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类型高考短文改错设题技巧和备考策略(DOC 10页).doc

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    1、高考短文改错设题技巧和备考策略河南郑州市第十六中学 昝亚娟短文改错是高考英语试卷中的传统题型之一。短文改错集多项语法规则和多种语言技能于一身,具有题型小,综合性强,灵活性大,覆盖面广,测试层次多的特点。短文改错不是单纯地检测考生的语法知识,而是检测考生阅读理解的过程中,根据语篇和上下文运用所学的语言知识去解决实际的问题的能力。具体来说,短文改错主要检测考生发现、判断、纠正文章中错误的能力,以考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性。短文改错试题考查的考点涵盖对基础知识的掌握、运用、分析和综合等诸多方面,考查目标既涉及语言知识的多个方面,包括词法、句法、语篇结构和行文逻辑等,又涵盖理解、分析、运

    2、用和整体思维等诸方面能力。从1991年至1995年, 短文改部分通常错设15个小题,赋分15分。在1996年至2000年期间,短文改错题型有所变化。短文设计10个小题,赋分10分。但是,最早开始高考自主命题的上海市,高考英语试卷多年来一直没有选用全国高考英语试卷中的短文改错题型。北京市从2001年开始高考自主命题,在2003年也取消了短文改错题型。从2005年起,一些高考自主命题的省份,如湖南、湖北、广东、江苏、山东、天津、安徽和江西等,也相继取消了短文改错题型。目前,在全国19套高考试卷中,新课标全国卷、大纲全国卷、大纲全国、重庆卷、陕西卷、辽宁卷、西川卷和浙江卷中仍有短文改错题型存在。高考

    3、英语考试大纲(说明)对短文改错题型的特点作了如下描述:“本题给出一篇约100个单词的短文,其中10行每行右边标有题号,要求考生判断是否有错,如有错将其改正。错误类型包括词法、句法、行文逻辑等。” 高考试卷中的短文改错题平均每篇短文约810个句子,每行约912个单词,其中大部分为简单句或并列句,总词汇量约100120个单词。分行的短文改错题一般设计一行没有错误,23个小题句子成分缺词或多词,需要添加或者删掉,67个小题存在语言错误,需要改正。2012年高考英语试卷中出现的短文改错题型可分为两大类:第一类为分行的短文改错,即传统的短文改错。第二类为语篇改错,即把原来标出题号的10行的短文改成了不分

    4、行的整篇文章来该错,要求学生判断的不是每行而是每句是否有错误,整篇共有10 处错误,多于10处不算分数。这无疑比原来的题型加大了难度。对考生是一个极大的挑战。短文改错的短文的内容浅显易懂,短文词数为100左右,体裁大多为记叙文,偶尔也有说明文和应用文。短文改错设计的错误主要涉及词法、语法、篇章结构和行文逻辑等几个方面。考生需要在整体理解短文的基础上,借助语境进行判断。因此,这就要求考生不仅掌握好一定的词汇和语法知识,而且具有一定的阅读、分析和逻辑推理能力。为了帮助同学们了解短文改错试题特点,提高识别错误的能力,下面结合近三年的高考试题,对短文改错的考点分布情况和设题技巧进行分析:1、与动词有关

    5、的错误与动词有关的错误包括:谓语动词时态的前后不一致,即谓语动词的时态错误、缺少谓语动词或者谓语动词形式错误、谓语动词与主语的人称和数不一致、非谓语动词形式错误、情态动词误用、易混动词的误用等几种情况。(1)动词时态的前后不一致When I tear apart my fifth birthday toy train, my father said(2012新课标全国卷)【分析】短文通篇为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词是said,因此应把tear改为tore。For example, how many times have you walked out of a room and leave th

    6、e lights? (2012大纲全国I卷)【分析】句子的谓语动词是现在完成时,两个谓语动词都应使用过去分词,因此应把leave 改为 left。Yet it seemed water is becoming less and less. (2012大纲全国II卷)【分析】短文通篇是一般现在时。因宾语从句为一般现在时,因此主句也应是一般现在时,把seemed改为seems。you always held me in your arms and told me stories till I fall asleep.(2012重庆卷)【分析】前句为一般过去时,主句的两个谓语动词(held和 tol

    7、d)都用了过去式,因此till从句也应用一般过去时,因此把fall改为fell。My father and I stayed at the South Lake Hotel for a week when we visit Beijing last month. (2012陕西卷)【分析】句中有时间状语last month,主句为一般过去时,因此从句也应为一般过去时,应把visit改为visited。 Thank you for the lovely day we have with you.(2012辽宁卷)【分析】短文通篇是一般现在时。根据下文中的句子都是一般过去时,可判断本句也应一般过去

