高考介词及介词短语专项讲解(DOC 17页).doc

1、介词英语中称为“preposition”是由“前缀pre-（在前部）+position（位置）”构成的，所以又叫前置词。一般放在名词、代词或动名词的前面。介词是虚词，主要用来表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系,如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词（或动名词短语）、名词性从句等。在英语里，它的搭配能力最强。但它不能单独作句子成分，需和名词或代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语及从句)构成介词短语，才能在句中充当成分。解题技巧： 1. 要认真掌握好常用介词的主要用法及动词与介词的搭配。这是考查的重点，也是做题的基础。

2、 2. 在具体的题目中，要首先判断考查方式，是考查介词辨析，还是带介词的定语从句中的介词的选用，判断后才能做具体分析。分类特点例词简单介词即一个介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。合成介词由两个介词构成合成词into, onto, throughout, upon, within短语介词由短语构成according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。双重介词由两个介词搭

3、配而成from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。分词介词由现在分词转化而来considering(就而论), including，regarding，concerning等。兼类介词由形容词直接转化而来like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语的功能例 句作定语They didnt find the solution to the pr

4、oblem.作状语We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）What do you mean by doing such a thing?（表方法）Nothing in the world could live without air or water.（表条件）作表语When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.作宾语补足语I found the old building in

5、 a bad condition.在高考试题中对介词的考查主要集中在常见介词搭配中。如：1for为了；因为 I apologised to the teacher for my being late.For some reason, I refused his invitation.2without 没有 He came in without his managers permission.I wouldnt have finished the task without your help. 3by 借助于某种手段 The old man earned his living by sellin

6、g fruits.4over “在正上方(但未接触)；超过”，多表示年龄，距离或跨越一定的高度 You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirt.The plane can fly over the mountain. 5beyond 超越(界限、范围、限度)，可指时间或程度 Its quite beyond me why such things have been allowed to happen.6across 表示从空间表面上横穿。through 表示从人体或物体的内部穿过，也可指抽象意义上的通过。He suddenly saw Mary acro

7、ss the room. He pushed his way through the crowd of people to get to her.7besides“除之外”，其宾语包括在内。except“除了”，其宾语不包括在内。except for强调整体中的细节，前后事物不属于同类。but常和except互换，强调不在其中。but for“要不是”，往往用在虚拟语气的含蓄条件句中。Besides flowers, the pupils sent their teacher a nice greeting card for her birthday.The article is very g

8、ood except for some spelling mistakes.介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看，考生需要掌握以下内容。1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别表示的概念介词（短语）区 别例 子时间inonatat在一个时间点上；in在一段的时间之内；on在具体日子。at 8 oclock, at noonin the 1990s, in Januaryon Monday, on a warm morningsincefromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；from指从时间的某一点开始。We h

9、ave not seen each other since 1995.I hope to do morning exercises from today.in,afterin指在一段时间之后，也可以指一段时间之内=within；after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。Well be back in three days.After seven the rain began to fall.What shall we do after graduation?in the endat the end ofby the end ofin the end作“最后”、“终于”解，单独作

10、句子成分，后不接介词of；at the end of 表示“在末梢”，“到尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；by the end of 作“在结束时”，“到末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。In the end they reached a place of safety.At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.By the end of last month he had finish

11、ed the novel.位置betweenamong一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。You are to sit between your father and me.He is always happy among his classmates.注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时，就用between。Agreements were made between the different countries.The little valley li

12、es between high mountains.They dont know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.inontoin表示在某范围内；on指与什么毗邻；to指在某环境范围之外。Changchun is in the northeast of China.Mongolia is on the north of China.Japan is to the east of China.oninon只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。There is a book on the piece of paper. There

13、 is an interesting article in thenewspaper. He dug a hole in the wall.inintoin通常表示位置（静态）；into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。We walked in the park.We walked into the park.throughacrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in 有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。Water flows through the pipe.The old man walked across the street.in the corner o

