高考英语语法易错点归纳(DOC 14页).doc

1、高考英语语法易错点归纳第一讲 定语从句一、只能用that引导定语从句的情况：1先行词是不定代词everything, nothing, anything, all, much, many, a lot, few, little, none等时。如：He was so hungry that he ate up everything that was put in front of him.He saw much that was bad.There is little that I can do for you.2 先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。如：He is the first s

2、tudent that I got to know in this school.This will be the last thing that I will do.3先行词被最高级修饰或先行词本身就是最高级时。如：This is the most interesting film that I have seen this year. This book is the most expensive that I have bought so far.4 先行词被all, every, some, next, any, no, many, much, the only, the very等修

3、饰时。如：He is the very man that I am after.5 一些以who, which开头的句子，为了避免重复，也要用that作关系代词。如：Which is the book that you have just paid for? Who is the person that you are looking for?6 先行词既指人也指物时。如：We talked about the things and persons that we still remembered.7 the way用作先行词时，引导词用that或in which，也可省略，但不能用which

4、。 如：This is the only way（that / in which） you can work out this problem.8. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(只限于限定性定语从句)。如：Mr. Smith still talks like the man that he was ten years ago.二、只能用which引导定语从句的情况：1 在引导非限定性定语从句，且which指代前面的整个句子时。这一用法是高考的一个热点。如：Mary failed in the examination, which worried her mother a lot.2在介词的后

5、面只能用关系代词which来指代前面表示物的名词。如：I bought a lot of books yesterday, most of which are in English.三、as和which引导非限定性定语从句的区别：1 从句意上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句通常表示“正如，正像的那样”；而which引导非限定性定语从句时指代前面整个句子的内容。如：Taiwan is part of China, as is known to all.China is making rapid progress, as everybody can see.Mary didnt pass the d

6、riving test, which made her very sad. 2 从位置上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句可以放在句子的前面、后面，甚至可放在这个句子的中间。因为，实质上，as引导的非限定性定语从句是一个插入语，用来对一个句子进行附加说明。故它在句中的位置比较灵活；而which引导的非限定性定语从句只能放在先行词的后面。如：As is mentioned above, our school still calls for many skilled teachers.He is late again, as is often the case.Many people, as you

7、know, are learning foreign languages.He changed his mind, which made me very angry.3 从搭配上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句中的谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词。如：see, hear, know, expect, guess, hope, remember等；而which引导的非限定性定语从句中的谓语动词则没有这样的特点。如：The weather turned out fine, as we had expected. She was very fond of speaking French, whi

8、ch indeed she spoke well. 四、“介词+关系代词”结构：“介词+关系代词”也是历年来各省市高考的一个热点。对于这个结构应重点把握如下几点：1 关于“名词+of which / whom”结构。这种结构表示一种所属关系，在名词的前面通常有定冠词修饰。这个结构常常可以转化为“whose+名词”结构。如：The house, the gate of which faces south, belongs to the Smiths. The house, whose gate faces south, belongs to the Smiths.Mr. Smith, the h

9、ouse of whom was robbed, reported it to the police. Mr. Smith, whose house was robbed, reported it to the police.2 关于“数词+of which / whom”结构（数词还可以被some, many, most, each等不定代词替换）。在这个结构中，介词of表示一种部分与全体的关系。这时，其中的数词可以后置，放在关系代词which或whom的后面，构成“of which /whom+数词”的结构。这时的介词of不可换成其他任何介词。如：The buses, most of wh

10、ich were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. The buses，of which most were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowdI met some foreigners yesterday, two of whom are from the US. = I met some foreigners yesterday, of whom two are from the US.注意区别：I met some foreigners yesterday, and

11、 two of them are from the US. I met some foreigners yesterday. Two of them are from the US.3 关于“介词+关系代词”结构。非限定性定语从句的关系代词前如果带有一个介词时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)。如：Mr. Green, for whom money is not a problem now, still lives a simple life.They arrived at a small town, from which it is only a short way to

12、Shanghai.且which和whose还可修饰一个名词，作这个名词的定语。如：He got to the station at five yesterday afternoon, by which time the trains to Beijing had all left.This is Mr. Brown, by whose car I came to New York.五、当表示时间、地点、原因、方式的名词作先行词时，不能一概用关系副词when, where, why或“介词+which / whom”引导定语从句。若引导词在定语从句中作状语，应用关系副词或“介词which / w