    8、时,因此应把have改为had。I knew that they will be worried about myself because I was(2012浙江卷)【分析】本文讲述的是两年前作者本人的一段经历。主句I knew为一般过去时,因此宾语从句应用过去将来时,应把will改为would。 I hold my lunch-box in my hand when I was going to school.(2011大纲全国卷)【分析】下句的谓语动词为过去将来时,因此前句谓语动词应用一般过去时,把hold改为held。By the time I got back, they have

    9、finished the scene and actor couldnt be seen(2011陕西卷)【分析】本句含有三个谓语动词:第一个为got,第三个为couldnt be,因此可判断第二个谓语动词也应为过去的某种时态。又因By the time +一般过去时的从句,主句应用过去完成时,因此把have 改为had。We became friends shortly after we meet each other.(2011重庆卷)【分析】句意为:我们见面不久就成为好朋友。根据前句的谓语动词became可判断应把meet改为met。(2)缺少谓语动词或谓语动词的形式错误 I was h

    10、appy when the toys worked, but when things did wrong, I got angry(2012新课标全国卷)【分析】在but后的第二个分句中,谓语动词出现错误。go wrong意为:出错。应把did改为went或者在did 后加go。I couldnt believe my luck not only did I had my photo taken with him, but he signed his name on my shirt! (2011全国II)【分析】第一句和第三句的谓语动词都是一般过去时,破折号后面为倒装句,因not only放

    11、在句首,故助动词 did放在主语之前,因此谓语动词应用动词原形,把had改为 have。The commanding officer, Wayne Tyler, who directly responsible for the study of all such reports, decided to(2011辽宁卷)【分析】两个逗号之间的句子,为Wayne Tyler带的定语从句,who 后面只有形容词,缺少系动词,应加上was。 (3) 谓语动词的人称和数与主语不一致Now my friend Ann, together with me, are going to do field stu

    12、dy(2012重庆卷)【分析】句子的主语是my friend Ann, together with me是状语前置,因此谓语动词应用单数,应把are改为is。What I liked best were the free high-speed Internet connection in the room.(2012陕西卷)【分析】主语从句What I liked best后谓语动词应用单数,因此把were改为was。 but the only clothes I had was those I had on.(2011全国新课标卷)本句的主语为the only clothes,其后跟定语从句

    13、I had,谓语动词应用复数,因此把was改为were。Katia, like many other Russian girls, are nice and lively.【分析】本句的主语为Katia,其后的介词短语like many other Russian girls,作状语插在句子之间,谓语动词应用单数,因此把are改为is。In early January this year, the rate of UFO reports were steady.(2011辽宁卷)【分析】本句的主语为the rate,谓语动词应用单数,因此把were改为was。(4)非谓语动词形式的错误 mak

    14、e my toys to last(2012全国新课标卷)【分析】句中含有 make sb do sth结构,因此,去掉last前的动词不定式符号to。Third, we should findways to reuse the water using in washing.(2012大纲全国II卷)【分析】句中的非谓语动词using用错。应把using改为used,表示“洗衣时被用的水”。I also shared with my friends many photos taking in Beijing.(2012陕西卷)【分析】句中的非谓语动词taking用错。应把taking改为tak

    15、en,表示“被拍摄的照片”。Thank you so much by not only giving me life, but also teach me how to be a good person. (2012四川卷)【分析】句中的介词by 后有连词not only but also连接两个动词,这两个动词都应用动名词形式,因此把teach改为teaching。Last Sunday morning, when I was having a walk in the park near my home, I came across a crew make a new film(2011陕西

    16、卷)【分析】主句中谓语动词为came across,宾语a crew 后面为分词作定语,表示主动的、正在进行的动作,应用写作分词作定语,把make改为making。Follow this explanation, there was a rapid drop in the number of reported sightings.(2011辽宁卷)【分析】逗号后面的部分为句子的主干,逗号之前为现在分词作状语,因此应把Follow改为Following。 Ive soon got used to live without my parents around. (2011重庆卷)【分析】句意为“不

    17、久,我就习惯了独立生活”。习惯用语be/get used to表示“对习惯”,to为介词,后接动名词形式,因此把live改为living。I guessed, even at that age, I would never be able to enjoy to playing with the toy. (2011浙江卷)【分析】动词enjoy后接动名词,enjoy doing “喜欢做某事”,因此把enjoy后面的 to 去掉。The man did is told and slept really will, wake up before the alarm had even gone

