水文学原理英文版课件.ppt
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1、1Physical HydrologyS.Lawrence DingmanS.Lawrence Dingman2Who am I?Zhang XiangZhang Xiang 68772303-601(o)68772303-601(o)1397140609713971406097 Office:0101609Office:0101609 3Textbook and references TextbookTextbook Physical HydrologyPhysical Hydrology ReferencesReferences Hydrology for Engineers by R.K
2、.LinsleyHydrology for Engineers by R.K.Linsley Hydrology:principles,analysis and designHydrology:principles,analysis and design by H.M.Raghunath by H.M.Raghunath Hydrology:an introduction to hydrologic scienceHydrology:an introduction to hydrologic science by R.L.Brasby R.L.Bras 水文学原理水文学原理(一一)胡方荣胡方荣
3、 候宇光候宇光 水文学原理水文学原理(二二)于维忠于维忠 水文学原理水文学原理 芮孝芳芮孝芳4Time Arrange Lecture:36 class hours part 1 and 2:4 class hours part 4:8 class hours part 6:8 class hours part 7:6 class hours part 8:6 class hours part 9:4 class hours Lab:6 class hours for computer5The Finals Assignments(30%)Checking on attendance(20%)
4、Examination(50%)6Attention!Prepare your course beforehand words,sentences,phases No absence is allowed Dont be late for class Read as much as possible,write as much as possible,use the Internet for help as much as possible 71 Introduction to Hydrologic ScienceDEFINITION AND SCOPE OF HYDROLOGYDEVELOP
5、MENT OF SCENTIFIC HYDROLOGYAPPROACH AND SCOPE OF THIS BOOK81.1 DEFFINTION AND SCOPE OF HYDROLOGY9Hydrology is broadly defined as the geoscience that des-cribe and predicts the occurrence,circulation,and distri-bution of the water of the earth and its atmosphere.The global hydrologic cycle The land p
6、hase of the hydrologic cycle10Water Cycle11121314InterdisciplinaryScienceTo manage water resources and water related hazardsEngineering hydrology,economics and related social science for water-resources management151.2 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC HYDROLOGY 5000-6000 B.P.Pakistan,China,Egypt:Canals,lev
7、ees,dam,well 3800 B.P.Egyptians:monitoring of river flow 2400B.P India:rainfall measurement16 The concept of a global hydrology cycle dates from at least 3000 P.B(Nace 1974),when Solomon wrote in Ecclesiastes 1:7 that All the rivers run into the sea;yet the sea is not full;unto the place from whence
8、 the rivers come,thither they return again.The 18th century saw considerable advance in applications of mathematics to fluid mechanics and hydraulics by Pitot,Beroulli Chezy,Euler,and others in Europe.Use of term“hydrology”in approximately its current meaning began about 1750.17Treatises on various
9、aspects of hydrology,beginning with the Englishman Nathaniel Beard-mores Manual of Hydrology in 1862,appeared with increasing frequ-ency in the last half of the 19th century.The half of the twentieth century saw great progress in many aspect of hydrology and,with the formation of the Section of Scie
10、ntific Hydrology in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG,1992)and Hydrology Section of the American Geophysical Union (1930),the first form recognition of the scientific status of hydrology.18 There are,in fact great opportunities for progress in physical hy-drology in many areas,
11、including the determination of regional evapotranspiration rate,the movement of ground water in rock fracture,the relation between hydrology behavior at different scales,the re-lation of hydrology regimes to past and future climates and the interaction of hydrology processes and land-form developmen
12、t(Eagleson et al.1991).191.The ability to understand and model hydrologic processes at continental and global scale is be-come increasing impor-tant because of the need to predict the effects of large-scale changes in land and in climate.From point to larger2.In the land phase of the hydrologic cycl
13、e,it is interesting that detailed field studies to understand the mechanisms by which water enters streams began to proliferate only in the 1960s,pioneered by T.Dunne and others.The temporal and spatial variability of natural conditions202 Basic Hydrologic Concepts2.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND LAWS2.1
