go.meaning No.Yes,of course,go.meaning Yes.Discourse:Verbal expression in speech or

35、 writing.How is Chinese discourse style different from that of English speaking cultures?Robert Kaplans 1966 article,“Cultural Thought Patterns in Inter-Cultural Education”:students wrote English with different organizational patterns depending on their first-language backgrounds.English:straightfor

36、ward Chinese:circular;definitive summary statements of main arguments are delayed till the end.(p.180)L.Youngs argument about Chinese style:-Stating ones request or main point at the beginning would make the person seem immodest,pushy,and inconsiderate for wanting things.You would lose face acting a

37、ggressively.-reasoning with the listener to allow the listener to see whether what he says makes sense or not.More open-minded,less biased.-building a shared context How does Confucianism influence communication in the sino-culture?About Confucianism:Its primary concern is building and maintain prop

38、er human relationships.This strongly influences communication patterns in East Asia.East Asia Orientation Process orientationDifferentiated linguistic codesIndirect communication emphasisReceiver centered North America Orientation Outcome orientationLess differentiated linguistic codesDirect communi

39、cation emphasisSender centered -Process orientation vs.Outcome orientation Process orientation:strong emphasis on the kind of communication that promotes social relationships.Communication is perceived as a process of infinite interpretation.Eg:small talk and personalized information before dealing

40、with business.Outcome orientation:main function of communication is to actualize autonomy and self-fulfillment.Outcome is more important.Communication is perceived as the transference of messages.-Differentiated linguistic codes vs.Less differentiated linguistic codes Meaning Differentiated linguist

41、ic codes are used depending upon persons involved and situations.Eg.Honorific linguistic systems in East Asia English politeness is expressed through the use of polite forms:please,could you please East Asian politeness is expressed through the use of honorific terms or official titles.ABCDTotalTosu

42、periors461022482%56.112.226.834.88100To peers434281682%4.8841.4634.1519.51100ToSubordinates436321082%4.8843.939.0212.2100The way to address colleagues(of the Chinese to Chinese)The way to address colleagues(of the Chinese to Chinese)ATitle+last name BFull name CFirst name DNickname ABCDTotalTosuperi

43、ors26842682%31.719.7651.227.32100To peers618481082%7.3221.9558.5412.2100To Subordinates616481282%7.3219.5158.5414.63100 The way to address colleagues(of the Chinese to westerners)The way to address colleagues(of the Chinese to westerners)A ATitle+last name BTitle+last name BFull name CFull name CFir

44、st name DFirst name DNickname Nickname Korean:To eat:Mul-da(plain):to siblings Du-shid-da(polite):to parents Chap-soo-shin-da(honorific):to grandparents-Indirect vs.direct communication The use of indirect communication is accepted as normative in East Asia.Confucian culture:communication should pre

45、serve one anothers face.Eg.Japaneses indirectness Asking some else to transmit the message Talking to a third person in the presence of the hearer Conveying ones message as being from someone else.Japanese vs.American in indirectness in expression“Please close the door The door is open.(A)Its cold h

46、ere.(J)-receiver centeredness vs.sender centeredness Meaning Sender centered communication:linear,one way from sender to receiver.Meaning is in the messages created by the sender.Emphasizing how to formulate the best message,how to improve delivery skills.Important to have formal training of debate

47、and public speech.-receiver centeredness vs.sender centeredness Meaning Receiver centered communication:emphasizes social relationships.Meaning is in the interpretation,emphasizing sensibility to capture the under-the surface meaning and to understand the implicit meaning.Eg.East Asian students visiting American homes:Puzzle:why are they asked what they want?Difference:North America:individual freedom of choice East Asia:to practice anticipatory communication and then accommodate