    18、off. (2011四川卷) 【分析】句意为,那个人按照医生说的方法做了,结果闹钟没有响他就醒了。逗号后为现在分词作状语,表示结果。因此把wake改为waking。I look forward to see her again in the near future. (2010大纲全国卷)【分析】短语look forward to中的to是介词,后接动词时要用动名词形式。因此把see改为seeing。 (5)情态动词用错Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience I must make my toys (2012全国新课标卷)【分析】句意为:我

    19、发现,如果我更有耐心些,我可以使玩具更长久。句中的情态动词must用错,应改为could或might。She said, “I have been practicing for three weeks now, but I still couldnt get used to it.(2010四川卷)【分析】根据前句可知,下句陈述的是现在的情况,情态动词couldnt误用,应改为cant。 (6)易混动词的误用Hope you good health and much happiness every day!(2012四川卷) 【分析】考查动词hope 和wish辨析。动词hope后不能接双宾语

    20、,不是祝愿通常用用wish, 因此把hope改为wish。2、与名词有关的错误与名词有关的错误主要包括名词单数和复数形式的误用、在不可数名词后加-s。until I was about six, I destroyed each of my toy.(2012新课标全国卷) 【分析】根据each of 可知,“我弄坏了我的玩具中的每一个”,因此复数形式toys。Every one of us can make a great efforts to cut off the use of energy in our country. (2012纲全国卷)【分析】短语make a great eff

    21、ort/great efforts to do sth意为:“尽力做某事”因此,应把efforts改为effort,也可把去掉冠词a去掉。 We, as well as animal, cannot livewithout water(2012纲全国卷)【分析】名词复数可表示泛指,因此应把animal改为animals。 we enjoyed several local dish.(2012陕西卷)【分析】several 之后应用名词的复数形式,因此把dish改为dishes。 Mom, I know I have never expressed my thank to you before.

    22、(2012四川卷)【分析】名词thank常用复数形式,expressed ones thanks“表达某人的谢意”。因此应把 thank改为thanks。 You told me the name of different plants (2012重庆卷)【分析】根据后置定语of different plants可知,name应改为复数形式 names。there was a long line of traffic for at least six mile. (2012辽宁卷)【分析】根据数词six可知,mile应改为复数形式miles。 It felt very strange to t

    23、ravel without any luggages.(2011全国新课标卷) 【分析】luggage “行李” 通常用作不可数名词,因此把luggages改为luggage。In early January this year, the rate of UFO reports was steady, around three per weeks. (2011辽宁卷)【分析】句中的介词per表示“每”,后应用单数名词,因此应把weeks改为week。 3、冠词错误 冠词错误包括:缺少冠词,多用冠词,定冠词和不定冠词之间的误用。It is such great hotel that I woul

    24、d recommend it to any friend(2012陕西卷)【分析】句中的名词hotel为可数名词,因此前面应该有冠词,因此在great 前加不定冠词a。when I was child, you always held me in your arms(2012重庆卷)【分析】句中的名词child为可数名词,因此前面应该有冠词, 因此在great 前加不定冠词a。Gina nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.(2012辽宁卷)【分析】句中的名词car为可数名词,因

    25、此前面应该有冠词, 因此在car前加不定冠词a。 As a result, nobody knew truth.(2012浙江卷)【分析】句意为:结果,没有人知道事情的真相。这个真相指的是前文中谈到的作者遭遇车祸这件事。表示特指,应用定冠词the,因此在truth 前加the。and after that I would go to Xiamen for long holiday. (2011全国新课标卷) 【分析】 句中的long holiday之前缺少冠词,应添上不定冠词a。If youd like to make trip to our city some day, I will be(

    26、2011全国II)【分析】短语make a trip to “到某地去旅行”,因此trip之前添上不定冠词a。Now, we are planning a small party for the next Sunday. 【分析】句中的the next Sunday中的冠词多余,应去掉the。he went to the doctor for a help.(2011四川卷) 【分析】句中的冠词多余,应把不定冠词a去掉。there was the immediate increase in reports of sightings from all parts of the States. (

    27、2011辽宁卷)【分析】increase用作名词时,前面通常带不定冠词an, 因此句中的冠词 the 用错,应改为an。4、形容词与副词 形容词与副词的错误主要涉及以下几种:(1)形容词和副词的词性误用;(2)形容词和副词误用;(3)形容词的比较级与最高级的混淆;(4)由现在分词变成的形容词和过去分词变成的形容词的误用等。We lived in a comfortably double-room with a big bath. (2012陕西卷)【分析】名词double-room前面应用形容词修饰,把comfortably为comfortable。Other way is to watch