14、n the corner at the cornerin the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的内面；on the corner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。The lamp stands in the corner of the room.I met with him at the street corner.He sat on the corner of the table.除了besidesexceptbutexcept forbesides指“除了还有，再加上”；except

15、指“除了，减去什么”，不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似，表示“除了外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“如无就，只是”表明理由细节。All went out besides me. All went out except me.I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.表示的概念构成例 子动作（表进行概念、表被动的关系）at+

16、名词at dinner/table在吃饭 at work在工作 at war交战 at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍 at rest在休息 at school school在上学 at press正在排印at church在做礼拜beyond+名词beyondbelief难以置信 beyondcontrol不听管教。 beyondcompare无可比拟 beyonddescription难以形容beyondexpression无法表达 beyondsuspicion无可怀疑in+名词或in+名词+of+名词in the army在当兵 in need of

17、需要 in action在运转in progress在进行 in operation在运行中 inuse开始使用 insight看得见 instore贮藏着 in view of鉴於; 由於; 考虑到in terms of就而言 in favor of赞成某人某事物; 支持某人某事物in sbs favour对某人有利be in/out of favour (with sb); be in/out of sbs favour得到失去某人的尊/赞同等incourseofconstruction正在兴建当中。in(good)repair维修良好的incourseofshipment.定的货正在运输

18、途中。 inchargeof负责 inthechargeof由负责 inpossessionof拥有 inthepossessionof被拥有on+名词on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假on watch值班 on duty值勤/日。on guard在值勤 on strike在罢工on sale出售 on loan借贷on the move 在移动，搬迁，离开 on the march在行军on the air在广播 onfire在燃烧。ontrial在试用 onshow/display/ exhibition在展出on view陈列着;

19、展览着on the contrary与此相反; 正相反 to the contrary与此相反（的）I will continue to believe it until I get proof to the contrary.under+名词under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论underdevelopment在发展中 under observation在观察中under test在被测试 under construction在建设中under fire在炮火中 under examination在检查/调查中under consideration在考虑

20、中 under repair在修理中underarrest被逮捕 underattack受到袭击undermedicaltreatment在治疗中 understudy在研究中with+the+名词with the help of.（在的帮助下），with the lead of.（在的带领下）其他against ones opinion反对某人的见解for ones opinion同意某人的见解abovereproach无可指责，无可非议 abovesuspicion不受怀疑abovecriticism无可指责at the mercy of在支配下；任由摆布forsale供出售 forren

21、t供出租 withinsight看得见2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别常见形容词搭配意义absent(be) absent from缺席(be) absent in不在这里而在afraid(be) afraid of担心(be) afraid for为而担心angry(be) angry with sb.对某人生气(be) angry at/about sth.因某事而生气anxious(be)anxious for sth急于想得到(be)anxious about sth./sb.对某事/某人担心different(be) different from与不同(be) diff

22、erent to不关心familiar(be) familiar with精通，熟悉(be) familiar to为熟知（悉）good(be) good at擅长于(be) good for对有益(be) good to对友好/态度好popular(be) popular with sb.受欢迎(be) popular for因而流行strict(be) strict with sb.对某人要求严格(be) strict in sth.对某事要求严格3. with复合结构一点通(1) with复合结构的构成 with+宾语十名词（短语） He died with his daughter y

23、et a school girl.他死的时候，他的女儿还是个学生。with+宾语十形容词 He used to sleep with all the windows open.他过去常常开着所有的窗子睡觉。 She lay in bed with her face pale.她躺在床上，面色苍白。 with+宾语十副词The girl fell asleep with the light on.那个女孩睡着了，灯还亮着。 Her mother sat in an armchair with her head down.她母亲低着头坐在扶手椅上。 with+宾语十不定式 I cant go ou

24、t with these clothes to wash.因为这些衣服要洗，所以我不能出去。 I had to go to bed with nothing to do.我无事可做，只好睡觉。 with+宾语十介词短语He sat near the fire with his back to the door.他坐在炉火旁，背朝着门。 The teacher came in with a bookin his hand.老师进来了，手里拿着一本书。 with+宾语+现在分词 With the machine helping us,we could finish the work on time