13、hom”引导定语从句；若引导词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语，则应用关系代词引导定语从句。试比较下面的句子：1) Ill never forget the days (that / which) I spent with my teacher. (that / which在定语从句中作宾语)2) Ill never forget the days when (=on which) I joined the army. (when在定语从句中作时间状语)1) This is the reason which he gave me for doing it. (which在定语从句中作宾语)2)

14、Do you know the reason why he came late? (why在定语从句中作原因状语)1) You can see the way in which his mind works when he reads his books. (in which在定语从句中作方式状语)2) Is there any way that can be found to solve the problem? (that在定语从句中作主语)1) It is the house that was built two years ago. (that在定语从句中作主语)2) It is th

15、e house where I was born. (where在定语从句中作状语)小结如下：1、先行词是表示时间的名词时，如果在从句中作状语，则用关系副词when / 介词+which；如果在从句中作动词或介词的宾语，则用which或that。如：I will never forget the days when / in which we worked together. （work是不及物动词）I will never forget the days which / that we spent together.（spent是及物动词）I will never forget the da

16、ys when / in which we spent ones together.（spent是及物动词,但其后已有宾语 ones）解析：在句中，表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是状语，所以用关系副词when来代指，引导定语从句修饰先行词the days；而在句中，表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是动词spent的宾语，所以用关系代词that或which来代指。2、同样，先行词表示地点的名词如果在从句中作状语，则用关系副词where / 介词+which或；如果在从句中作动词的宾语，则用which或that来代替。如：This is the factory where

17、 / in which I worked.（作状语）This is the factory that / which I visited years ago.（作宾语）（visit是及物动词）This is the factory where / in which I visited it years ago （作状语）（visit是及物动词,但其后已有宾语 it）六、定语从句与强调句型的区别：定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词在所引导的从句中作某种成分，而强调句中的that或 who在句中不作任何成分。特别注意：强调句与定语从句、状语从句等的混合使用。如：It was the park wher

18、e I met her first time. (where 引导地点状语从句，it指代地点)It was in the park that I met her first time. (that 引导强调句) It was six oclock when we got home yesterday afternoon. (when 引导时间状语从句，it指代时间)It was at six oclock that we got home yesterday afternoon. (that 引导强调句) -Where did you met her first time? - It was

19、in the park where we used to do morning exercise that I met her first time.(where引导定语从句，that引导强调句)- When did the couples find their lost son? - It was on the morning when you went to school that they found their son. (when引导定语从句，that引导强调句)七、定语从句与同位语从句的区别：引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语或表语时可以省略，而引导同位语从句

20、的that在句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。如： This is the suggestion (that) he put forward.（定语从句） He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 oclock. （同位语从句）八、定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如：Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.0He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.解析：在句中，先行词f

21、oreigner被only修饰，强调只有一个，所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式，而在句中，who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the students，为复数，所以从句谓语动词应为复数。感悟：分析定语从句句子结构和成分是关键。九、 几个特殊先行词后的定语从句：1. reason为先行词时, 若引导词在从句中作状语，则用why引导，若引导词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，则用that或which引导。如：Do you know the reason why he didnt attend the meeting? （why在从句中作状语）This is the reason that / which he g

22、ave. (that / which在从句中作宾语)2. situation, occasion, point 在定语从句中作先行词，且引导词在从句中作状语时，则关系副词用where 或in which。如:We may be trapped in such a situation where we have no one to turn to. (where在从句中作状语)十、特殊定语从句。下面的定语从句，是一些特殊例子，还有些是与其他句式的对比，一定要熟记。1. He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happeni

23、ng.2. It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.3. Is this place the one that we visited? Is this the place that we visited?4. He is one of the boys who play the piano very well. He is the only one of the boys who plays the piano very well.5. Mr. White has three sons, all of whom are doct

24、ors.Mr. White has three sons, and all of them are doctors.6. This is so touching a story as I have read three times.This is so touching a story that I have read it three times.7. As is known to us, Bell invented the telephone.It is known to us that Bell invented the telephone. 8. Five visitors invit

25、ed by him came as I expected.More visitors invited by him came than I expected.第二讲 名词性从句一、that引导的定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，“的名词”，而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。That在定语从句中必须作成分，可用which或who/whom代替，而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。如： Along with the

26、 letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas. Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.解析：在句中，that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容，that不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，而在句中，that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语，对先行词the chicken farm起修饰作用。感悟：学生之所以在这一点上容易出错，主要还是因为对定语从句的理解不够深刻，分辨不出that