    28、our everyday use of water and(2012全国I卷)【分析】前文陈述了一种节能的举措,此处表示递进关系, 形容词other误用。因此把Other 改为 Another。Unfortunate, I had an accident and hit another car, and I needed to stay in a hospital for at least two week. (2012浙江卷)【分析】英语中通常用副词来作为插入语,放在句首,因此把Unfortunate改为Unfortunately。In the end, we drove to a serv

    29、ice station and waited there unless the road was clear.(2012辽宁卷)【分析】短文中叙述的是那天发生在高速公路上发生的情况,所以把here改为there。but we have to start anywhere. (2012全国I卷)【分析】本句为肯定句,显然句中的anywhere误用,因此把anywhere 改为 somewhere。I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.(2012全国新课标卷)【分析】根据文意:我不得不

    30、多一些耐心而少一些挑衅。句中的more patient暗示这里把little 改为less,修饰形容词aggressive。Gradually, I became interesting in biology(2012重庆卷) 【分析】interesting“令人感兴趣的,有趣的”;interested“感兴趣的”。句子的主语是人,因此应用过去分词interested 表语,把interesting 改为interested。 Although her English is a little hardly to understand, we enjoy chatting. (2011重庆卷)【

    31、分析】形容词hard表示“硬的,坚固的;困难的, 难懂的;辛苦的, 努力的”,而副词hardly意为“几乎不”。英语中,通常用形容词作表语,因此应把hardly改为hard。5、代词的误用代词的误用包括人称代词的格与数的错用、人称代词前后不一致、人称代词与物主代词混淆、形容词物主代词与名词性物主代词误用、反身代词与人称代词误用、漏掉代词等几种情况。近年来,出现了对关系代词和连接代词考查的新情况,需要引起考生的注意。but when things went wrong, I got angry and broke it. (2012全国新课标卷) 【分析】上文中出现了 名词toys, 上句用th

    32、em代替,句中的it误用,因此应改为them。Many countries in the world find we dont have enough water.(2011全国II卷)【分析】主句的主语为Many countries, 从句的代词we误用,应把we改为they,指代Many countries。I would recommend it to any friend of me who is going to Beijing. 【分析】句意为:我要把这个宾馆推荐给来北京旅游的我的朋友。句中的代词me误用,应把me改为mine。Im sorry that I am abroad a

    33、nd cant send your flower. ( 2012四川卷)【分析】动词send后接双宾语,应使用代词的宾格,构成短语send sb. sth.,因此把your改为you。How are you those days? I have been missing you very much(2012重庆卷)【分析】根据下句可知,文章陈述的是现在的情况,因此代词those误用,应把those改为 these。I knew that they would be worried about myself because I was so far away(2012浙江卷) 【分析】句意为:我

    34、知道,因为我在遥远的巴西,父母可能会担心我。句中的反身动词误用,因此应把myself改为me。 When I finally arrived at my friend(2011全国新课标卷)【分析】在动词词组arrived at后应接某地点,因此把my friend改为 my friends,表示“到达我朋友的家”。Katia will introduce me to some of her friends, one of who has been to China several times.(2011重庆卷)【分析】逗号后面为定语从句,one of后面的关系代词who误用,应把who改为w

    35、hom。But before long they began to see which was happening.(2012全国新课标卷)【分析】句意为:但是,不久他们就知道发生了什么事情。动词see后为宾语从句,连接代词which误用, 应改为what。 For a while parents bought me new toys.(2012全国新课标卷)【分析】本文陈述“我”儿时的一段经历。句意为“有一段时间,父母给我买新玩具”。根据上下文可知,parents前面漏掉了代词my,应填上。6、介词的错误介词的错误主要包括三类:(1)在及物动词之后或者副词前多用了介词;(2)在不及物动词之后

    36、漏掉了介词;(3)介词用错。 I chose to learn biology when I entered into the college. (2012重庆卷)【分析】句中的动词enter为及物动词,可直接跟宾语,因此介词into多余,应去掉。finally dropped Gina off at her parents and made our own way to home. (2012辽宁卷)【分析】短语make ones way home意为“我们朝家的方向走去”,其中的home为副词,所以前面不用介词to。应把to去掉。This is the first time that Iv

    37、e been away my family for such a long time.(2011重庆卷)【分析】句意为“这是我第一次离开家这么长时间”。away 之后漏掉了介词from,要加上。(I was) about to leave when he walked out a building. (2011陕西卷)【分析】walk out of a building“从一个大楼走出来”,因此在out 后加介词of。my father said, Thats it. No more toys to you.(2012全国新课标卷)【分析】句意为:爸爸说:就这样吧。以后不再给你买玩具了。句中的