25、由于有机器的帮助，我们能按时完成工作。 She lives in the room with the light burning.她住在亮着灯的那个房间里。 with+宾语十过去分词With everything done,she went home.做完一切事情以后，她回家了。He lay on his back,with his eyes closed.他闭着眼仰卧着。(2) with复合结构的句法作用 作定语 She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides她看到一条两岸长着红花和绿草的小溪。 The woman

26、 with a baby in her arms is Toms aunt.怀里抱着一个婴儿的那个妇女是汤姆的姑姑。 The city lies in a valley with high mountains around it这座城市位于一个由高山环绕的山谷中。 作状语 a表示伴随 She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含着泪离开了办公室。 He was covered with a national flag with his face exposed他身上盖着一面国旗，脸露在外面。b表示原因 With his key lost, he

27、 couldnt get into the office由于钥匙丢了，他进不了办公室。 With the weather changing, we decided to put off the sports meetmg.由于天气变化，我们决定推迟运动会。 c表示时间 The children began to watch TV with the homework done.孩子们完成作业以后开始看电视。 The meeting was over with the problem settled问题解决以后，会议结束了。 d表示条件 Id like to see the new film wi

28、th time permitting.如果时间允许，我想看那部新电影。 We will have an outing tomorrow with the weather fine.如果明天天气好的话，我们要去郊游。 e表示结果The battle ended with the enemy defeated.战斗结束了，敌人被打败了。 They have finished the peace talks with the agreements reached 他们结束了和谈，达成了协议。4.容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组类 型举 例差一冠词，大相径庭in front of（在前面)in the

29、 front of（在前部） in charge of（负责）in the charge of（由负责）out of question（毫无疑问）out of the question（不可能） at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）at the table（在桌子旁边）有无介词，意义不同know sb.认识某人know about sb.了解某人 shoot sb.击中某人shoot at sb.向某人射击search sb.搜身search for sb.搜寻某人 believe sb.相信某人的话believe in sb.信任某人的人格benefit sb.使某人受益benefit fr

30、om sb.从某人那里得到益处画蛇添足，误加介词serve the people为人民服务（容易在serve后加for） enter the room进入房间（容易在enter后加into）follow me跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind） marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在marry后加with）go abroad出国（容易在go后面加to） live upstairs住在楼上（容易在live后面加 in）母语思维，误用介词be caught in the rain被雨淋着（不用by） leave for some place动身去某地（不用to）set an exampl

31、e to sb.为某人树立榜样（不用for） in the direction朝着方向（不用to）do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用to） different from和不同（不用with）with the help of在的帮助下（不用under） steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西（不用of）read sth. to sb.给（为）读（念）（不用for） 现将（2006-2012）七年来高考全国卷和各省市自主命题卷所涉及到的介词短语及固定搭配总结如下，以便考生熟悉这一块的考点。英语汉语意义英语汉语意义above ones own在自己的之上in fron

32、t of在的前面above average在平均分以上in general大体上，总体上according to根据in honour of为了纪念after all毕竟in need of需要，紧缺along with与一道(又), 连同一起, 随同一起in ones mind在某人心里apart from除之外in other words换句话说as a result (of)（由于）的结果in place在适当的地方as well as也，还有in place of代替be convinced of sth.坚信in praise of歌颂，赞美be curious about sth对

33、某事物感到好奇的in return作为回报, 作为交换because of因为in search of寻找below average在平均分以下in short简言之beyond control无法控制in sight在视程内，（被）看得见beyond description无法描述in spite of尽管beyond reach无法到达in terms of就而言beyond repair无法修理in the direction of朝方向by chance偶然地，碰巧地in the form of以方式（形式）by means of通过的方式in turn反过来by nature天生地i