27、在从句中是否充当了句子成分，因此，还需在句子分析上下功夫，并且搞清何谓同位语从句。二、名词性从句中，关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点1) 名词性从句作主语或宾语时，为保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如：Its a pity that he dont come to give a speech.（形式主语）We think it possible that you can finish the job today.（形式宾语）2）谓语动词 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, make等接由if或when 引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形

28、式宾语it.例如：I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.3）动词hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引导的病因从句式，往往在从句前加形式宾语it.例如： I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon. we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.4）短语动词answer for, count on depend on, insist on,

29、 see to等后接有that引导的宾语从句时，必须冠以形式宾语it.例如： Im counting on it that you will come. Shell see to it that he goes ahead.第三讲 虚拟语气一、 虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的易错点。 if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.句子都是虚

30、拟语气在条件句中的使用，从句中都是假设过去的情况，所以用过去完成时，但在主句中，句依然指代过去的情况，谓语动词是would have done，而中含有一个表示现在的时间状语now, 这样就必须将其理解为假设现在的情况，所以谓语动词必须为would/should/might+动词原形，学生在这一点上经常会忽略now的存在，从而按句的形式填写答案。二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法1.在it is important (strange, natural, necessary)+that 句子或者It is decided(ordered, suggested, demanded, advised)

31、+that句子中，主语从句中的谓语动词常用（should）+动词原形结构，表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被决定”等例如： it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night. it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.2. suggest, insist 后面指宾语从句时需注意的地方1）suggest 当“建议”“提出”讲时，其后宾语从句的谓语动词常用“（should）+动词原形”例如：He sugge

32、sted that the work (should) be started at once 他建议立即动工。类似的动词还有insist坚持，demand要求，desire要求、请求，request请求，require要求、需要，order命令，propose建议，command命令，ask要求，advise建议，prefer宁愿等。这些动词变被动语态（如：It is suggested +that主语从句）形式后，主语从句谓语动词仍用“（should）+动词原形”这些动词变名词（如suggestion）后，其后的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语部分仍用“(should)+动词原形”suggest

33、 当“提出（某看法），暗示，启发”讲时，其后宾语从句的动词不用虚拟语气。例如：（1）The police suggested that the thief might be one of the family member警察局提出窃贼可能是一名家庭成员。（2）Her yawns suggests that she is sleepy. 她打哈欠表明她困了。（3）Although he didnt suggest that we _ the decision to swim across the river, but his looksuggested that our decision_wr

34、ong.虽然他没提出我们应该终止游过这条河的决定，但他的表情表明我们的决定是错误的。A：stop; was B: should stop; be C: stopped ; was D: stopped; should be在这个句子中，前一个suggest当“建议”“提出”讲，而后一个作“表明”讲，所以答案为“A”2）insist作“坚决要求该；坚持认为定要”讲时，其后宾语从句的谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”例如：I insisted that you (should) be there on time.我坚持认为你应该准时到那里去insist 作“坚持（意见，看法）；坚持说，确信”

35、讲时，其后从句不用虚拟语气。例如：He suggested (that) he heard someone in thenext room. 他坚持说他听到隔壁屋子里有人。三、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法1. 连词if 的省略 if 虚拟条件句中有should, had 或were时，if 可以省略，将should, had 或were放在句首。如：Had I worked hard, I would have surely succeeded. 如果我当时努力学习的话，我当然会成功的。Were she my daughter, I wouldnt allow her to study abroad

36、.如果她是我的女儿，我就不让她出国学习了。2 混合虚拟语气 有时条件从句和结果主句所表示的时间不一致，这就要求主从句的时态根据实际的时间概念来确定。如：If she had followed the doctors advice, she would be quite all right now.如果当时她听医生的话，她现在就会好了。3 含蓄条件句 含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：（1）介词（短语），主要有but for, without, in case of等。

37、如：But for your help, I couldnt finish the work on time. 要不是你的帮助，我不可能按时完成工作。Without electricity, there would not be modern industry. 没有电，就没有现代工业。（2）通过上下文，句中往往有 otherwise, or等词。如：I was very busy yesterday. Otherwise I would have come to see you. 我昨天很忙，要不然我就来看你了。4. 不用if 引导的条件从句 非真实条件句中的条件从句除用if引导外，还可用a