    38、介词to误用,应改为for。Every one of us can make a great efforts to cut off the use of energy in our country. (2012全国I卷)【分析】cut off意为:隔断;切断;cut down意为:砍掉;减少。根据文意,我们每个人都应减少使用能源。因此把介词off改为down。 I also shared for my friends many photos(2012陕西卷)【分析】动词share常用的词组是share sth with sb“与某人分享某物”, 因此把句中的介词for改为with。Thank

    39、you so much by not only giving me life (2012四川卷)【分析】考查介词。thank sb. for为固定短语“因而感谢某人”。因此把by改为for。he lent to me lots of clothes.(2011全国新课标卷)【分析】动词lend后面可接双宾语,句中的介词to多余,应去掉。I think over her a lot and I miss the food and the good time we had together.(2011全国I卷)【分析】think over意为“仔细考虑”,think of “思念,想起” 。因此把

    40、over改为of。7、连词的错误连词的错误主要包括连词的误用,连词和介词混淆等两种错误。In the end, we drove to a service station and waited there unless the road was clear. (2012辽宁卷)【分析】句意为:最后,我们开车到加油站,在那里一直等到路通了。waited后面一句是一个时间状语从句, 连词unless误用,应该改为until。I have been missing you very much after I went to college a year ago.(2012重庆卷)【分析】句意为:自从

    41、去年升入大学以来,我非常想念你。前句为现在完成进行时,从句为一般过去时,句中连词after误用,应改为since,表示“自从”。 she wore black sports shoes and a black sweater, althoughin the summer(2010辽宁卷)【分析】although是连词,不能修饰介词短语,副词even可以。把although改为even。7、行文逻辑方面的问题We can go to work by bike once and twice a week, and we can also buy smaller cars that burn les

    42、s oil. (2012全国I卷)【分析】句意为:我们可以一周骑车一至两次去上班。连词and错误,应把 and 改为 or。we should first go allout to plant trees though trees will help save water. (2012全国II卷)【分析】句子的逻辑不通。句意为:我们首先应该多植树,因为植树可以保护水源。后句是前句的原因,应把though改为连词 because/since/as。 It is in the downtown area, but it is easy to go to anywhere from the hote

    43、l by public transport.(2012陕西卷)【分析】前后句之间为递进或因果关系,不是转折关系,因此把连词but 改为so/and。Mom, though I may often say it, I do love you. (2012四川卷) 根据though可知,从句应为否定句,句意为“尽管我不常说出来,但是我很爱您”。因此,在情态动词may后加not。I bought my ticket but turned around to pick up my bag. (2011全国新课标卷) 【分析】前后两个动作属于并列关系,应把but改为and。Since the lunch

    44、 bell finally rang,my friends and I met under a tall tree(2011大纲全国I卷)【分析】根据前后句的逻辑关系,当吃午饭的铃声响起时,我和朋友在树下见面。应把Since改为When。 I didnt have my camera with me at that time, but I rushed back home to get(2011陕西卷)【分析】前后句之间为因果关系,因此把but改为 so。Were both surprised that Chinese culture or Russian culture are so dif

    45、ferent.(2011重庆卷)【分析】句意为“我们感到非常意外,中国和俄国的文化区别这么大。”应把or改为and。But then a week after the trip, she suddenly announced that they wouldnt take the holiday.(2010四川卷)【分析】句意为:在此次旅行一周之前,妻子突然宣布他们不去度假了。把after改为before。8、考查习惯用语和固定表达 neither agriculture or industry can gowithout it(water). (2012大纲全国卷)【分析】句意为:农业和动物都

    46、离不开水。短语eitheror“或者或者”;而neithernor表示“既不也不”因此把or改为nor。 It was so kind for you to let us bring Annes friend.(2012辽宁卷)【分析】句意为:你太好了,让我们带着安妮的朋友一起旅游。Its kind of you为固定用法。因此把for改为of。 There was one on particular Id always wanted.(2011浙江卷)【分析】短语in particular“尤其, 特别”, 因此把 on 改为in。I will be better than happy to

    47、 be your guide. (2011全国II卷) 【分析】more than“很,非常;超过;不只是”。better than“比好,胜过”。句意为“我非常高兴做你的向导”。因此把better than 改为more than。My friends and I met under a tall tree and had our lunches. My best friend Aigulie was used to share her Nang with me(2011全国I卷)【分析】前文作者回忆了过去在学校发生的事情。used to do“过去常常做某事”,因此去掉used 前面的was。was still the first reach the factory. (2011四川卷) 【分析】在the first/last 之面通常跟动词不定式作后置定语,因此在reach前加to。he begged my parents to staying another couple of . (2011全国II卷)【分析】beg sb to do sth “祈求

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