34、n vain徒劳，白费by oneself单独地，独自地instead of代替，而不是except for除了（除去瘕疵、枝节末节）next to次于，在旁边，紧邻far from远离；远远不； 远非of ones own age跟某人自己的年龄相同for one thing一方面, 常与for another thing（另一方面）连用on average平均hear from收到的来信，得知某人的消息on condition that条件是, 以为条件in addition to另外=besides或excepton ones mind某人有心事， 担心in all总共on purpos

35、e故意地，有目地in case（of）万一, 以防on the other hand另一方面in detail详细地，详尽地on time按时，准时for the benefit of以对某人进行帮助 指引 指导等；为好in time及时in doubt怀疑on top of在之上/顶部；除之外in effect实际上，生效，在实行中regardless of不顾，不管in exchange for作为交换to the point中肯，切题in face of面对with regard to至于, 关于in favour of支持within easy reach在容易达到的地方，在的附近fo

36、r对于，因为，为了off距, 离, 到（远至某处）; 离开at在.out of place不适当的，格格不入的in place恰当的，适当的On the contrary与此相反，正相反against反对，靠着，顶着Without没有across从（某物）的一边到另一边; 横过（某物）考点1 常见介词的活用by，with，against，over，on，in，at，besides，for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义、准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词，应重点掌握：1over可表位置，意为“在上方，越过；遮住，盖住”，也可表时间，意为“在期间，(多年)以来

37、”等，它还有“在(问题)上，对(某事)”等引申意义。如：You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirtitII look terrible你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克太难看了。We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。We heard it over the radio我们从广播中听到了它。2by的主要意思有“在旁，靠近；乘(车、船等)；不迟于；到为止；被，由；根据，按照(关系)；通过方式”等，还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有：by and by不久，迟早 by

38、 and large大体上by oneself单独 by the way顺便说说by far得多，最 by chance碰巧by accident偶然地 by means of借助by no means绝不，一点也不 by mistake错误地The water in the river rose by two meters河水上涨了两米。He is an Englishman by birth他在血统上是英国人。3with可以用来表示“带有，拥有；随着；就来说；用，以；和，与；对于，关于”等意思。with还可用来表示原因。如：He turned red with anger他气得脸变红了。T

39、he problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earths air从地球上观察太空存在一个问题，就是地球的大气中有大量的尘埃。4beyond这个词同学们平时接触的机会不是太多，但它却是一个考查热点。beyond表示“(时间)过了，比晚，迟于；(位置)在那边，超出之外；(范围)超过，为所不及，超出的范围”等意思。如：They arrived beyond nine oclock他们过了9：00才到。The book is beyond me这本书我看不懂。Tom is

40、 far beyond his elder brother in maths汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。典例：(2010高考英语四川卷,5)Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back _ a big tree.A. in B. below C. beside D. against 考点2 介词的固定搭配-高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。1名词词组：on the contrary相反；in turn依次；in ones opinion根据某人的看法；off time准时；out of reach够不着2动

41、词词组：remind sb of sth提醒某人某事；rob sb of sth抢劫某人的；restdt from由引起；call at访问(某地)3形容词词组：be curious about对好奇；be proud of因而自豪；be popular with受到的欢迎4介词短语：apart from除Pb；in addition to除之外(还)；because of因为；instead of代替；in fear of为提心吊胆；for fear of以免；in case of防备；thanks to由于；in the middle of在中间；according to根据；in fro

42、nt of在前面；in return for作为对的回报；in charge of负责；as a result of作为的结果；in exchange for与交换等典例：(2010高考英语江西卷,34)Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients _ name, not case number.A of B as C by D with【答案】C【解析】考查介词辨析。句意：如今有些医院是以姓名来查阅患者的，而不是凭病例编号(去查询的)。by name按姓名考点3核心介词用法归纳与辨析1.表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、

43、季、周等一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s,in January,in(the)winterin和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night,during the night,in the war,during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：during the discussion/in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei/in playing basketball/during the course of/in digging the tunn