14、 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND LAWS2.2 HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS2.2 HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS2.3 THE CONSERVATION EQUATIONS2.3 THE CONSERVATION EQUATIONS2.4 THE WATERSHED(DRAINAGE BASIN)2.4 THE WATERSHED(DRAINAGE BASIN)2.5 THE REGIONAL WATER BALANCE2.5 THE REGIONAL WATER BALANCE2.6 SPATIAL VARIABILITY2.6 SPATIAL VARIAB
15、ILITY2.7 TEMPORAL VARIABILITY2.7 TEMPORAL VARIABILITY2.8 STORAGE,STORAGE EFFECTS,AND RESIDENCE TIME 2.8 STORAGE,STORAGE EFFECTS,AND RESIDENCE TIME 212.1 PHYSICAL QUNTITES AND LAWS2.1 PHYSICAL QUNTITES AND LAWSHydrology is a quantity geophysical science,In principle,these numerical values of hydrolog
16、ic values are determined by either 1.counting,in which case the quantity takes on a value that is a positive integer or zero;or 2.Measuring,in which case the quantity takes on a value corresponding to a point on the real number scale that is the ratio of the magnitude of the quantity to the magnitud
17、e of a standard unit of measurement.22The basic relations of physical hydrology are derived form fundamental laws of classic physics,particularly those listed in Table 2-1.232.2 HYHDROLOGIC SYSTEM2.2 HYHDROLOGIC SYSTEMSeveral basic hydrologic concepts are related to the simple model of a system show
18、n in Figure 2-1.The outer dashed line in Figure 2-1 indicates that any group of linked systems can be aggregated into a larger system;the smaller systems could then be called subsystems.24252.3 THE CONSERVATION EQUATIONSTHE CONSERVATION EQUATIONSThe amount of a conservative quantity entering a contr
19、ol volume during a defined time period,minus the amount of the quantity leaving the volume during the time period,equals the change in the amount of the quantity stored in the volume during the time period.26SQI(2-2)tstQtI(2-3)Amount In Amount out =Change In storage(2-1),27tImltQmQtSmmQl(2-4)(2-5)(2
20、-6),28 Another version of the conservation equation can be developed by defining the instantaneous rates of inflow,i i,and outflow,q q,astIil0limtQql0limdtdsqi(2-7)(2-8)(2-9),29Equations(2-2),(2-6),and(2-9),are called water-balance equa-tion when applied to the mass of water moving through various p
21、ortions of the hydrologic cycle;control volumes in these appli-cations range in size from infinitesimal to annual or longer(Figure 1-3).evaporation and snowmeltenergy-balance the conservation of momentumfluid flow 302.4 THE WATERSHED(DRAINAGE BASIN)THE WATERSHED(DRAINAGE BASIN)Watershed(also called
22、drainage basin,river basin,or catch-ment),defined as the area that appears on the basis of topography to contribute all the water that pass-es through a given cross section of a stream(Figure 2-2).dividedrainage area2.4.1 definition3132Thus the watershed can be viewed as a natural landscape unit,int
23、egrated by water flowing through the land phase of the hydr-ologic cycle and,although political boundaries do not generally follow watershed boundaries,water-resource and land-use planning agencies recognize that effective management of water quality and quality require a watershed perspective.The l
24、ocation of the stream cross section that defines the water-shed is determined by the purpose of the analysis.33The conventional manual method of watershed de-lineation requires a topographic map(or stereo-scopically viewed aerial photographs).Increasingly,topographic information is becoming availabl
25、e in the form of digital elevation models(DEMs).This automated approach to watershed delineation allows the concomitant rapid extraction of much hydrologically useful information on watershed characteristics(such as the distri-bution of elevation and slop)that previously could be obtained only by ve
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