38、s if, unless, in case, for fear， on condition等引导。如：Ill keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.我给你留个座，没准你会改变主意。 He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能还回来，他就可以用这辆自行车。5. 只保留从句的虚拟语气这种从句常表示一种不可能实现的愿望，常用if only 引导。如：If only I hadnt wasted the time in

39、high school. 我要是上中学时没有荒废时间就好了。第四讲 反意疑问句1.在一般疑问句中，无论肯定的问或是否定的问，如果回答为肯定则用yes，反之则用no.特别注意如果出现省略则看下文所暗示的意义。Are you a new comer?Yes, I came here only yesterday.Isnt Tom a good student?Yes, he is excellent.Dont you think the composition good?No, It cant be any worse.注意：在句中，当回答的意思与问句相一致时，则用No，译为“是的”，当回答的意思

40、与问句相反时，则用Yes，译为“不”2.情态动词must I must leave now, mustnt I ?（表必须） He must be in the classroom, isnt he? （表推测：侧重表事实） He must have finished his homework, hasnt he ?（表推测：侧重现在的结果） He must have finished his homework yesterday afternoon, didnt he? （表推测：侧重表过去）当句子中有表示猜测的情态动词时，其反意疑问句的构成不能再用原句中的情态动词，而应根据原句在去掉情态动

41、词的情况下的主谓关系来确定其反问形式。第五讲 非谓语动词非谓语与其逻辑主语（即动作的执行者或承受者）之间有三种关系，如为主谓关系，则用现在分词或不定式的主动式；如为被动关系则用过去分词、现在分词的被动（强调动作正在进行）或不定式的被动式（动作将进行）；如既无主动也无被动关系则只能用状语从句或独立主格结构（即非谓语加上自己的逻辑主语）。Judging/considering / generally speaking/supposing指说话者的动作，故只用主动式。如：Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time pa

42、ssing the exam.解析：从这个句子可以看出，句词的逻辑主语与句子的主语he一致，并且是主谓关系，所以用了现在的分词作状语，同时，分词的动作明显地发生在句子的谓语动词动作之前，故采用了现代分词的完成式。In order to improve English , _.A. Jennys father bought her a lot of tapes. B. Jennys father bought a lot of tapes for herself.C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny. D. A lot of tapes were boug

43、ht by Jenny father.解析：根据不定式短语我们可以推知，句子的逻辑主语应该是人而不是物，所以，应该排除CD，再就是应该是Jenny提高自己的英语，而不是她爸爸，故答案先B.，we decided to go out for a walk.A. It is fine B. It fine C. Being fine D. It being fine解析：主句主语we与动词短语be fine之间既无主动关系与无被动关系，所以要加上自己的逻辑主语It，由于不存在主、被动关系，故不能选C项，而应该选D项。more attention, the trees could have grow

44、n better.A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having giving解析：give与主句的主语之间是被动关系，故选A.如为主动关系则选C.易出错的问题一般都是学生在学习中对知识理解不深刻或能力欠缺的地方，应及时纠错和建立“错题档案”，还应“借题发挥”，有意地把一些易错题予以归类，找出错误根源，总结规律。第六讲 “情态动词 + have done”用法盘点一. 表推测must have done表示对过去发生事情的肯定推测，意为“一定，准是，想必”，只用于肯定句中。can / could have done表示对过去发生行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句

45、和疑问句中，意为“不可能”。may / might have done表示对过去发生的情况的推测，意为“也许，或许”，一般只用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加不肯定。如：Its too late. I think they may have gone to bed.太晚了，我想他们可能睡觉了。This cake is very sweet. You must have put a lot of sugar in it. 这蛋糕很甜，你一定是放了很多糖。My sister met him yesterday afternoon, so he couldnt have

46、attended your lecture. 我姐姐昨天下午遇见他了，因此他不可能去听你的课。二. 表责备could have done用在肯定句中，表示本来能做某事，但实际上未做某事。might have done表示本来可能做某事，但实际上未做某事。should / ought to have done表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做；其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。need have done表示过去本来有必要去做某事，但事实上没有做；其否定式表示本来不必做某事但实际上却做了。如：You might have given him more help, though you were

47、 busy. 尽管你很忙，但你本来可以给他更多的帮助的。You should / ought to have stopped at the red light. 你见了红灯本应该停车的。You neednt have taken a taxi here, for it was very near to your house. 你没必要坐出租车，这儿离你家很近。You could have made greater progress, but you didnt devote yourself to your study.你本来能取得更大的成绩，但你没有全身心地投入学习。三. 用于与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中 主要有would / should /